Project Management Leadership Assessment: A Review to Propose a Framework

. — Project stakeholders are always trying to make the project a success, so the factors that influence the project's success become a growing concern and should be appropriately managed. Although various factors influence the success of a project, the project manager, as a leader in organizing, directing, and managing all types of project activities, plays a significant role. This study aims to develop a framework for assessing project management leadership as a factor in project success. The method used in this research is an in-depth literature review. Indicators of leadership factors in the success of project management have been identified, consisting of four main categories: competence of behavioural, intellectual and technical, managerial, and quality of leadership style, with 24 subcategory variables complementing the four main variables. A framework for leadership success factors in project management has been proposed, including ways of assessing, gap analysis, and interpretation of results.


Introduction
Projects are business activities that are complex, nonroutine, and have limitations on execution time, financial budget, resources, and unique specifications to produce products, whether goods or services [1].Because there are limitations in carrying out a project, a project-based organization must be able to manage the resources it has to carry out synchronous activities so that the project objectives can be achieved or successful.The project organization must also ensure that work can be completed efficiently, on time, and following the expected quality.
Project success is critical to project management [2].Timeliness is one of the factors in assessing the success of a project being completed according to the set schedule, budget expenditures that are smaller than planned, problems that occur in small projects, and profit [3].Other literature states that a project is successful if five factors can be fulfilled, namely related to good supervision of the course of the project, the project running on time, cost, security, and the amount of work completed per hour [4].The newest dimension of project success that has been validated and is reliable is the model, depend on time, budget, stakeholder satisfaction, and quality [2].
Leadership is an internal factor influencing project success [3].As the project leader, the project manager has roles and responsibilities in the project's success.Leadership is a process of exerting all one's abilities to influence, move, and direct others using available resources efficiently and effectively [5].One's behavior in influencing others is also a leadership style [6].Leadership is vital because leaders can establish and change strategies and regulations through leadership styles and determine policies to make technical changes along the product supply chain.Leaders should be able to understand subordinates, including their strengths and weaknesses, and understand how to take advantage of the strengths of the assistants to compensate for the faults they have to improve performance in the field requires leaders who can give and convey instructions as well as work information in the area [7].Proper leadership resides in every successful project carried out through initiation and top-down direction [8].
Many leadership styles have been developed for a leader, namely democratic, autocratic, charismatic, bureaucratic [6], transactional, transformational, and passive-avoidant [5].Each leadership style has advantages and disadvantages and depends on the organization's scope, competitive conditions, goals, vision, and mission.Leadership style in a project is something that affects the process and sustainability of the project.Applying an inappropriate leadership style in a project harms the success or smooth running of the project [9].Leadership style is the primary weapon of each project manager, namely aspects of good communication and understanding between work and co-workers, as well as the achievements of the project manager in handling each job [10].The intellectual competence of the project manager has a significant role in achieving sustainable success [11].
An unsuccessful project will result in a risk of loss for stakeholders, with project failure due to scope, schedule, and budget constraints, resulting in conditions and possible problems from the viewpoint of stakeholder satisfaction [12].The project success rate is 32%, and other research shows that 86% of 600 ICIMECE 2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346502047E3S Web of Conferences 465, 02047 (2023) organizations in 22 countries report that project results do not meet planned expectations [13].The Project Management (PM) survey completed by Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) in 2020 revealed that the project success rate was around 25% in 2020 [2].So, concerns always arise about the factors that can give positive or negative results on project implementation.Recent research results highlight project success trends that are difficult to understand because many factors influence project success [14].Other literature focuses on technical skills and expertise related to project managers as more certified project managers compete on projects [12].Project failure depends on the leader, if it happens it will be the hardest thing in the performance of a project-oriented organization [2].
To equalize perceptions and ensure projects run smoothly, 88% of project managers spend working hours interacting with stakeholders [12].Such a significant interaction requires project managers who can lead effectively and manage conflict to build better relationships, thus ensuring project success.Because of a leader's central and vital role in a project, this study attempts to review leadership as a success factor in project management.This research will answer the questions on the formulation of the problem, namely, what aspects of leadership are needed in a project and the framework needed to assess a suitable leader.

