Scientific and practical basis of assessing the impact of water-saving technologies on crop productivity and product quality

. The purpose of this article is to develop suggestions and recommendations aimed at the effective use of water resources, taking into account the water shortage not only in Uzbekistan, but also in the world in the context of global climate change and water scarcity. Logical thinking, comparative and comparative analysis methods were used to explain the topic, and it was highlighted that the state's support and encouragement in the use of water-saving technologies leads to rational and economical use of water. Research conducted by foreign scientists on how irrigation technology affects the yield of agricultural products the results obtained based on this were studied by the authors and suggestions were made.


Introduction
In the context of global climate changes, expanding the use of water-efficient irrigation systems is a very important and urgent issue.
The increase in the number of the world's population, the desire to improve the quality of life, first of all, leads to an extensive increase in the volume of water consumed.Since 1980, the level of water use in the world has increased by an average of 1% per year, and this trend is expected to maintain an average growth pattern until 2050, which means 20-30% more than the current situation.
The issue of using water resources is one of the urgent issues facing not only our republic, but the entire world community.
Currently, Uzbekistan's water industry is facing new threats related to water and food security.These are: climate change, increased demand for food due to population growth and real incomes, industrial and urban development that require additional water resources.
Today, especially in the hot season of the year, the climate changes observed in the increase of the environmental temperature, the increase of the years with little water, the arrival of floods and torrential waters as a result of the acceleration of precipitation in certain periods of the year, and other natural phenomena are the main threats.

Results and Discussion
Water shortages, global climate change, and the waste of water from sources to farm fields in the coming years require the transition to an innovative way of using water.That is, the state's support and encouragement in the use of water-saving technologies leads to rational and economical use of water.
The negative side of the issue of water use is that the wastage, especially in agriculture, is several times higher than the average unavoidable water costs in the world.For example, in our country, 12-14 thousand m 3 is spent on cultivating one hectare of land and washing salt.However, in Israel, only 5,000 m 3 of water is used per hectare, and the cotton yield is 50 centners.In the agriculture of our country, the average yield is only 23-25 centners.Therefore, the need for farmers and peasants of our country to learn the culture of rational use of water is becoming an urgent issue today.We will consider the results of the research conducted by foreign scientists on how irrigation technologies affect the productivity of agricultural products and reflect them in the table below.
The results of long-term experiments conducted by foreign and domestic scientists on the effect of irrigation methods on the productivity of agricultural products show that the use of water-saving methods of irrigation is more efficient than conventional irrigation.According to the research conducted at the farm "Saidakhmad Nabirasi Anvar" in Karshi district of Kashkadarya region, 35-40% saving of water consumption was achieved when cotton is irrigated by drip irrigation method.Also, according to the data of 2009-2011, the total expenditure on 1 hectare of cotton area was 1309-1702 thousand soums, and the income from the sale of cotton was 1812-2579 thousand soums.The profit of the farm from cotton cultivation was 502.6-876.6 thousand soums per 1, and the profitability index was equal to 38.4-51.5%.
In irrigated agriculture, irrigation water has some influence on soil, vegetation, agrotechnical methods and macroclimate.When irrigation methods are chosen correctly and the duration and number of irrigations are optimal, as well as when irrigation techniques are implemented correctly, the positive effects of irrigation water increase, and the type and amount of negative situations increase when the irrigation regime and techniques are violated.In particular, there are a number of negative consequences, such as the rise of soil, secondary salinization of land, swamping, soil compaction, soil erosion, deterioration of the ecological environment of its water-nutrition regimes and zoofauna and microflora, as well as erosion of the fertile layer due to irrigation erosion of the soil.For E3S Web of Conferences 463, 02036 (2023) EESTE2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346302036example, irrigation erosion is a detrimental effect on soil fertility.Therefore, all agrotechnics and irrigation erosion measures used in irrigated agriculture should be remedial in nature and should be aimed at protecting the soil.Research shows that one of the main ways to protect soil from erosion when watering plants is to use optimal watering rates.According to the observations, in most cases, irrigation at optimal rates is not taken into account.For example, when irrigating cotton, the irrigators carry out irrigation in large quantities and prefer to irrigate, as a result, they release a large part of the water (30-40% or more) into the drain.Tons of muddy soil particles are also washed away with the wastewater.Therefore, irrigation of cotton at optimal rates, without discharge of water, is an effective way to stop irrigation erosion.
The use of progressive irrigation methods is becoming more and more popular in modern irrigation, that is, subsoil irrigation, sprinkler, drip, film, and sprinkler irrigation methods are widely used, in which no soil erosion is allowed.
In order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation technology, we will make a comparative analysis in comparison with the traditional irrigation method.For example, if 6600 m 3 of water, 60 kg of seeds, 300 liters of fuel, 750 kg of mineral fertilizers are used per hectare in the traditional method, in the drip irrigation method, 3300 m3 per hectare or 3300 m3 less water than in the traditional method, 35 kg/ha or 25 kg in E3S Web of Conferences 463, 02036 (2023) EESTE2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346302036comparison to the traditional method less seed, 78 liters or 222 liters less fuel compared to the traditional method and 450 or 300 kg less mineral fertilizer compared to the traditional method (Table 2).However, compared to conventional irrigation method, drip irrigation has 1092 sq/ha of electricity consumption, 93 kg/ha of film and 12000 meters of drip irrigation hoses.The difference between the two irrigation methods is 238,000 soums more per hectare in the drip irrigation method compared to the traditional irrigation method.
In the Kashkadarya region, where we are conducting research, water saving as a result of the use of water-saving technologies was analyzed based on the econometric model (Table 3).An overview of the constructed econometric model between the volume of water saved when using WST and the water-saving technologies affecting its increase was as follows: (1) The result of the econometric model built through the factors affecting the increase in the amount of water saved as a result of the introduction and use of water-saving technologies on the irrigated land areas in the agriculture of Kashkadarya region showed that an increase in the introduction of drip irrigation technologies on the irrigated land areas by 1%, the water volume is 0.71 while increasing the pipe irrigation system by 1% will save the volume of water by 0.11%, while increasing the irrigation by laying a film on the edge by 1% will save the volume of water by 0.12%.
So, it showed that the effectiveness of drip irrigation technology is higher than water saving technologies.That is, when 100 percent of water was given in the normal irrigation method, 71 percent of water was saved in drip irrigation.
As a result of the analysis, it can be seen that the drip irrigation method does not save financial resources due to the consumption of resources.Therefore, the land user will be able to achieve a financial advantage only due to the increase in productivity.

