Yield of winter and spring wheat depending on pre-sowing treatment and mineral nutrition

. The experiment was planned for 2021...2023. Mikhailovsky district of the Volgograd region, on the territory of the peasant farm “Egorushin A.N.”, located in the southern black soil zone. The objects of study were the varieties of durum spring wheat: Donskaya Elegiya, Krasnokutka 13 and the varieties of winter durum wheat: Agat Donskoy and Aksinit with the treatment of seed material with biofertilizers and the introduction of mineral nutrition at yield levels. A three-year experiment led to the conclusion that biofertilizers (Blago + , Gumi 20) are actively absorbed by winter and spring wheat, making it possible to increase crop yields, while at the same time reducing application rates or completely abandoning traditional fertilizers. Among the winter varieties studied, the Aksnitit variety showed higher yields with a yield of 5.0-5.5 t/ha under the option of complex application of biofertilizers and pre-sowing treatment according to the Gumi 20+N 147 Р 55 К 90 scheme. Among spring wheat, the Donskaya Elegiya variety has proven itself better with a yield of 4.7 t/ha on the Gumi 20+N 147 Р 55 К 90 variant.


Introduction
Hereditary traits are the primary factors influencing the varietal qualities of a crop, while secondary traits that should not be forgotten since they have a significant impact on the germination, growth and development of the plant are weather conditions, which cannot be influenced by mineral nutrition, which is already controllable [1].These factors, interacting in combination, are capable of exhibiting a set of useful characteristics [2].As a result, a comprehensive study of the physiological factors of seed development with viability, biological and chemical characteristics makes it possible to form a full-fledged harvest and will help establish methods of agricultural technology for growing durum wheat, as well as determine directions for stabilizing the set of varietal and economically useful traits [3][4].
The root system of durum wheat deeply, firstly, does not penetrate deeply into the soil, and secondly, it grows weakly in the horizontal horizon, in fact, throughout the entire growing season it is located in the arable layer of soil [5], as a result there is a need for moisture and mineral elements for nutrition, which should be in the arable horizon [6].The most critical period when the plant needs sufficient moisture and mineral nutrition is the phase of grain formation and formation in the ear [7,8].During the period of grain formation, the plant is in a phase of intensive growth and development, consuming moisture in larger quantities; at the same time, dry winds and high air temperatures are quite often observed -as a result, the arable layer of soil significantly loses moisture and dries out [9].Therefore, the root system of plants is in dire need of sufficient reserves of productive moisture at this stage of development.
For profitable competitive production of agricultural products, it is necessary to increase not only quantitative indicators per unit area, but also maintain the quality of the grain produced.In second place after heredity, the quality of the resulting grain forms a timely and sufficient supply of mineral nutrition to plants [10].Fertilizers are applied to the soil both at the sowing stage and after germination; an increase in the supply of mineral nutrition is achieved by pre-sowing seed treatment; for these purposes, biofertilizers have been successfully used in recent years.Pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds is an important agricultural technique in the technological process [11].Substances applied to the seed coat, entering the moist soil, dissolve and are absorbed by the seed.Due to additional nutrients, more active development of the root system occurs, which is so important at the initial stage of wheat growth.Seeds treated before sowing have increased field germination, safety and survival of plants for harvesting, and as a result, an increase in yield and grain quality [12].
Manufacturers working in the agro-industrial complex to maintain the profitability of their production are practically obliged to continuously improve existing and introduce new intensive technologies [13].The introduction of the quality and quantity of fertilizers into the soil, uncontrolled by government agencies, and the intensively increasing anthropogenic activity of mankind, gradually had unfavorable consequences for the environment and creates obstacles to the processes of self-healing in nature.That is why, every year, the relevance of scientific research and proposals for methods for the transition to organic farming is gaining momentum; methods of pre-sowing preparation of seeds under the influence of electric and electromagnetic fields [14,15], pre-sowing treatment of seeds with environmentally friendly preparations are being actively studied.These methods are based on a gradual reduction in the use of herbicides and pesticides, more active use of resourcesaving technologies, which will contribute to the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products, and the improvement of technological processes will help reduce material costs and create additional economic benefits [16].
Biological fertilizers help improve the immune system of plants, the resistance of cultivated plants to aggressive weather conditions, fungal and viral diseases increases, and growth processes are activated.When pre-sowing seed treatment, the prepared preparation is applied to the surface of the seeds in the form of a film using special means, which dries and is fixed to the seed.An inoculation process occurs, the result of which is the artificial colonization of the seed shell with microflora useful for the processes of growth and development.When sowing, seeds treated with biofertilizers fall into moisture-rich soil and activate the growth and reproduction of fungi and bacteria around the root system of the growing plant.The efficiency of these processes depends on the concentration and dosage of the biofertilizers used, so it is possible to observe a less significant effect compared to traditionally used dressing agents.However, seed treatment with biofertilizers, unlike dressing, is more effective in the long term; at the same time, not only a short-term stimulating effect is created, but the effect is prolonging on growth and development during the entire growing season, due to this mechanism the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the wheat yield are increased.

