History and prospects of development of eco-tourism in Kashkadarya region

. This article talks about the history and prospects of ecological tourism development in Kashkadarya region. Based on archival data, the author analyzed the problem based on available scientific literature and studied the specific aspects of the history and prospects of the development of ecological tourism in Kashkadarya regions.


Introduction
In the years of independence, the attention to the protection of nature is gaining importance in the expansion of the number of foreign nature lovers coming to our country.In countries where tourism is developed, competition is well developed, and the large flow of tourists allows industry facilities to operate at full capacity and compete in terms of price.The development of tourism in our country has not been implemented, including in the regions.
The economic development model of Uzbekistan was evolutionary and took into account the socio-economic potential of the country, the history of the statehood of the people, national and religious values and the demographic situation.The "Uzbek model", embodying the reforming abilities of the state, protecting the economy from any political and ideological interference, ensuring the rule of law, phased reforms, social protection of the population, which in the new market conditions experienced a serious psychological and material shock, became the basis for the development of society at the transitional stage.These principles have now been reflected in the "Action Strategy for Five Priority Development Areas in 2017-2021."and in the "Strategy for the development of a new Uzbekistan for 2022 -2026" [1].
The territory of Kashkadarya region is mainly surrounded by the Zarafshan and Hisar mountain ranges from the northeast and southeast.Hills occupy the space between the mountains and the plains.A large part of the plain consists of the Karshi desert, bordered by the Sandiqli and Kyzylkum deserts in the west.The climate is continental.Winter is relatively mild.Summer is long (155-160 days), hot, dry.The average temperature in January is from 0.2 to 1.9 degrees, and in July it is 28-29.5 degrees.The highest temperature is +45 degrees.The lowest temperature is 20 degrees.290-300 mm per year in the plains, 520-550 mm in the hills, 550-650 mm in the mountains.it will rain.Precipitation falls mainly in spring and winter, and in summer it is hot [2].

Materials and methods
To date, a number of scientific and research works related to the country's tourism industry and its various branches have been carried out in various fields of social sciences, including history, law, philosophy, and political sciences.It is important to analyze the root causes and develop proposals and recommendations aimed at solving them.From the point of view of historiography, the literature reflecting researches in this direction is considered independent by O.Khamidov, N.Shamuratova, A.Alimov, N.Tukhliyev, T.Abdullayeva, R.Hayitboyev, U.Matyakubov, A.Nigmatov, N.Shamuratova and foreign authors, also works of F. David, Goodwin, L. Ceballos, K. Bishop, M. Green, A. Phillips, Y. Kujel, N. Morozova, M. Morozov, S.N.Khamraeva are analyzed.
A permanent snow cover is formed in the mountains (2-6 months).The vegetation period is 290-300 days in the plains.The main river is Kashkadarya.Its tributaries are Jinnidarya, Aksuv, Yakkabogdarya, Tankhozdarya, Guzordaryo (along with Big and Small Oradaryo).Rivers are fed by snow, rain and glacier water.River water is mainly used for irrigation.There are Chimkurgan, Qamashi, Pachkamar reservoirs, Faiziabad, Eskibog, Eskiankhor, Koson, Pakhtaabad, Karshi and other canals.6 pumping stations, open and closed collector drainage networks were built during the development of the Karshi desert.The soil of the irrigated lands is mainly typical and light gray soils.There are more sandy soils in the Kitab-Shahrisabz stream.In the mountains, typical gray soils are distributed throughout the high altitude regions.The natural flora consists of about 1200 species of high plants.There are 76,600 hectares of forests in the region.The main part of the forests is made up of spruce and saxophone groves.The hillsides are covered with various grasses and plants, and there are also shrubs.Mountain forests consist of juniper, almond, pistachio, and juniper groves.Namatak, zirk, chakanda, anzur onion, black cumin and other spices grow in the mountains.
More than 100 species of birds, 60 species of mammals, and 7 species of reptiles can be found in the region.Rivers and ponds are inhabited by sandfish, eels, carp, flounder, carp, and carp.Hisar mountain-forest and Kitab state geological reserves are located in the province.A complex of high mountain observatories operates in Kitab District [3].
The province is located in the Kashkadarya basin and on the western edges of the Pamir-Aloy mountain range.The territory of the province rises from the west to the east up to 300-400 meters above sea level.The eastern part of the region consists of the Kitab-Kamashi foothills, the height of which ranges from 450-500 to 900-950 meters above sea level.Most of the mountains within the province occupy its northeastern part.The highest points of the mountains here reach 4000 meters.The area of Kashkadarya region is 28.6 square meters.km, the population is over 3,408,300 (2022).About 3/4 of the population lives in villages [4].
The village of Varganza is one of the most ancient and unique villages of Kitab district.This miraculous place is located in the south-eastern part of the district, its area is 14530 km.This village is 26 km from the district center.It is located in a remote area, and today its population is more than 16,000 people.
If we talk about the history of the village, the information about the region starts from the 7th century.According to the sources, the inhabitants of the village moved from the Varganza district of ancient Bukhara and began to call the village by this name.In the middle of the 19th century, the village of Varganza was considered the most important and strategically important area of the Kitab region.Villagers speak Uzbek and Tajik [5].
Pomegranates of Varganza village spread not only to our country, but also to neighboring republics.Today, more than ten varieties of pomegranates such as "Korashirin", "Bedona", "Achchidona", "Koradona", "Ulfi", "Kai", "Koranordon" are grown in this mountain village.That is probably why the Varganza pomegranate is called the "king of fruits".Pomegranates of this village are distinguished by their excellent taste from those of other regions.Representatives of the local alohi connect the history of the creation of pomegranate orchards in the Varganza and Kyzilkoya regions with the name of Hazrat Bashir.

