The effect of cultivation habits on the growth and yield of several shallot varieties

. Shallots are strategic horticultural commodities, and climatic conditions strongly influence their growth. In certain seasons, a decline in production is unavoidable, causing price increases at a consumer level and eventually contributing to the rate of inflation. The application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) is a strategy that can maintain and increase the productivity of shallots. This study aimed to determine the effect of applying GAP on the growth and yield of shallots in several varieties developed in North Maluku. The research was carried out in Trans Koli SP-1 Village, Oba District, Tidore Islands City, from March – June 2015. The study was arranged in a factorial, the first factor was cultivation habits (GAP and farmer habits), and the second factor was varieties (Topo-1, Topo-2, Super Philips, and Thailand), which used a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Parameters observed were plant growth, the intensity of pests and diseases, yield components and the production of shallot bulbs. The results showed no interaction between cultivation habits and varieties in all parameters, but there were significant differences between the research cultivation habits and varieties in all parameters. The Super Philips variety generally had significantly higher growth and lower intensity of armyworms than the Topo-1, Topo-2, and Thailand varieties. In terms of yield and tuber production, Super Philips and Thailand varieties have significantly higher yields than Topo-1 and Topo-2. The results of this study confirmed that the application of GAP had a better effect on growth, pest intensity, and production of shallots than farmers' habits.


Introduction
The agricultural sector plays an important role in economic development in Indonesia [1].Shallots (Allium ascalonicum) are commercial commodities with high economic value [2] that contribute to farmers' income [3] and contribute to both inflation and deflation.Therefore the supply-demand balance is crucial [4].Shallots are one of the strategic horticultural commodities in North Maluku and one of the commodities contributing to the highest inflation throughout the second quarter of 2022.Weather anomalies in the North Maluku region influence farmers' planting habits and reduce shallot production.
Shallots are valuable spices and play a crucial role in the human body for both flavoring dishes and medicinal plants [5,6] .The public widely consumes Shallots as a seasoning for flavoring dishes and is used as processed products such as fried shallots [7].In addition, shallots are also widely used as a medicinal plant for anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory [6,8,9].The demand for shallots is constantly increasing.Therefore, the production of quality shallots must be increased and available throughout the year to keep the supply open.Shallot production in North Maluku in 2020 was only 7,039 qu/ha, with a total harvest area of 273 ha [10].
Technical cultivation determines the success of shallot cultivation.It is also influenced by the variety, land processing, fertilization, effective and efficient plant maintenance, and good post-harvest management [11].The productivity of shallots in North Maluku is still lower than that of national varieties.One of the efforts that can be taken to maintain and increase shallot productivity in North Maluku is the application of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP).GAP is a manual for good farming practices that maximize crop yield and quality while minimizing costs and inefficient use of technology [12].This technology can increase the production of shallots by 8 -10%, and dry bulbs increase by 25,41% compared to farmers' technology [13].This study aimed to determine the effect of applying GAP on the growth and yield of shallots in several varieties developed in North Maluku.

Methodology
The research was conducted in Trans Koli SP-1 Village, Oba District, Tidore Islands City, North Maluku Province, from March to June 2015.This adaptive study compares shallot cultivation habits using a factorial randomized group design.The first factor was the variety (Topo -1, Topo -2, Super Philips, Thailand), and the second was the cultivation habits (GAP and farmers habits), each of the treatments repeated three times.The study was conducted on an area of 0.125 ha with the introduction of cultivation technology based on GAP in shallot cultivation compared to the cultivation of existing shallots by local farmers.Primary data were obtained through observation and interviews.The parameters observed include plant height, number of leaves, number of bulb splits, the intensity of pests and diseases, number of the bulb, diameter of the bulb, fresh weight of bulb per plant, consumable dry weight of bulb per plant, and tuber weight loss [5,14].Meanwhile, secondary data is obtained from literature and other supporting libraries.The observational data were analyzed with Test F, while the differences between treatments were tested with the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) at 5% [15].

Plant growth
The results showed no significant interaction between varieties and cultivation habits with plant growth, including plant height, the number of leaves, and bulb splits (Table 2).Nevertheless, there is a noticeable influence of a single factor of varieties and cultivation habits on the growth components of plants.
Varieties affect the plant's height aged 20 and 40 DAP (Table 2).Plant heights of Topo-1 and Topo-2 are not significantly different but markedly lower than those of Super Philips and Thailand at 20 and 40 DAP.The plant height of the Super Philips variety is higher than that of Thailand, but only at the age of 20 DAP.At 40 DAP, the plant heights of the two varieties are not significantly different.The plant's height with the GAP habits is significantly higher at 20 DAP and 40 DAP compared to the farmers' practices.The results of these observations indicate that the plant height of local shallot varieties is lower than that of introduced varieties, either by applying the GAP habits or by existing farmers.Varieties affect the number of leaves aged 20 and 40 DAP (Table 2).At 20 DAP, the number of leaves of the Super Philips Variety is the most numerous than other varieties.However, at 40 DAP, the number of leaves differed from the 20 DAP, Super Philips variety was higher leave number than Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties but did not markedly differ from the Thailand variety.
However, the cultivation habits significantly affect the number of shallot leaves aged 20 and 40 DAP.The number of leaves in the GAP habits is considerably higher than the Farmers' practices aged 20 and 40 DAP.The results of these observations show indications that the number of leaves of local varieties tends to be less than introduced varieties in both the GAP Farmers' practices.
The variety has a noticeable effect on the formation of shallot saplings at 20 and 40 DAP (Table 2).At 20 DAP, the number of bulb splits of the Super Philips variety is significantly higher than that of the Topo 1, Topo 2 and Thailand varieties.However, at 40 DAP, the number of bulb splits of Super Philips was not significantly different from Thailand, but both are considerably higher than that of the Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties.The cultivation habits also significantly affect the number of bulb splits at aged 20 and 40 DAP.The number of saplings aged 20 DAP and 40 DAP in the GAP habits is more than the farmer's habitual habits.This study shows that the genetic character of local varieties Topo-1 and Topo-2 in the formation of bulb splits is lower than that of introduced varieties, even though they used the GAP habits.

