The Influence of Western Urban Planning Theory and Practice on Urban Planning and Construction of Hefei Discussion based on "Urban Planning Theory since 1945"

. By analyzing the reform of western urban planning theory since 1945, taking Hefei's previous urban master plan and urban planning and construction process as the research object, this paper discusses the application and embodiment of western urban planning theory in the process of Hefei's urban development. In this way, we can find out the context of the development of urban planning theory in the process of Hefei urban planning and construction, and summarize the characteristics of the development process of Hefei urban planning.


General instructions 1.Research background
Since World War II, the western urban planning has experienced the evolution of planning theory, including physical determinism, system theory, rational planning theory, Western Marxism and critical theory, New Right planning theory, pragmatism theory, advocacy planning theory, Postmodernist planning theory and collaborative planning theory are the main representatives.These theories have had a great impact on the urban construction of our country after liberation, especially after the reform and opening-up, planning ideas and theories from western countries entered China along with capital and technology.Hefei is a city that mainly started to develop after liberation, and the theories of modern urban construction are mostly derived from the West.The study of its urban planning and construction process is representative for the study of the influence of Western planning ideas on Chinese urban construction.

1.2Literature review and research significance
At present, from the perspective of historical research, the research on Hefei's urban planning and construction focuses on its industrial space and other spatial layouts, and the development and evolution of spatial forms.Study the historical process of Hefei's urban form development and the changes of various types of land, divide Hefei's urban space and form development stages and impact mechanisms, and propose layout optimization strategies such as industrial space [4,6,8].
In the study of western urban planning theories, it mainly studies the development process of western urban planning theories and the transformation process of theoretical paradigms, and the enlightenment and enlightenment to Chinese urban construction, and puts forward social justice, democracy, public interests and values under the market economy The importance of judgment [3,11].Some scholars link the evolution process of western urban planning theory with the urbanization problems and background at that time, so that China can learn from the successful experience and lessons of the road traveled by western developed countries [5].In addition, some scholars focus on the development process of a certain western urban planning theory or a certain city is influenced by the western urban planning theory.Sun studied the development process of western public participation theory and summarized the interactive role of public participation in the changes of society, economy, politics and social thought [7].Zhu divided the urban development of Shanghai from the opening of the port to the founding of the People's Republic of China into four stages: the period of concession development, the period of the "Metropolitan Plan", the period of Japanese occupation of Shanghai, and the period of the "Great Shanghai Metropolitan Plan", and analyzed the development of each period.The impact of Western urban planning theory and practice on Shanghai's modern urban development and planning in the first stage [9].
However, there is still a lack of research on Hefei's urban planning development process from the perspective of Western planning theory and practice, and combing the historical context of Hefei's urban development and urbanization development process through Western urban planning theory combined with social economy, politics and the background of the times, which is conducive to perfecting the historical research on the urban planning development of Hefei, in order to provide reference value for the future urban planning development and urban planning theoretical research of Hefei.

Research methods
In the book "Evolution of Western Urban Planning Theory in 1945", the development of western urban planning theory was divided into three periods.Therefore, the author first summarizes the theoretical characteristics and changes of these three periods; Then, according to the three periods, we will compare the social and institutional differences between China and the West at that time, and correspond the overall planning and urban planning and construction process of Hefei after the founding of the People's Republic of China with the three periods.Finally, it discusses the influence of western planning theories on Hefei's urban planning and construction, and verifies the concrete embodiment of theories such as material space determinism, scientific rationalism, liberalism, and regime theory in various stages of urban construction in combination with the planning and construction events in Hefei's history.

1945-1960--Physical Planning and blueprint design
In the early period after World War II, town planning was regarded as physical planning, urban design, detailed blueprint or urban master plan.During this period, following the idea of architectural design mode, town planning was basically regarded as a kind of physical design work.In principle, a plan should show the specific form of functions and spaces that the town will realize in the future, and it is all-encompassing.During this period, the "utopian comprehensiveness" planning was pursued.Howard's Garden City and Le Corbusier's Sunshine City paid attention to the modernism of functional design to create a new city.But there is also a wave of anti-urbanization.

1960s--System Planning and Rational Planning
In the early period after World War II, town planning was regarded as physical planning, urban design, detailed blueprint or urban master plan.During this period, following the idea of architectural design mode, town planning was basically regarded as a kind of physical design work.In principle, a plan should show the specific form of functions and spaces that the town will realize in the future, and it is all-encompassing.During this period, the "utopian comprehensiveness" planning was pursued.Howard's Garden City and Le Corbusier's Sunshine City paid attention to the modernism of functional design to create a new city.But there is also a wave of anti-urbanization.

