New varieties suitable for industrial processing and possessing complex resistance to diseases and abiotic factors

. Our goal was to identify new varieties and varietal samples of potatoes suitable for industrial processing and possessing complex resistance to diseases and abiotic factors. The research was carried out at the peasant farm "Egorsha" in 2021-22. The objects of the study were the following varietal samples: K719, K720, K77, K626, K67, K225, K450, K534, K23, K229, K65, K828, K824, K611, K518, K508, K526. As standards, we used varieties of Russian and foreign selection of different ripeness groups, the most popular in production, and the most resistant to adverse factors: Riviera, Meteor, Red Scarlet, Lady Claire, Nevsky, Gala, Bryansk Delicacy, Varyag, Evpatiy, Morning, Kumach. Cultivation technology is basic. The most suitable potato varietal samples for industrial processing (for crispy potatoes) with complex resistance to diseases and abiotic factors - K229 (Martian) and K828 (Suvorovsky) - have been identified.


Introduction
Potatoes are a complete and affordable food product for the population.The high nutritional value of potatoes is due to the content of a valuable complex of substances necessary for healthy human nutrition: complete protein, non-protein compounds (free amino acids and amides), starch, organic acids, minerals, vitamins, etc.The total dry matter content in tubers varies from 14% to 30% depending on the variety and growing conditions.
The variety is the most important factor in increasing productivity and the main element of innovative technologies in potato growing.Not only the most important economic and consumer properties of the product, but also the direction of use and marketing of the grown crop depend on the source material [1].Each period in the development of the industry requires an adequate and necessarily proactive selection strategy.
In recent years, the volume of potatoes for different types of potato products has been increasing.Due to the increase in the production of various potato products, the need for special varieties is sharply increasing.Selection towards obtaining varieties suitable for industrial processing is associated with certain difficulties, because it is necessary to combine a large number of desired traits in one genotype [2][3].The varieties must meet the requirements of the processing industry -have a low content of reducing sugars, their uniform distribution throughout the tuber volume and rapid reduction during the reconditioning process.Currently, serious adjustments are being made to the potato breeding program by new consumer demands related to the need to improve the quality of nutrition in human life -reducing the calorie content of food, increasing the content of complete protein, vitamins and antioxidants [4][5]7].
Our goal is to identify potato varieties suitable for industrial processing that have complex resistance to diseases and abiotic factors.
Hybrids were tested in this nursery for 1 -2 years.If, based on the results of the first year of testing, the hybrid stood out in most respects, it was transferred to the state variety trial.After 2 years of testing in a competitive testing nursery, the best hybrids were selected for transfer to the State variety testing.
The establishment of a nursery for competitive variety testing, further observations and records were carried out on the basis of the Guidelines for the technology of the potato breeding process [5][6][7][8][9].For the nursery, we chose a section of the field with a flat microrelief and a slight slope in the direction of planting.
The cultivation technology in the nursery is standard: planting in pre-cut ridges with row spacing of 75 cm with ridge formation after the first shoots appear.When cutting the ridges, the insectofungicidal drug Emesto Quantum was added to the soil at a dose of 1 l/ha.The predecessor is spring wheat.In the fall, autumn plowing was carried out on this site to a depth of 20 cm.In the spring, complex fertilizers were applied to the site: azofoska at a dose of 500 kg/ha.The soil was tilled before planting using a vertical milling cultivator to a depth of 10 cm.After cultivation, the ridges were cut using a GL34-T potato planter.Ridge formation was carried out on June 16, followed by treatment of the ridges with the herbicide Zenkor Ultra at a dose of 0.9 l/ha.During the growing season, 5 insectofungicidal treatments were carried out.Before harvesting, desiccation was carried out with Reglon Super -1.5 l/ha.
The nursery was laid out in two-row plots of 64 tubers each (2 rows of 32 tubers each) with a distance between tubers in the rows of 35 cm (planting density 38,095 pcs /ha).Breeding samples and standard varieties were planted in 3 replicates using the randomized block method.The distance between tiers of plots is 2 meters (for harvesting using a potato digger).Planting was carried out in pre-cut ridges using a sprouted potato planter SPK-4.Planting dates are May 24-25.
Temperature and precipitation in the studied years are presented in Table 1.In general, weather conditions allowed for the formation of a high yield, but the presence of many unfavorable factors (closing of rows and flowering took place with excess soil moisture; after flowering, a rapid depletion of soil moisture reserves was noted, soil compaction, sharp temperature fluctuations and moisture deficiency at the end of the growing season provoked growth and deformation and the hollowness of the tubers, high air humidity during the growing season contributed to the extremely intensive development of late blight, etc.) affected the quality of the products.This combination of conditions made it possible to select breeding samples with high yield potential, resistance to diseases and abiotic factors.
During the growing season, we carried out the following work, observations and records: assessment of the development of tops and description of morphological characteristics, recording of damage by viral diseases, late blight and alternaria blight.
In the breeding nursery, 3 phyto-cleanings were carried out with an interval of 7-10 days.Plants affected by viruses and rhizoctonia , as well as atypical plants, were removed.At the end of the flowering phase, we carried out test diggings to determine the date of removal of the tops by the accumulation of the seed fraction (tuber diameter 30-60 mm) of 90% of the total number of tubers.
Viral diseases were noted: wrinkled mosaic (Y-virus), banded mosaic, leaf curl, mosaic leaf curl, mottling and other viral diseases.
After mass flowering, resistance to late blight and alternaria blight was assessed.Late blight resistance (counting was carried out twice: with obvious damage to the tops of the susceptible standard and before harvesting): 1 point -very low (all leaves are affected); 3 -low (more than 50% of the leaf surface is affected); 5 -medium (from 25 to 50% of the leaf surface is affected); 7 -relatively high (up to 25% of the leaf surface is affected); 8 -high (single spots on individual leaves); 9 -very high resistance (no damage).
Resistance to Alternaria blight: 1 point -very low (all leaves are completely affected); 3 -low (more than 50% of the leaf surface is affected); 5 -medium (from 25 to 50% of the leaf surface is affected); 7 -high (up to 25% of the leaf surface is affected); 8 -single spots; 9 -very high (no damage).