Materials and methods
Field experiments were carried out on the farm of the peasant farm "Egorushin A.N." Mikhailovsky district of the Volgograd region in 2021-2023.The soils of the experiment site are southern chernozem.To conduct the experiments, zoned varieties of winter and spring wheat were sown.
Two varieties that are promising for the Volgograd region were selected as spring wheat seeds -Krasnokutka 13, Donskaya Elegiya.Winter wheat varieties selected: Agat Donskoy, Aksinit.For the study in three-year experiments, calculated norms for the planned yield were selected and two biofertilizers were selected: Gumi 20, Blago 3+ .The dosage of the drugs used is according to the manufacturer's instructions.Agrotechnological operations are carried out in strict accordance with the developed recommendations for a given climatic region.The sowing rate of wheat seeds is 4 million seeds per hectare of area, repetition is threefold, with a systematic arrangement of plots.The total area of the plot was 90.0 m 2 , the area of the registration plot was 36.0 m 2 .
Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with preparations was carried out one day before sowing; biofertilizers, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, were diluted with water at the rate of 1 liter of preparation per ton of treated seeds.
To add elements of mineral nutrition, a calculation was made, as a result of which the required amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was established to obtain a yield of 2.0 t/ha and 4 t/ha.

Results and Discussion
As a result of ongoing research on southern chernozems, the high responsiveness of wheat to nitrogen fertilizers has been established.Therefore, when cultivating spring and winter wheat, the limiting conditions can most likely be attributed to the presence of a sufficient amount of nutrients in the soil.The soil does not absorb nitrate nitrogen, so it is easily absorbed by plants when the soil is moistened, but when soil moisture increases, nitrates can be washed out from the upper layers of the soil, into deeper soil horizons and no longer become available to the wheat root system.Therefore, to optimize the nutritional regime, it is necessary to compensate for the lost nitrogen by adding mineral fertilizers to the soil.The dynamics of changes in the content of nitrate nitrogen in the arable and subarable soil layers according to the phases of plant development are presented in Table 1.
According to the data presented in the table, in all options there is a pattern in the form of a maximum amount of nitrate nitrogen before sowing in the spring and its decrease as the plants grow and develop.
As wheat developed and consumed nutrients from the arable layer of soil, the amount of nitrate nitrogen also decreased; a more significant decrease in nitrate nitrogen was in the variants without fertilization, so in the flowering phase of the variety Krasnukha 13, the nitrogen content decreased from 3.05 to 1. 69 mg per 100 g of soil, in the variants when using fertilizers, a less significant decrease was found from 6.93 mg to 5.62 mg when using fertilizers N74P28K45, in the variant N147P5K90 the consumption of nitrate nitrogen by wheat is even less -from 7.71 mg to 6, 87 mg per 100 g of soil.Soil sampling carried out after harvesting wheat showed the minimum amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil was in the variants without applying fertilizers -1.69 mg and the maximum was 4.83 mg in the variant with the use of fertilizers according to the formula N147P5K90, the obvious difference was more than 100%.The dynamics of nitrate nitrogen consumption during the growing season of wheat in the subsoil layer repeated the patterns that were established in the arable horizon.However, at this depth both before sowing and after harvesting, the content of nitrate nitrogen was 1.6...2.1 times lower.During the growing season, all four wheat varieties consumed nitrate nitrogen from the soil evenly relative to each other; no significant differences were observed.
The highest consumption of nitrate nitrogen was in winter wheat variety Aksinit.At the end of the growing season, the presence of nitrate nitrogen was 1.42 mg per 100 g of soil (natural fertility option), 3.14 mg per 100 g of soil -option N74P28K45 and 4.26 mg per 100 g of soil option with the use of The main growth phase of wheat is divided into two stages -2 weeks before the panicle is thrown out and 3 weeks after the panicle is thrown out; during this period, plants actively consume nitrate nitrogen, up to 1.5...1.6kg daily.Analyzing the experimental data obtained, it is clear that during the period of the main development of plants, half of the nitrate nitrogen was consumed by them; from the flowering phase to harvesting, the nitrogen content in the soil drops very significantly.The presence of nitrate nitrogen in the soil in larger quantities than plants require did not have a positive or negative effect.But with a lack of nitrogen, negative consequences appear: in the early period, the development of the panicle is inhibited, and in later periods of growth and development, the leaves gradually die off.The leaves turn yellow and the lower tier is the first to die, followed by the middle tier and the dying may reach the top of the plant.