1970s-1990s --the rise of liberalism, emphasizing the public policy attributes of urban planning
After 1970, the power of the free market came to the fore, affecting the land development structure and the resulting development projects, and the market affected the planning effect to a certain extent.Implementation theory proposes a critique of the rational planning model, but ensures that action is not emphasized at the expense of rationality.At the same time, "communication planning" is emphasized.New Rightist planning theory is prevalent, emphasizing the role of the free market, Thatcherism, advocating liberalism, and reducing government intervention.Regime theory, emphasizing the cooperation between the government, social organizations and private enterprises to jointly carry out urban development and construction, and accompanied by energy crisis and ecological crisis, the public policy attribute of planning is also highlighted at this stage, emphasizing ecological protection, emphasizing Social justice and equal opportunity, advocating public participation.

A summary of the urban planning development of Hefei--The correspondence between western urban planning theory and Hefei's previous urban planning
Generally speaking, the western urban planning theories in the middle and late 20th century were introduced into China and applied to China's urban construction later than the western planning practice itself (Table 1).
In the period from 1945 to 1960, the post-war recovery stage of major western cities, influenced by the utopianism in the 19th century, emphasized the design and planning of physical space.During the founding of the People's Republic of China, the "leaning to one side" policy towards the Soviet Union was adopted, and Western planning theories were stopped.The central government adopted a unified plan to comprehensively manage the national economic and social development, and urban planning was used as the carrier of industrial production layout.The first edition of Hefei urban master plan (1958) also mainly emphasized the design layout of technology and spatial form.
In the 1960s, due to the stagnation of domestic urban planning work, the western systematic planning theory and rational planning were introduced into China from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, which aroused the trend of rational analysis of scientific urban planning, and introduced the western central place theory, spatial interaction theory, urban spatial theory, urban system theory, community research methods and many other planning practice theories.During this period, the "Hefei urban master planning " was compiled, which paid attention to the scientific and quantitative analysis of urban planning while focusing on the design of physical space.
From the 1970s to the 1990s, Western liberalism and regime theory began in the early 1990s.Due to the development of China's market-oriented economy, it began to affect China's urban construction.In the 1990s, China promoted a series of major reforms, such as the tax sharing system, decentralization, urban and rural land use systems, and housing marketization.In these series of reforms, the central government empowered local governments with more power and more resources at their disposal.It also shifted more growth pressure to the local governments, which contributed to the overall formation of the "growth doctrine" policy system and the overall environment [3].City governments oriented towards GDP growth have generally formed a growthoriented governance model in the fierce regional and urban competition, showing a strong "government enterprise" feature.The "Hefei urban master plan (1995-2010)" was also completed at this stage.Under the leadership of the government, the urban planning under the influence of the market brought economic growth and at the same time had a certain impact on the ecological environment.At the end of this planning period, which is also the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of sustainable development, resource protection, and ecological issues received attention.

Physical determinism--to realize the need of production of space
Physical planning prevailed in European and American countries after the Second World War, but after the 1960s, it was constantly criticized because it no longer conformed to the changing socio-economic background and new trends in urban development.At the same time, there were many new alternative theories and pattern is presented.During this period, China's urban planning work was in a state of volatility and stagnation.It was not until the 1980s that it began to look to developed countries for good experiences and solutions in order to solve China's current urban development problems and establish a new planning system.However, when physical planning is widely practiced in China, some domestic scholars have begun to question and criticize this model, while other scholars believe that Chinese urban planning has gradually moved away from physical planning and gradually expanded to comprehensive research areas such as society and economy [1].
Mr. Wu Liangyong analyzed the negation and criticism of physical planning in the western urban planning circles since the 1960s from the aspects of social development, science and technology, and economic recession.He pointed out that, unlike the reverse urbanization and urban decline in the West, China is still in the transition from the initial stage of urbanization to the acceleration period.The physical environment planning is a realistic need and cannot be denied blindly [2].In the initial stage of Hefei's urban construction, physical planning played a major role, especially the planning and layout of the three main industrial areas in the eastern, northern and southwestern suburbs, which laid the foundation for the industrial development of Hefei.