Results and Discussion
In recent years in Russia there has been a tendency to increase the area under varieties of two directions -early and mid-early table varieties, characterized by high marketability, attractive appearance of tubers and manufacturability (Gala, Colomba, Koroleva Anna, Vineta) combined with high taste; varieties suitable for processing into crispy French fries (Lady Claire, BP808, Innovator).Among modern requirements, environmental plasticity, resistance to diseases and abiotic factors should be noted.At the same time, among the varieties suitable for industrial processing, those susceptible to viral diseases and late blight currently predominate.Data from the studies are presented in Table 2 Almost all of the studied varietal samples have high resistance to viral diseases, late blight and alternaria blight (score 7-9), except for the K534 varietal sample.This varietal sample has damage from 25 to 50% of the leaf surface.Varietal samples K824 and K23 are resistant to late blight and alternaria blight.But varietal sample K824 exhibits a wrinkled mosaic.Wrinkled mosaic is also observed in the following varietal samples: K828, K720, K225, K229.The yield data was processed statistically and presented in Table 4. Based on the results of statistical data processing, each sample was assigned an index depending on the significance of the differences in yield from the standard indicators of the corresponding ripeness group: 0 -the differences are not significant; 1-the differences are significant, the yield of the sample is higher than the standard by more than 1 SSD 0.5 (the smallest significant difference with a probability of error of 5%); 2-the differences are significant, the yield of the sample is higher than the standard by more than 2 SSD 0.5; -1 -the differences are significant, the yield of the sample is below the standard by more than 1 SSD 0.5; -2 -the differences are significant, the yield of the sample is below the standard by more than 1 SSD 0.5.Among the early and mid-early varietal samples, the studied varieties have yields within the standard.Among the varieties for making crispy potatoes, varietal sample K229 stands out; in a favorable year 2022, the yield is higher than the standard, but in an unfavorable year it is lower.This indicates the low ecological plasticity of the variety and can be recommended for production in favorable years (according to the forecast).But the K229 varietal sample, suitable for processing into crispy potatoes, is resistant to cancer and

Conclusion
Potato varietal samples K229 and K828 are suitable for industrial processing (for crispy potatoes) and have complex resistance to diseases and abiotic factors.K828 (Suvorovsky) -mid-early, relatively resistant to late blight, resistant to wrinkled mosaic ( Y -virus).The pulp of the tubers is creamy, suitable for processing into crispy potatoes, also as table potatoes, for making purees and baking.K229 (Martian) mid-early is relatively resistant to late blight, resistant to wrinkled mosaic ( Y -virus).The pulp of the tubers is red, suitable for processing into crispy potatoes, also as a table potato for boiling, frying and baking.

Table 2 .
. Results of records of damage to breeding diseases samples during the growing season.WM -wrinkled mosaic, MT -mosaic twisting of the apex; ** Since seeds of at least super-elite were used for planting standard varieties, the incidence of viral diseases on non-resistant varieties was insignificant; *** letters "f" and "a" indicate resistance to late blight and alternaria blight.

Table 3 .
Samples that have passed the 2nd year of state testing for resistance to cancer and nematode.An important point for varietal samples is resistance to cancer and nematode, the data is presented in Table2.According to Table2, the most resistant to cancer and nematode are varietal samples K229 and K828.