Studying of Polymorphism of Some Grain Crop from GenBank Collection of Armenia

. During the research, 15 genotypes of grain crop (4 spiecies of Hordeum and 11 of Triticum ) from the genbank collection of the Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology were studied. The gluten locus of all studied cultivated and wild species is polymorphic consisting of GluA, GluB, GluC, GluD, GluE alleles. Moreover, GluB, GluC and GluD alleles have the highest meeting frequency, it is 82.35%. The GluE allele has the lowest frequency of occurrence at 41.17%. The following genotypes were formed in the gluten locus: GluAA, AB, BB, BC, CC, CD, DE, EE, EF, the frequency of which is equal to 47.05, 29.53, 70.58, 82.35, 76.47, 17.65, 52.94, 35.29, 23.53 and 23.53%. The highest frequency was recorded for GluBC genotype (82.35%), and the lowest for GluAB, EE, EF (25.53%) genotypes. In the studied species of wild barley, homozygosity is 60-100%, in the case of wild wheat - 66.7-71.42%. Indicators are close to the genetic makeup of free-breeding populations. It ranges from 50-80% in wheat amphidiploids and 25-60% in non-amphidiploids. The genetic similarity index of wild barley species ranges from 0.488 to 0.648, which indicates a unique and rich biodiversity. Meanwhile, it is quite high (r=0.844) in wild types of wheat. For amphidiploid x wild einkorn wheat, it is 0.982-0.982. In other cases, the genetic similarity index ranges from 0.488 to 0.648.


Introduction
The exploration of genetic diversity and polymorphism in agricultural crops and their wild relatives is paramount in the quest for sustainable crop improvement.The study of genetic structures, individual loci, and alleles has provided invaluable insights into the complex relationship between genetics and economically valuable traits in crops.Recent genetic methodologies, particularly those centered around polymorphic systems and the biochemical diversity of proteins, have revolutionized the field of agricultural crop breeding [1].
Polymorphic proteins, shaped by multiple alleles within a given gene, have become focal points for understanding genetic variation within populations.This understanding has ushered in a new era of precision breeding, where breeders can target specific genetic variations linked to traits of interest.The result is a more streamlined and efficient breeding process, leading to the development of crop varieties with enhanced features, ranging from increased yield and disease resistance to improved nutritional profiles [2].
The findings from these genetic studies extend beyond the laboratory, profoundly impacting the agricultural industry.As the global demand for food and sustainable agriculture continues to grow, the use of polymorphic systems for crop improvement offers a promising avenue for addressing these challenges.By capitalizing on the rich genetic diversity present in both cultivated and wild crop species, we can work towards more resilient and productive crop varieties that are better equipped to meet the demands of an ever-expanding population [3].
According to the research consistent increase in the yield of cultivated varieties is based on the improvement of their cultivation technologies and the achievements of breeding [4].Using of molecular methods in the breeding process is particularly relevant at the present, which is confirmed by a long list of scientific publications on the study of genetic variability of oats [5][6], triticale [7][8][9][10][11][12] and wheat [12][13][14].
In conclusion, the study of polymorphism and genetic diversity is not merely an academic pursuit but a practical and forward-thinking approach that holds the potential to transform agriculture and food security.The genetic information gleaned from these studies is a valuable asset in the ongoing efforts to develop crops that can thrive in changing environmental conditions, resist pests and diseases, and provide abundant and nutritious harvests to sustain our world's growing population.
Through ongoing research and the application of advanced genetic methodologies, the future of agriculture is being shaped, one polymorphic allele at a time.

Material and methods
It is known that isoenzymes are called "biochemical markers of structural genes", a multifaceted study of which will become the basis for the development of molecular or marker selection in Armenia.At Biological Researches Laboratory of «Agribiotechnology» Scientific Center of Armenian National Agrarian University genotyping was carried out for the gluten locus (Glu) of the following crops and their wild relatives: Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch.Determining polymorphism in object-oriented programming is a fundamental concept, and there may not be specific academic references solely dedicated to its determination.These resources help us to understand how polymorphism works and how to recognize it in code (Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java" by Bernd Bruegge and Allen H. Dutoit) [14].
When comparing the frequencies of alleles and genotypes of different populations within the boundaries of a variety and species, it is necessary to determine how similar the studied groups are to each other in genetic systems.The posed question is resolved by comparing the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of these groups and determining the coefficient of genetic similarity (r) of these groups, which is in the range of 0-1.