The construction of urban infrastructure has laid the foundation for the urban layout of Hefei
In the early days of liberation, Hefei drew the "Draft Plan of Roads in Hefei Urban Area", slightly adjusted the original streets and alleys, and stipulated that the width of roads was divided into three categories: and stipulated that the width of the roads was divided into three categories: the main roads for external traffic were widened to 20 meters to 25 meters; the main roads in the city were 12 meters ~15 meters; secondary streets 5 meters~12 meters, as the basis for building management.
In 1952, according to the requirements of the construction of the provincial capital city, the urban zoning and the construction of main roads were studied, and the "Urban Layout Schematic Diagram" was compiled, which clarified the planning guiding ideology of the functional zoning centered on the old city, the greening system around the city, the network of wellshaped arterial roads in the city and the circular radiation outside the city, laid the foundation for the urban layout of Hefei centered on the old city.

Pay attention to the practicability of planning, and establish the industrial layout of Hefei
The difference from urban construction in the West is that the main task of urban planning in Hefei is to implement the national economic development plan in physical space through blueprint planning.During the "The First Five-Year Plan" period, considering investment and efficiency issues, the eastern suburb of the city was selected as the first industrial zone in Hefei, and the Heping Road industrial land was planned.In 1956, in conjunction with the construction of relocated factories and storage facilities from Shanghai, a factory area in the northern suburbs was opened.In the same year, the "Hefei Urban Construction Planning Outline (1956-1967)" affirmed the planning and layout of the factory area in the eastern suburbs, enriched the planning content of the factory area in the northern suburbs, and clarified the urban construction of "attaching importance to the transformation of the old city (central city) and expanding construction land outward year by year".policy.
In 1958, the "Hefei's Industrial Zone Planning Opinions" (Figure 1) was compiled.According to the natural geographical conditions of Hefei City and the needs of economic construction, the industrial distribution planning opinions were put forward, and the southwestern suburbs were decided to be opened.In the same year, Professors Jin Jingchang and Lei Deer came to Hefei to guide the planning work and put forward an urban planning plan that affect the future layout of Hefei.Considering the monsoon of Chaohu Lake, build a ventilation corridor, wedge the countryside and green land into the urban area, and connect the green ring formed by the moat of the old city; Different categories of industrial projects are planned in the eastern, northern and southwestern suburbs according to their nature, cooperative relationship and pollution degree.A "fan-shaped" urban layout with the old city as the center and extending to three wings was established.

The pursuit of "utopian comprehensiveness" planning under modernism leads to excessive urban planning scale
In the early period of the end of World War II in the West, Britain was in a period of post-war optimism.It proposed Garden City and Sunshine City, etc.In an attempt to push down most of the existing cities and build new areas.Of course, Western planners are clearly aware that the practice they are in cannot be fully constructed, and most of them still follow the existing model.The success of the country's first five-year plan has caused Hefei to overestimate the scale of urban construction.In the "Urban master plan (1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972))" compiled in 1959, there was an unreasonable prediction of the city's scale.At that time, the target population was 1 million, and the urban construction land was 144 square kilometers.In 1960, an urban master plan with the main content of "beautifying the western suburbs" was added.However, due to the scale and land use indicators being separated from the economic strength at that time, a small number of factories and schools were distributed too far and too scattered.In 1964, according to the adjustment policy, the recent construction plan was revised, and the city's population size, land use standards, and arterial road width were reduced as necessary.The revised plan is more realistic, but the width of the arterial road is set too narrow, and later some buildings along the street became new obstacles to widening the street.

Reasonable development positioning and planning layout, the transformation of the old city has achieved remarkable results
The urban master plan formulated in 1979 put Hefei in the overall situation of national economic and social development for the first time, and determined the nature of the city as the political center of the whole province, an important national scientific research base and a railway transportation hub.It highlights the characteristics of the city's science and technology education, due to the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China and the Hefei Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The urban planning and layout of the fan-shaped structure of "three-wing extension and pastoral wedge" is clarified, which makes the urban layout more roomy and flexible, and it is proposed for the first time to build a park around the city along the ancient city wall (Figure 2).
The layout centered on the old city determines the renewal needs of the city center.In 1982, the urban construction policy of "shrinking the layout, controlling land acquisition, filling in reasonably well, and renovating the old city by sections" was formulated.In 1986, Hefei City built Shouchun Road and expanded four city entrances and exits including Mengcheng Road, Bengbu Road, Shushan Road and Jinzhai Road.By the 1990s, the old city of Hefei had formed a "well-shaped" road traffic skeleton, and the traffic in the old city had been greatly improved.In 2001, the "Comprehensive Development Strategy Research and Planning of Hefei Old City" was proposed.Since 2005, Hefei has carried out the "big demolition" action, which has improved the quality of the city.

