Mitigating the impact of environmental disasters on food systems in Indonesia: strategies and implications

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Introduction
Indonesia is a country that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly in the agricultural sector.The country's food systems are heavily dependent on natural resources, making them highly susceptible to the effects of climate change [1,2].The impacts of climate change on food systems in Indonesia include changes in rainfall patterns, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, and rising sea levels.These impacts have led to reduced agricultural productivity, crop failures, and food insecurity in many parts of the country [1,2].The impact of climate change on food systems in Indonesia is a significant concern, as the country is home to over 270 million people, and food security is a critical issue [3].
Therefore, due to the inevitable conditions of climate change, the urgency of strategies for environmental disaster reduction is paramount in Indonesia.The country is prone to various environmental disasters, including floods, landslides, droughts, and forest fires, which have a severe impact on food systems [4].These disasters can cause crop damage, loss of livestock, and destruction of infrastructure, leading to food shortages and increased food prices [2].Therefore, it is essential to develop effective strategies for environmental disaster reduction to ensure the resilience and sustainability of the food systems in Indonesia.
A review of existing literature on the impact of climate change on food systems in Indonesia and strategies for environmental disaster reduction reveals that there are significant gaps and limitations in current research and strategies [5,6].While some studies have focused on the impact of climate change on food systems, few have examined the relationship between climate change and environmental disasters and their impact on food systems.Additionally, there is a lack of comprehensive and contextually appropriate strategies for environmental disaster reduction that consider social, economic, and cultural dimensions.
Hence, this study aims to examine the impact of environmental disasters on food systems in Indonesia and propose strategies for environmental disaster reduction.The research utilizes a case study approach, analyzing the impact of environmental disasters on food systems in selected regions of Indonesia.The study incorporates successful strategies for environmental disaster reduction that could potentially increase production in local areas in Indonesia.The analysis considers social, economic, and cultural dimensions to ensure the strategies are contextually appropriate.

Methodology
To determine and examine the impact of environmental disasters on the food system in Indonesia, this study followed the method by L. Wen, et al. [7] to develop an indicator to measure the impact of environmental disasters on the food system by superimposing a climate hazard index with agricultural vulnerability index (see Figure 1).Following the impact indicator, this study also develops an adaptive and coping capacity index that considers social, economic, and cultural aspects as shown in Table 1.The consideration of the proposed capacity index was based on the arguments that the existing one only measures the capacity to prevent, mitigate, and respond to the disaster with a government perspective which is not related to the end user as intended [8].Hence, this study tried to explore several indicators to address this issue.Later, by considering the hypothesis that increasing the adaptive and coping capacity, will decrease the negative and destructive impact of environmental disasters on the food system in Indonesia, the study will create a mathematical function by using an inverse function.Hence, assuming that x was a food systems vulnerability index due to climate-related hazards and y was a disaster capacity index, if the function f(x) maps x to y, then the inverse function maps y back to x.The relationship between food systems vulnerability and disaster capacity can be represented by the following equations.
In this case, this study can use the inverse function to map y to x in a way that satisfies the condition.As y gets bigger, 1/y gets smaller, so this function satisfies the condition.Later, the value of f(x) will be compared to the value of f -1 (y) to test the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy.

Analysis of the impact and mitigation of environmental disasters on the food system
Following the methodology, this section will explain in detail the findings of this study.To identify the impact of environmental disasters on food systems in Indonesia and propose strategies for disaster risk reduction and food security, the study will highlight the vulnerability of Indonesia to climate disasters and strategies to mitigate their adverse effects on food systems.Figure 2 shows the result of the map for each index.The Agricultural Disaster Impact Index measures the impact of environmental disasters on agricultural production in each province, while the Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index measures the capacity of each province to mitigate the impact of environmental disasters on agricultural production.The scale is from 0 to 1, with a higher index meaning the resilience of the food system from the impact of the disaster.Figure 3 shows that Central Java has the highest Agricultural Disaster Impact Index 0.71, indicating that it is highly vulnerable to environmental disasters.On the other hand, Jakarta has the highest Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index of 0.70, indicating that it has the highest capacity to mitigate the impact of environmental disasters on agricultural production.The figure also shows that several provinces, such as Riau, Jambi, and Maluku have low Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index values, indicating that they have limited capacity to mitigate the impact of environmental disasters on agricultural production.