Results and discussion
It is obvious that within a species or variety, a population has its own allele pool and gene pool, which differentiates them from other populations.
In addition to population, the concept of "pure line" is often used in plant genetics, which is obtained through self-analysis of plants.Pure lines are notable for their high homozygosity and all individuals in them have the same genotype.It is also known that a number of useful economic traits, such as seed weight, cannot be increased by selection in pure lines, because seed size in pure lines is a modification variable and is due to paratypic interaction.In terms of clarifying these and many similar questions, genotyping of cultivated crop varieties and their wild relatives is crucial (Table 1). 1. Triticum boeoticum Boiss.The wild wheat Glu locus consists of the GluA, GluB, GluC, GluD, and GluE alleles, which have a frequency of 11, respectively 18, 14, 22, 35 and 10%.By the way, such an abundance of alleles was not noted in other studied varieties and species.The GluA allele was expressed in one homozygous GluAA genotype with a frequency of 0.1.The GluB allele at the locus formed two genotypes: homozygous GluBB and heterozygous GluBC with a frequency of 18 and 22%.The GluC allele was expressed in one homozygous (0.12) GluCC genotype.As for the GluD allele, it should be noted that during evolution two genotypes were formed -homozygous GluDD and heterozygous GluDE with a frequency of 0.12 and 0.14.The GluE allele with the highest frequency of occurrence at the locus formed the only homozygous genotype GluEE with a frequency of 14%.Homozygosity for the wild einkorn locus is 71.42% (Table 1).
2. Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch.The wild-type barley gluten locus is also polymorphic and consists of GluB (0.33), GluC (0.33) and GluD (0.33) alleles with equal frequencies.The GluB allele at the locus manifested itself in two genotypes: homozygous GluBB and heterozygous GluBC with a frequency of 0.16, respectively.The GluC allele formed the only homozygous genotype GluCC with a frequency of 33%.In the case of the GluD allele, one homozygous GluDD genotype (0.33) was also identified.In general, the frequency of alleles and genotypes of wild two-row barley fits into one numerical value of 33%.Homozygosity of the locus in this species is 75%.https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346301006respectively 0.37, 0.19 and 0.33 depending on the frequency of occurrence.The GluA allele forms one homozygous GluAA genotype with the same frequency as the carrier allele -11%.The GluB allele at the locus occurs in a single heterozygous GluBC genotype with a frequency of 29%.Regarding the GluC allele, it should be noted that one homozygous GluCC (0.22) and one heterozygous GluCD (0.19) formed heterozygous genotypes.The gluten allele D of the barley variety Razdan was expressed at the locus by one heterozygous genotype GluDD with a frequency of 0.28.Homozygosity of the gluten locus of this variety is 60%.

Hordeum hrazdanium
4. Triticum sinskoboeoticum Gandil.The phenomenon of multiple allelism has also arisen at the amphidiploid gluten locus.It includes all possible alleles A, B, C, D, E, the frequency of which is 0.16, 0.13, 0.24, 0.22 and 0.25.The GluA allele at the locus formed the only GluAA genotype with a frequency of 15%.The GluB allele was expressed in two genotypes: homozygous GluBB (0.19) and heterozygous GluBC (0.19).The GluC allele appeared in one homozygous GluCC genotype with a frequency of 22% during degeneration.Similarly, the GluD allele appears as a single homozygous GluDD genotype with a frequency of 21%.Regarding the GluE allele, it should be noted that it formed only one homozygous genotype GluEE at the locus with a frequency of 0.14.Homozygosity of the amphidiploid gluten locus is 80%.

Hordeum bulbosum L.
The barley gluten locus is also polymorphic and consists of alleles GluA, GluC and GluE, 0.27 each, respectively; 0.25 and 0.48 depending on the frequency of meetings.The GluA allele at the locus manifests itself as a homozygous GluAA genotype with a frequency of 30%.Allele C also formed one GluCC genotype with a frequency of 37%.Allele E in the gluten locus of tuber barley also formed the only homozygous genotype GluEE (0.33).It is noteworthy that the three alleles present in this crop give rise to one homozygous genotype, so the homozygosity of the locus in this case is 100%.

Triticum monococcum L.
The gluten locus is also polymorphic in the einkorn wheat variety and consists of the GluA, GluC and GluD alleles, 0.13, respectively; with frequencies of 0.48 and 0.39.The GluA allele appears as the only heterozygous GluAB genotype with a frequency of 18%.The GluC allele at the locus forms two genotypes: homozygous GluCC (0.31) and heterozygous GluCD (0.17).The GluD allele formed the GluDE genotype with a frequency of 34%.Homozygosity of the locus is 25%.

Triticum militinae Zhuk.& Migush.
A rich GluA allelotype was identified in the wheat cultivar militina; GluB; GluC, GluD with a frequency of occurrence of 28, 39, 19 and 14%, respectively.In this case, the GluA allele at the locus reveals one homozygous GluAA genotype with a frequency of 26%.The GluB allele manifests itself in two genotypes: GluBB (0.27) and GluBC (0.15).The GluC allele forms the only GluCC genotype with a frequency of 22%.As for allele D, it also forms one genotype GluDE (0.10).Homozygosity of the locus in this species is 60%.