Relieve industries in old city and attach importance to regional development
The 1979 version of the urban master plan proposed optimization strategies and development requirements for the industrial parks in the eastern suburbs, southwest suburbs and northern suburbs.It was planned to set up three cargo depots, which are respectively close to the three industrial and storage areas.From 1979 to 1988, Hefei City successively compiled documents such as "Hefei Old City Planning (1985-2000)" and "Hefei's Master Urban Planning Adjustment Plan", which continued the original three industrial zones and proposed that no new industries should be built in the old city.and relocate, change production or stop production of existing industries with relatively serious pollution.At the same time, increase the development and construction of suburban township enterprises and surrounding counties [8].
The "Hefei Urban master Plan (1995-2010)" began to attach importance to the development of the region.It entrusted the Nanjing Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to compile the urban system planning for the first time through field research on the urban and rural areas involved in more than 100 towns and towns.One of the important central cities in the Yangtze River Basin, the concept of urbanization was proposed for the first time, and the process of urbanization in the city area was analyzed.At the same time, the content of the compilation is more substantial, and the compilation of comprehensive transportation planning has been added.

Free market and government planning and control go hand in hand, and liberalism theory affects urban construction
Planning in China is top-down and serves as a means for the government to macro-control urban development.After the reform and opening up, China's urban planning has generally shown the characteristics of "depoliticization".During the gradual establishment of the market economy in the 1990s, Chinese urban planning showed respect for economic rationality and technical rationality, and planning played a good role.The role of promoting growth, rather than standing in the "anti-market" angle like Western countries [10].
From the implementation of the planned economy to the "dual-track" economic system in which the planned economy system and the market economy system were parallel in the late 1980s, and then to the Southern Talks in 1992, although urban planning has always been under the control of the government, with the vigorous development of the market economy and the 1990s a series of reforms, market forces are increasingly affecting the implementation of the plan.For example, in 1994, the State Council issued the "Decision on Deepening Urban Housing System Reform" to realize the commercialization of housing.As well as the reform of the tax sharing system, local governments gained power, and the land economy and land market began to be established.With the prevalence of the land market and the development of a free market economy, the urban spatial form of Hefei has undergone tremendous changes.From 1991 to 2000, with the expansion of the urban population, the construction of urban ring roads, the establishment of development zones and the expansion of residential land, the original urban form limits the demand for urban expansion.Among them, the construction of development zones has a greater impact on the urban structure.By the beginning of the 21st century, Hefei had built a number of industrial parks in counties (Table 2), especially Hefei Xinzhan High-tech Industrial Development Zone in the northeast and Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone in the south.The development zone has changed the layout of the industry's "three-wing development" (Figure 3).The fan-shaped structure of Hefei has become a space form of filling and jumping development between wings, forming a single-center, multi-cluster spatial structure.

The urban construction of Hefei under the influence of regime theory, the emergence of enterprise-type government
Under the guidance of growth, urban planning has become a tool for local governments to carry out urban marketing, and its function of serving economic construction has been highlighted.Especially since the early 1990s, urban planning-based spatial planning has become an important tool to serve local growth alliances and promote local economic growth ( [10]).In the 1990s, Hefei attracted foreign-funded enterprises and capital.These enterprises brought advanced technology and management and operation models, and the production costs of products were relatively low.This caused some old state-owned enterprises and private enterprises with weak competitiveness to close down or switch production.Local companies with strong viability began to learn the technology and operation methods of foreign companies.Entering the 21st century, through land and financial support and preferential policies, it has attracted high-tech industries such as BOE, CXMT, GigaDevice, NIO, and Volkswagen New Energy Vehicles.Through investment in enterprises, Hefei has brought rapid economic development and has become the highest GDP growth rate among economically strong cities in the past ten years.At the same time, it has guided the upgrading of the industry from low-end manufacturing to high-end manufacturing such as smart voice, new energy, and chips.Hefei is also known as the best venture capital institution in China.