Method
An extensive literature review was conducted to review leadership mechanisms as a factor in project management success, including project definition and leadership style.One of the essential and frequently used features in academic research is a review of relevant literature.Through practical and accurate studies, it can be used as a basis and basis for creating and developing advanced knowledge, facilitating theory development, and uncovering areas that require research [15].A literature review uses ideas in the literature to define and develop a particular approach to a topic or method to provide something new [16].The literature review begins with the topic's conception and defining key terms to get meaningful search terms [17].The keywords used in the literature review are "leadership" and "project management success factor".Using these terms, we examine journal articles and processes.Selection and analysis are conducted on selected journals and proceedings, and publications unrelated to the research objectives are deleted

Leadership Framework in Project Management
There are two main concepts in project success, namely the success of project management and the project itself, which have similarities and differences.The project's success can be seen from the project's achievement level.In comparison, the success of project management can be measured from the aspects that limit the project, usually related to quality, time, cost, and others.[18].Project success and project management models are different, it isn't easy to distinguish between them, mainly because of their interrelationships.It is important to know the parts of a project manager's leadership variables that most contribute to project management success and overall project success.The sections are named leadership success factors in project management, as presented in Table 1.[12] A4.4 27. Develop followers into leaders.[11] A4.5 28. Inspire followers to go beyond their interests [11] A4.6 Based on Table 1, there are four main categories in the leadership success factor framework in project management: behavioral competence (behavioral), intellectual and technical competence, managerial competence, and quality of leadership style.Leadership with benevolent behavior positively impacts job satisfaction and reduces the perceived negative results of discrimination [20].Psychological empowerment has positive and negative impacts from job satisfaction and leader concern.Psychological empowerment as a prerequisite for developing leadership is only associated with high follower psychological empowerment compared to follower behavior [21].The category of behavioural competence (behavioural) consists of 5 subcategories: nature, temperament, habits, character, and personality.
The second category is related to intellectual and technical competence, where there is a general tendency that the leader is usually more innovative than the subordinates.The vast difference in academic level between leaders and associates may be dysfunctional or disturbing [19].For example, a manager with a relatively high intelligence quotient (IQ) trying to influence a group whose members have an average IQ may not understand why the employees can't understand the problem.In addition, such leaders may face difficulties in communicating ideas and policies.However, if the leader does not have better intellectual competence than employees, it will be worse for the project process.Good and easy-to-understand ways of communicating and delivering to employees can be a solution and bridge the IQ gap.Intellectual stimulation can promote intelligence, rationality, and solving complicated problems [10].
The third category is related to managerial competence, which is the leader's actions in managing an organization [19].The success of a project, not only in the project but the success of the organization itself, can be multiplied through project managers who can organize and manage the organization sustainably [12].Leadership in a project requires management and becomes a challenging context [11].Project managers with good managerial skills will consider more elements than time, cost, and quality when making organizational decisions, such as customer satisfaction, regulatory compliance, safety and health [18].So that the managerial ability of a leader is needed, both from internal and external aspects of the project, both technical and nontechnical.
The last category is related to leadership style as a behavioural norm used by someone when influencing the behavior of others [6].Leadership style is closely related to norms and behavior in a person when influencing the behavior of others.Types and leadership styles have various variants that convey strengths, weaknesses and have different impacts on the continuity of ongoing projects.Several leadership styles often applied are transactional, transformational, democratic, autocratic, and bureaucratic.Transactional leadership style is a leadership style that requires exchange in the relationship between followers and leaders, such as followers collecting prestige and wages for complying with the duties of the leader [22].Transactional leadership style has a significant effect on employee turnover.The higher the transactional leadership style, the higher the employee turnover [5].The transactional leadership style emphasizes transactions or exchanges between leaders, colleagues, and subordinates [23].Transactional leaders focus on achieving company goals through the systems and processes used [24].The articulation of a shared vision of the future by leaders to their subordinates through support, recognition and hope is one of the characteristics of the transformational leadership style [22].Transformational leadership positively and significantly affects organizational climate and innovative work productivity partially and simultaneously [25].The main weakness of this style is the inability to challenge workers beyond expected results [24].
The involvement of subordinates and the process of making decisions by conveying opinions and suggestions to leaders is a democratic leadership style [6].Next is the autocratic leadership style, which allows leaders to avoid responsibility, pay no attention to employee needs, not provide feedback, and delay decision-making [6].The autocratic leadership style makes the leader the most powerful entity and the ultimate decision maker, where the leader monitors and exercises power with little trust or confidence from members or employees, which allows employees in the system to fear and not trust their leaders.At the same time, the latter is a bureaucratic leadership style that is usually very committed to following procedures useful in projects where employees carry out routine tasks [6].The bureaucratic leadership style establishes and applies strict guidelines to subordinates.