Results
According to reports, Alloma, whose real name is Sultan Said Ahmad Ali, is Hazrat Bashir, 6 km from the village of Varganza.they lived in the distant Kyzylkoya cave and created a large garden nearby.The main tree in the garden is a pomegranate sapling, from which they got a good harvest.Later, representatives of the local population also began to grow pomegranate fruit, but they say that Hazrat Bashir was the first person to grow this fruit in these areas.
Almost all the houses in this village are carefully built in the historical-architectural style, with two floors.The wood between the pines is very dense.Sinch walls, which are mainly made of poplar wood, are filled with raw guvala, smaller than half a brick.A person who visits this village for the first time feels as if he has fallen into historical times.
The village of Kol is the last settlement on the way to the peak of Hazrat Sultan.The village has about 1.5 thousand inhabitants.One of the things that caught our attention in Kol and Gilon is that in both villages, people are still meticulously rebuilding their houses.Highlanders say that sineche houses are resistant during strong winds, rains and earthquakes that occur frequently in the mountains.
The village of Kuruksoy, located in Kalkama region of Chirakchi district, is another vivid example of the development of rural tourism.The 5-century-old maple tree in Kuruksoy, mountain roads, and wonderful nature will captivate anyone.There is a wool market and a flower market in the market with a long history in the village of Kuruksoy.Kalkama mountains are different from other mountains.Along with the majestic stones, the soil layer is also thick.After starting to climb the mountain, the Kalkama Reservoir can be seen on the right side.More than 400 households belonging to the ancient Yuz clan live in the village of Kuruksoy.
Gilan village is located in Shahrisabz district of Kashkadarya region, this magical corner is 2250 meters above sea level, in the lap of the sky-high Hisar mountains, surrounded by huge peaks.Today, the population is more than 5,200 people, and Tajiks live there along with Uzbeks [6].The people of Gilan are considered to be the longest-lived people in the oasis region, and in the village you can meet many enlightened fathers and mothers who are over a hundred years old.
Gilan village is 85 km from Shahrisabz city.the distance is far, and the nature becomes more beautiful as you go from the city to the mountains.After passing the shady village of Miraki, the Hisorak reservoir begins.Aksuv river joins the reservoir.If you go up from the village of Hisorak, you will go to the villages of Kol and Gilan.Villagers are mainly engaged in horticulture, agriculture and animal husbandry.Fruits such as apples, cherries, and pears grown in this ancient corner are widespread in all regions of our country [7].
Around the village of Gilan and along the road leading to it, the Tien-Shan brown bear, the Turkestan lynx, the Central Asian beaver, which are included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan, from the class of birds you can see the eagle, the bald eagle, the black heron, the snow heron, the black stork, the osprey and the snake-eating eagle, as well as partridges, quails, pigeons, blue crows, sparrows, and sparrows. .Animals such as fox, wolf, rock marten, among reptiles turtles, cypresses and water snakes, among lizards Turkistan agama, naked-eyed lizards can be found in the countryside.
After the village of Hisorak, the road goes along the Aksuv riverbed to the village of Munavvar, and after that the road turns right and goes along the Gilan riverbed.The E3S Web of Conferences 463, 02030 (2023) EESTE2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346302030pleasant and beautiful nature of the village of Munavvar will not leave anyone indifferent.Because it is surrounded by high rocks, the summer months are cool, and the winter temperature is mild.Both sides of the Gilan road consist of high and huge rocks.Fruits such as apples, pears, cherries, apricots, cherries are grown in orchards along the riverbed.Some areas of Uzan consist of wild hawthorn groves, almond groves, wheat fields, and wild vineyards included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Above the river bed, Zarafshan, Saur juniper groves, maple groves and irgay groves lie flat.In spring and summer, large tulips, white tulips, tubercle tulips, sunbul korak, norshirach, porcelain flower of Uzbekistan and more than 15 types of astragalus grow in the river bed.