Focus on ecological environment and sustainable development issues
Sustainable development, diversity, justice and fairness, social responsibility, etc. are getting more and more attention.Since the concept of sustainable development was established by the United Nations in the 1980s, it has gradually become an important principle of planning theory and practice.Based on this, various countries have derived a series of urban models with complex connotations that focus on the balanced development of cities.
In 1998, the Hefei Municipal Government compiled the "Sustainable Development Plan of Hefei Agenda 21 Action Program", which proposed the establishment of Hefei City Cluster and Hefei Economic Zone, in order to adapt to the expansion of Hefei's urban scale and coordinated regional development.In 2011, Chaohu was divided and Hefei's zoning was adjusted, expanding the area by 40%.Started the implementation of the development strategy from "City Ring Era" to "Chaohu Era".So far, the "141" strategy proposed in the 2003 "HeFei's City Development Strategic Planning Outline" was changed to the "1331" development layout in the 2013 "Strategic Plan" (Figure 4).According to this layout, through 1 main urban area (formerly 141), 3 industrial bases to undertake industrial development, 3 surrounding counties to build sub-centers, and 1 ecological demonstration area around Chaohu Lake, it shows a city that will undertake a population of 13-15 million in the future blueprint.The adjustment of the administrative area is also conducive to the pollution control and ecological restoration of Chaohu Lake.In 2013, the "Urban Space Development Strategy of HeFei and the Ecological Restoration and Tourism Development Plan for the Chaohu Lake Area" planning outline was compiled, and the "Hefei Ecological Space System Control Plan", "Chaohu Lake Ecological Civilization Demonstration Area Protection and Construction Plan", "Chaohu Lake Water Environment Special Plan", etc.

Focus on Urban Equity Issues
Urban planning is a public policy, and Hefei's urban development process has gradually paid attention to urban equity issues.Especially the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, from new rural construction to beautiful rural construction, and finally to rural revitalization.Hefei coordinates the surrounding counties and develops county industries.In terms of administrative division, part of Changfeng County is assigned to Beicheng District of Hefei to realize the common development of the region and the construction of the Hefei metropolitan area.

Focus on public participation issues
After urban planning was positioned as a public policy, relevant theories were introduced when participating in consultations with multiple stakeholders, such as various public participation theories, communication planning mainly from the United States, and collaborative planning from the United Kingdom.When Hefei compiled the "Hefei Urban Development Strategic Planning White Paper" in 2002, it invited China Academy of Urban Planning Design, Shanghai Tongji University Planning and design Institute, and the Planning Institute of Nanjing University to carry out compilation and consultation work, and exhibited the plan in parks to solicit opinions from citizens.

Summary of characteristics of Hefei's planning and development process 4.1The political nature of planning runs through Hefei's urban planning and construction from beginning to end
The development of Hefei is inseparable from the promotion of government policies, such as national strategies, readjustment of administrative regions, and so on.During the "First Five-Year Plan" period, Hefei responded to the call of the state to develop industries in the eastern, northern and southwestern suburbs, laying the foundation for Hefei's industry.Since the 1990s, in response to opening up to the outside world, it has attracted foreign capital and foreign companies and built a number of industrial parks, becoming a strong industrial city.In 2010, Hefei City officially joined the Yangtze River Delta.In the same year, the state officially approved the "Wanjiang City Belt to Undertake Industrial Transfer Demonstration Zone Planning", to speed up the construction of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, promote the agglomeration of population and industries; In terms of regional development, Hefei is the first choice and the best place for industrial transfer in the eastern and coastal areas, especially in the Yangtze River Delta ( [4]).In 2011, the national "Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development" proposed to vigorously promote the rise of the central region.In the same year, the State Council approved the adjustment of zoning, laying the foundation for the strategic layout of the "1331" urban space development.In 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission selected Hefei as a national innovative city pilot, which promoted the innovation and transformation of Hefei's industry.With the implementation of national and regional strategies, Hefei has developed into a regional central city in the superimposed effect of policies, and the city's economic aggregate has jumped from the middle and lower reaches of the provincial capital city to the "top ten".

4.2Transform from a single engineering economic construction to a systematic and rational planning
Hefei has gone from simply implementing the national industrial plan to comprehensively considering multiple issues such as society, ecology, economy, and policy.The perspective ranges from the construction and development of a single city itself to consider the development of industry and economy from a regional perspective, and actively integrate into the development of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration.Urban construction has changed from extension and expansion to connotation improvement.Ecological issues, urban-rural planning, and people's livelihood issues have received more and more attention.
Economic growth is no longer a single goal, and cities are considered in multiple dimensions.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the distribution of industrial areas in Hefei.

Table 1 .
Comparison between Chinese and Western urban planning theories and Hefei urban planning and construction stages.