Conclusion
Therefore, the following conclusion can be reached regarding the studied cases in assessing the impact of water-saving technologies on crop yield and product quality:  Carrying out propaganda work on water shortage and its prevention in our country. Encouraging other farms to use water-saving technologies by encouraging farms that use water-saving technologies. Strengthening the activity of infrastructure services in the promotion of water-saving technologies. To help farmers and peasants to introduce water-saving technologies by experts of regional agricultural departments and district departments. Preparation of methodological manuals containing instructions on the technical and technological processes of water-saving technologies and expressing their effectiveness and delivering them to farmers. To establish a system of incentives for farms using water-saving technologies by regional agricultural departments.Also, the result of the econometric model built through the factors affecting the increase in the amount of water saved as a result of the introduction and use of water-saving technologies showed that the effectiveness of the drip irrigation method is high, that is, when 100 percent of water is given in the normal irrigation method, 71 percent of the water in drip irrigation saving was observed.

Table 1 .
The scientific basis of the influence of irrigation methods on the yield of agricultural products.

Table 2 .
Comparative analysis of the resources used to grow cotton on 1 hectare using traditional and drip irrigation methods.

Table 3 .
Area and volume of water saved using water-saving technologies in Kashkadarya region in 2013-2021.

Table 4 .
Correlation matrix between the volume of water saved when using WSTand water saving technologies that affect its increase.

Table 5 .
The results of the built econometric model between water-saving technologies affecting the amount of water saved and its increase when using water-saving technologies.