Fig. 1. Leadership success framework in project management
Theoretically, suppose a project has a project manager who is competent in behavioural, intellectual, and technical aspects and has a leadership style according to project needs.In that case, the lead manager is qualified to lead the project.The leader will create a coordinated team, and a proper organizational structure, establish a well-established strategy, culture, and project atmosphere, and in the final stages, will enable the project's success.It is important to note here that the importance of these leadership factors may vary depending on the type of project, scale of the project, orientation of the project and the number of projects being and can be managed in the organization.For example, organizational competence is very necessary in organizations that work on many projects at once [18].

Assessment of Leadership Success Factors
The project manager has a broad perspective in managing projects and is responsible for verifying the work of project implementing units.Project manager people are relevant for assessing leadership factors on management project or project success.Project managers were asked to rate the strength of project management competencies on a Likert scale of 1-5, where 1 = insufficient competence, 2 = sufficient competence, 3 = good competence, 4 = very good competence, and 5 = excellent competence.The variables assessed are those in the main categories A1-A4, including all variables in the subcategories.
After the assessment, an analysis is carried out with the Gap analysis tool, which can help identify gaps in the proposed leadership success framework in project management and the existing leadership system in the project [26].If you already know the gaps in project management, then action can be taken to improve leadership in project management.Gap analysis is carried out concerning the scoring to assess the gap between the conditions of project leadership using the scoring following Table 2 while determining the range of percentages of the fulfilment of leadership success factors using Table 3. Calculation of the ratio of the application of leadership success factors in project management and the sum of the weights is as follows: The project manager's (leader) leadership still needs to be improved or improved to meet the leadership factor in project management success.

1%-49%
The project manager's leadership (leader) still needs improvement because it differs greatly from the leadership factor in the success of project management.
Source: modified from [26][27][28] The assessment results of existing conditions compared to ideal or expected conditions are the basis for sustainable improvements in the future.A competitive economic environment forces a leader to abreast of developments and changes [29] to protect their existence concerning delays, quality and cost challenges [30,31].Continuous improvement has always been an issue, and no one can argue against the need for improvement [32].Appropriate and effective leadership is a prerequisite for the project's success [21].A good leader will keep the project running according to standards, quality, cost, time, and other aspects [33].Emotional and intellectual intelligence (IQ) of leadership types are significant contributors to project success [2].So it is crucial to know the leadership style of a project manager, adapt to project conditions, improve in the direction needed, make improvements and maintain consistency for project sustainability.

. Conclusion
Indicators of leadership factors in the success of project management have been identified, consisting of 4 main categories, namely behavioural competence, intellectual and technical competence, managerial competence, and quality of leadership style, with 24 subcategory variables complementing the four main variables.A framework for leadership success factors in project management has been proposed, including ways of assessing, gap analysis, and interpretation of results.Future research can be carried out by implementing a framework to determine leadership on project management success.This research would like to thank the support of the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia and Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Table 1 .
Leadership success factors

Table 2 .
Scoring for GAP analysis

Table 3 .
Range percentages of fulfillment