Discussion
Suvtushar is located in the southeast of Shahrisabz district, in the bed of the Suvtushar river flowing from the Hisar mountain ranges, 1800 m above sea level.is a village located at a height.The population mainly belongs to the Uzbek nationality, their number is about 1100 people and they live in more than 200 households.The nature is pleasant, beautiful, summer is cool, moderate, winter is cold and frosty.About 4 km east of the village of Suvtushar, the territory of the Hisar state reserve begins [8].
After the village of Hisorak, go along the riverbed of the Suvtushar river, which joins the Aksuv river, to the village of Sayyod, and then turn right.The village of Sayad is pleasant and has a very beautiful nature.Because it is surrounded by high hills and rocks, the summer months are cool and the air temperature is mild in the winter.On the right side of the Suvtushar village road, there are hills, and on the left side are the arched rocks of the Hisar mountain range.
The road from the village of Hisorak to the village of Suvtushar is uneven, stony and gravelly, dirt in the summer months, mud in the winter months and covered with ice and snow.
5 km from Suvtushar village.above, in the territory of Hisar state reserve, there is one of the largest waterfalls in Uzbekistan -Suvtushar waterfall.In May-July, 5-6 cubic meters of water per second, and 1-3 cubic meters of water at other times, fall from a height of 84 meters from this waterfall.The particles formed from this can fly up to 250-300 meters and 500-600 meters when there is a strong wind.provides Suvtushar waterfall is seen from the top of the village of Suvtushar, forming a strange landscape, and is visible among thick fir trees.Since this waterfall is located in the territory of the Hisar State Reserve, the entry of outsiders is prohibited according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Protected Natural Areas".
The inhabitants of Tashkurgan village of Yakkabogh district were relocated in 1999, and now no one lives there.There is a world-famous Hisar state reserve in the village, and this area is protected by the reserve.12 kilometers from Tashkurgan, there are 31 dinosaur tracks from the Jurassic period in the Amir Temur cave, Kal'ai Sheron gorge, which have been preserved to this day.You can get to the Amir Temur cave in the village of Tashkurgan by a two-way road.
The Kal'ai Sheron gorge in the area reminds of the beautiful natural habitats of Europe and Asia on the slopes of the mountains.The world of flora and fauna here is also diverse.Rare.Some plants are unique to this place.The air is clean and clear.It is one of the favorable places for the development of ecotourism and extreme tourism.By attracting foreign and local tourists to this place, it is possible to go down from the gorge area and show a unique miracle related to the dinosaurs that existed here millions of years ago and died out.The fact is that 31 dinosaur tracks are still preserved in the gorge.thing is that the age of fir trees in the forest is several centuries.The largest of them have existed for 700-800 years.There are also "Hokiz Burun" and "Baytal Tail" waterfalls in the gorge.
Currently, it is 176 km from the city of Karshi."Langar ota" shrine and mosque of the 14th century is located in the village of Langar.
45 km from Shahrisabz city. in the distance, in the upper part of the village of Langar, Qamashi district, there is the Maidanak astronomical observatory, where the largest one and a half meter telescope in Central Asia is installed.The observatory was opened in 1970.Today, it is a fully equipped station with the most modern equipment.The observatory belongs to the Institute of Astronomy named after Mirzo Ulugbek and cooperates with foreign scientists in the study of astronomy.
The observatory is located at an altitude of 2,650 meters above the Hisar massif.The unique geographical location, ideal climatic conditions and powerful telescope allow the astronomical observatory to precisely observe the movement of variable stars and galaxies, study celestial bodies, and observe the changes of quasars and supernovae [10].
As the best observatory in the Northern Hemisphere, more than 80 asteroids, four comets and a new minor planet have been discovered here.The minor planet is called "Samarkand" and is included in the international catalog of minor planets.It was discovered by Uzbek astronomers in July 2010.It is known that the small planet revolves around the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter with a period of about four years.
A huge area -about 40 hectares -has been allocated for the observatory.In the vastness of the mountains, the sky is especially low and the stars seem very close.Here you can see the remains of sea animals, an ancient dormant volcano, and the clean air and wonderful scenery will enchant you.

Conclusion
At this point, it should be noted that today the global nature of the environmental crisis worries humanity.The fact that environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious on a global scale lies in the fact that the power of self-recovery of nature is decreasing, its resources are decreasing, and the environment is getting polluted and poisoned.In this regard, it is very important to raise the ecological culture of the population, to have a reasonable attitude to the environment, and to preserve the blessings of nature for future generations.After all, environmental education is important in ensuring harmony between nature and society and maintaining natural stability.
Sheron fortress is surrounded by steep rocks, the height of the rock walls reaches 220-240 meters [9].The lower part of the gorge is covered with thick forest.The most important E3S Web of Conferences 463, 02030 (2023) EESTE2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346302030