Pest and diseases intensity on several shallots' varieties
There was no real interaction between the variety and cultivation habits on the intensity of Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium sp.There is no noticeable difference in intensity between the varieties studied.Meanwhile, the cultivation habits significantly affect the intensity of Fusarium wilt.At 40 DAP, the intensity of the Fusarium wilt of the GAP habits is substantially higher than the Farmers'.At 60 DAP, the intensity of Fusarium wilt increases, but there is no significant difference between GAP and farmer habits (Table 3).There was no significant interaction between varieties and cultivation habits on the intensity of the shallot caterpillar Spodoptera exigua Hubn infestation.Varietal differences had no significant effect on the intensity of shallot caterpillar intensity at 40 DAP but had a substantial impact at 60 DAP (Table 5).The intensity of shallot caterpillar infestations on the Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties are significantly lower than in Super Philips and Thailand at 60 DAP.Differences in shallot cultivation habits at age 60 DAP significantly affect shallot caterpillar attacks.The GAP habits show that the intensity of shallot caterpillar attacks is considerably lower than that of the farmers.

Productivity and quality of shallot bulbs
There is no significant interaction between varieties and cultivation habits.However, varietal differences markedly affect the dry weight of fresh and consumable bulbs (Table 4).The fresh and consumable bulb dry weight of Super Philips and Thailand varieties does not differ markedly but is noticeably heavier than the Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties.Differences in cultivation habits also significantly affect fresh and consumable bulb dry weight.The GAP habits show that the fresh and consumable bulb dry weight is greater than the farmer's habits.
The application of GAP can increase the production of shallot bulbs in terms of the parameters of fresh weight and the weight of dry bulbs of consumption as production parameters of shallots.GAP implementation in local shallot cultivation has increased production [16] and production by 29.5% [3].
There was no significant interaction between varieties and cultivation habits on the quality of shallot bulbs, namely the number, diameter, and weight loss.Differences in varieties and cultivation habits have a noticeable effect on the quality of shallot bulbs.The number of bulbs of the Topo-2 variety is less than that of the Super Philips and Thailand varieties.However, the bulbs number of the Topo-1 variety is not significantly different from the other three varieties.The bulbs diameter of the Super Philips and Thailand varieties does not differ markedly, but it is significantly larger than that of the Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties.The bulb weight loss of the Thailand variety is the smallest, followed by the Super Philips, Topo-2, and Topo-1 varieties.The cultivation habits only significantly affect the bulb number parameters, and the GAP habits are more than the farmer's practice (Table 4).Note: The same letter following the means in the same column shows no significant difference in DMRT at α5%.
The results of this study provide interesting information that there are consistent differences in growth and yield between local and introduced varieties.Local varieties Topo-1 and Topo-2 have a minor growth character in growth apparatus (plant height, number of leaves, and number of bulb splits) than super Philips and Thailand introduced varieties.Likewise, with the production and quality parameters of shallot bulbs produced.The Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties have a smaller yield in terms of number, the diameter of tubers, and fresh and consumable dry weight than the Super Philips and Thailand varieties.However, from resistance to Fusarium wilt and shallot caterpillar, local types have a more resistant character than introduced varieties.
This funding is essential information for the development of shallots in North Maluku, especially in the rainy season.Fusarium wilt attacks will increase during the rainy season because of the air humidity.Unlike the dry season, shallot producers obtained a greater selling price during the wet season [17].Under such conditions, growing local varieties, especially Topo-2, will be more profitable for farmers due to the intensity of maintenance to control Fusarium wilt and shallot caterpillars Spodoptera exigua Hub., can be minimized.Therefore, although the productivity of the Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties is smaller than that of Super Philips and Thailand, the two local types provide good potential for environmental rules and the sustainability of farming in the future.

Conclusion
Local varieties Topo-1 and Topo-2 have a minor growth character in growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, and number of bulb splits) than super Philips and Thailand varieties.The Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties also produce a smaller yield in terms of number, the diameter of tubers, and fresh and consumable dry weight than the Super Philips and Thailand varieties.
The results of this study confirmed that the application of GAP had a better effect on growth, pest intensity, and production of shallots than farmers' habits.The productivity of the Topo-1 and Topo-2 varieties is smaller than that of Super Philips and Thailand.However, the two local types provide good potential for environmental rules and the sustainability of shallot farming due to their resistance to Fusarium wilt and shallot caterpillar.
after planting Note: The same letter following the means in the same column shows no significant difference in DMRT at α5%.

Table 2 .
Effect of good agriculture practices application and varieties on plant height and leaf number of shallots.

Table 3 .
Effect of good agriculture practices application and varieties on the intensity of Fusarium wilt per plant.

Table 4 .
Effect of good agriculture practices application and varieties on shallot productivity.