Discussions
As shown in the result, the Agricultural Disaster Impact Index and Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index for each province in Indonesia can be used to identify the provinces most vulnerable to environmental disasters and have limited capacity to mitigate their impact on agricultural production.It is known that Jakarta has the highest Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index which can be attributed to the city's well-developed infrastructure, disaster management systems, and access to resources.On the other hand, Central Java indicates that it is highly vulnerable to environmental disasters which can be attributed to the province's location in the middle of Java Island, which is prone to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes.
Meanwhile, several provinces, such as Riau, Jambi, and Maluku, have low Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index values, indicating that they have limited capacity to mitigate the impact of environmental disasters on agricultural production.This can be attributed to the provinces' limited resources, infrastructure, and disaster management systems.The proposed disaster capacity index based on social, economic, and cultural dimensions can provide valuable information on the key factors contributing to the success of the strategies for disaster risk reduction and food security in each province that depend on several key factors.Henceforth, based on the findings, the following strategies can be proposed to mitigate the impact of environmental disasters on agricultural production in Indonesia: 1. Develop and implement disaster management systems that are tailored to the specific needs of each province.2. Invest in infrastructure development, such as irrigation systems, roads, and bridges, to improve access to resources and markets.3. Promote community-based approaches to disaster risk reduction and food security, such as the establishment of farmer cooperatives and the use of traditional knowledge and practices.4. Encourage the adoption of new technologies and innovations, such as renewable energypowered water pumps, to improve water management and increase agricultural productivity.5. Strengthen the capacity of local governments and stakeholders to develop and implement effective strategies for disaster risk reduction and food security.
Overall, the result of this study highlights the need for a comprehensive and contextspecific approach to disaster risk reduction and food security in Indonesia.The proposed disaster capacity index based on social, economic, and cultural dimensions can provide valuable information on the key factors contributing to the success of the strategies and inform the development of effective strategies for disaster risk reduction and food security in each province which could increase the production up to 3-5%.

Conclusions
The study provides valuable insights into the relationship between adaptive and coping capacity and the impact of environmental disasters on food security in Indonesia.The research is based on the hypothesis that increasing adaptive and coping capacity will decrease the negative and destructive impact of environmental disasters on the food system in Indonesia.The study proposes the creation of a mathematical function using an inverse function to map the food systems vulnerability index to the disaster capacity index, with the aim of improving food security in each province, and potentially increasing production by 3-5%.
The findings of the study underscore the critical role of adaptive and coping capacity in mitigating the impact of environmental disasters on food security.The proposed mathematical function using an inverse function provides a robust framework for analyzing the relationship between the food system's vulnerability and disaster capacity.The potential increase in production by 3-5% in each province highlights the significant impact that enhancing adaptive and coping capacity can have on food security in Indonesia.
In conclusion, the study's findings have important implications for policy and practice.The research highlights the importance of investing in adaptive and coping capacity to enhance food security and mitigate the impact of environmental disasters.The proposed mathematical framework provides a valuable tool for policymakers and practitioners to analyze and address the relationship between food security and environmental disasters, with the potential to significantly improve food security and resilience in Indonesia.The proposed set instrument can be used to measure the food system's vulnerability after a disaster.Successful strategies for environmental disaster reduction could potentially increase production by 3-5% in local areas in Indonesia.Further research is needed to develop more comprehensive and accurate methods and models for measuring potential food production loss after a disaster.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Map of each Agricultural Disaster Impact Index and Agricultural Disaster Capacity Index and the superimposed for each province in Indonesia.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Comparison of Agricultural Disaster Impact Index and Capacity Index.