Triticum spelta L.
In spelled wheat species, three polymorphic systems GluB, GluD and GluE were identified with a frequency of 41, 38 and 21%, respectively.The GluB allele at the locus formed two genotypes: homozygous GluBB and heterozygous GluBC with frequencies of 0.18 and 0.24.The GluD allele also formed one homozygous GluDD and one heterozygous GluDE genotype with frequencies of 11 and 27%.As for the E allele, it should be noted that it is represented by one homozygous genotype GluEE at the locus (0.20).Homozygosity of the locus is 60%.9. Hordeum marinum Huds.A rich allele pool has been reported for sea barley, including GluA, GluB, GluC and GluD alleles.The GluA allele at the locus represents the only heterozygous GluAB genotype with a frequency of 12%.The GluB allele, as in almost most species, formed two genotypes: homozygous GluBB (0.11) and heterozygous GluBC (0.28).In the case of the GluC allele, it formed one homozygous genotype GluCC, which E3S Web of Conferences 463, 01006 (2023) EESTE2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346301006occurs with a fairly high frequency of 35%.The GluD allele with a frequency of 14% formed the only homozygous genotype at the GluDD locus.Homozygosity of the locus is 60%.
10. Triticum persicum Vav.ex Zhuk.The Caucasian type of wheat does not differ in the number of alleles, and the gluten locus consists of two alleles: GluA (36%) and GluB (64%).The GluA allele produced one homozygous GluAA genotype while generating an allele frequency of 24%, which cannot be said for the B allele as it showed one homozygous GluBB genotype and one heterozygous GluBC genotype with a frequency of 0.44 and 0.32 respectively.Locus homozygosity Caucasian wheat gluten is 66.60%.
11. Triticum sinskopoleocholhicum Gandil.The amphidiploid demonstrated multiple allelism during its formation, as it has a fairly rich allele pool.The gluten locus consists of alleles GluA, GluB, GluC and GluD: 0.17, 0.17, 0.23 and 0.43 depending on the frequency of meetings.The GluA allele, as in all previously studied species, with a frequency of 12% formed a single homozygous genotype GluAA.The GluB allele, like its predecessor, formed one, but this time heterozygous genotype GluBC (0.28).For allele C there is also one homozygous genotype GluCC with a frequency of 28%.In the case of the gluten D allele (GluD), the picture changes dramatically as it produces two genotypes, homozygous GluDD and heterozygous GluDE, with a frequency of 33 and 12%, respectively.Homozygosity of the locus is 60%.
12. Triticum boeoticourarticum Gandil.The amphidiploid, unlike the previous one, contains in the locus only the GluB, GluC and GluE alleles, the frequency of which is 0.44, respectively; 0.27 and 0.29.The GluB allele at the locus manifests itself in two genotypes, one of which is homozygous for GluBB, and the other is heterozygous for GluBC.The GluC allele is represented by a single homozygous genotype GluCC with a frequency of 26%.For the GluE allele, the number of genotypes is limited.The heterozygous GluEF genotype occurs with a frequency of 13%.Homozygosity of the locus is 50%.
13. Triticum vavilovii Jakubz.In Vavilov wheat, the gluten locus is also polymorphic and consists of alleles GluA, GluC and GluD -0.41, respectively; with encounter frequencies of 0.45 and 0.14.The GluA allele at the locus formed one homozygous GluAA (0.31) and one heterozygous GluAB (0.14) genotypes.This was not the case for alleles C and D, since each of them exhibited homozygous GluCC and heterozygous GluDE genotypes, the frequencies of which were 41 and 14%, respectively.Homozygosity of the locus is 50%.
14. Triticum compactum Host.The kundik wheat plant has three alleles: GluA, GluB and GluC, respectively 34; 50 and 16% depending on the frequency of meetings.Allele A at the gluten locus formed the only heterozygous genotype GluAB (0.19).The GluB allele as a pattern formed two genotypes: homozygous GluBB and heterozygous GluBC.The frequencies of occurrence of these genotypes are 39 and 31% respectively.The GluC allele in these studies was represented by the very rare GluCD genotype with a frequency of 11%.Homozygosity of the locus is 25%.
15. Triticum polonicum L. In the Polish type of wheat, as in all other studied cultivated and wild species, the gluten locus is polymorphic, consisting of alleles GluB, GluD and GluE, the frequency of which is 0.66, respectively 0.21 and 0.13.The GluB allele at the locus manifests itself in two genotypes: homozygous GluBB and heterozygous GluBC with a frequency of 31 and 44%.The gluten D allele at the GluD locus results in a single homozygous genotype, GluDD, with a frequency of 18%.The GluE allele is manifested by the GluEF genotype, the frequency of which is 0.09 among the indicators of the same name in all studied species.Homozygosity of the locus is 50%.
In table Table 2 shows the coefficients of genetic similarity of the studied cultivated and wild species of barley and wheat.

Conclusion
Effective use of the genetic potential of agricultural crops and their wild relatives, which predetermines the selection process and makes it more manageable, also depends on the degree of awareness of the relationship between the genetic structure of populations, individual loci and alleles, and economically useful traits.Recently, new genetic methods based on polymorphic systems of genetic determination, the biochemical diversity of proteins of which, due to a number of features, are considered very effective, cab be included in the breeding work of agricultural crops.

Table 1 .
The results of our studies show that the gluten locus (Glu) is polymorphic in all cultivated and wild species included in the certification.