The presence of available phosphorus is a necessary component for the development of plant reproductive organs.Even with sufficient supply of nitrogen and potassium, but with a lack of phosphorus, it has a significant effect on delaying the development and ripening of grain.A clear manifestation of phosphorus nutrition deficiency appears in the flowering phase.Phosphorus is actively absorbed by plants throughout their growth and development, so an important task is to maintain phosphorus reserves in the soil throughout the growing season.When conducting the described experiments, phosphorus fertilizers were applied to the soil for the main treatment, the dosage corresponded to 28 and 54 kg.Table 2 presents the P2O5 content indicators.Assessing the results of soil selection for the content of available phosphorus presented in Table 2, before sowing in the subsoil layer on an unfertilized background there was a fairly high phosphorus content -more than 5 mg per 100 g of soil.In plots with phosphorus applied in an amount of 28 kg per 1 ha, the phosphorus content varied from 6.93 to 7.58 mg per 100 g of soil.Even higher levels of mobile phosphorus content in the arable soil horizon were achieved when 54 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizers were applied, correspondingly amounting to 7.84-8.72mg per 100 g of soil.A similar pattern was observed in studies of the subsoil layer; the minimum amount before sowing was in unfertilized variants and the maximum when applying fertilizers at a rate of 54 kg/ha.The most effective consumption of available phosphorus was observed in wheat variety Aksinit.
The data presented in Table 2 indicate that the content of available phosphorus, even in the variants without the use of fertilizers before sowing, was high, more than 5 mg per 100 g of soil.In variants with a phosphorus application rate of 28 kg per 1 ha, the P2O5 content in the arable horizon was in the range of 6.93...7.58 mg per 100 g of soil.In the variant with a phosphorus application dose of 54 kg/ha, the P2O5 content varied from 7.84 to 8.72 mg per 100 g of soil.The content of available phosphorus in the subsoil horizon before sowing, from medium to high, respectively, was noted in unfertilized and fertilized variants.
The maximum use of available phosphorus was observed in the durum wheat variety Aksinit.
The use of phosphorus from the subsoil horizon also occurred, but the consumption by plants was significantly lower.In quantitative terms, during the sowing phase, the content of available phosphorus is 1.9...2.2 times lower than in the arable horizon in the variants without fertilizers; in the background with fertilizers, the difference is not significantly lower -1.6...1.9times.During the development of plants, a more intensive consumption of phosphorus was noted in the variants without fertilizers; by the flowering phase the difference was already 2.0...2.5 times.In all variants with the application of fertilizers, the content of phosphorus contained in the arable and subarable horizons practically did not change and was at the level of the results in the phase before sowing.
The introduction into the technological cycle of modern new zoned varieties of wheat that have high qualities for the production of pasta and are highly responsive to modern environmentally friendly biofertilizers in the context of the transition of production to import substitution is currently relevant.Table 3 shows the average data for 3 years of research on the yield of spring and winter wheat, depending on fertilizers and pre-sowing treatment.Of the wheat varieties accepted for research, the best result in the control was shown by the wheat variety Aksinit -3.15 t/ha, the second in yield was the Donskaya Elegia variety 2.57 t/ha, the minimum yield was for the Krasnokutka 13 variety -1.8 t/ha .The obtained results of wheat yield, reflected in Table 3, indicate good responsiveness of wheat varieties both individually to biofertilizers during pre-sowing treatment and mineral fertilizers, and to their complex use.Treatment with biofertilizers resulted in an increase in yield in spring varieties from 0.35 t/ha (Krasnokutka 13) to 0.91 t/ha in winter varieties (Aksinit).The combined use of Gumi 20+N147Р55К90 led to an increase in yield to 2.502 t/ha (Krasnokutka 13) and to 5.31 t/ha (Aksinit).

Conclusion
Conducted field experiments on the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment in combination with the application of mineral fertilizers to the soil on the yield of winter and spring wheat varieties allow us to conclude that the most productive variety is Aksinit, which allows obtaining a yield of 3 t/ha on an unfertilized background.When using Gumi 20+N147Р55К90 it is possible to obtain a yield of 5-5.5 t/ha.

Table 2 .
Average content of available phosphorus in wheat crops, mg per 100 g of soil (2021...2023).

Table 3 .
Wheat yield depending on pre-sowing treatment and fertilizers, t/ha average for 2021...2023.