The dynamic and spatial distribution analysis of labour condition in Lampung Province before and during the COVID-19

. This study aims to determine the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Employment to Population Ratio (EPR), Open Unemployment Rate (OUR), Underemployment Rate (UER), labour force and open unemployment based on education, gender, and rural-urban areas. It examines the employment conditions of Lampung Province before COVID-19 based on the years 2017-2019, while during COVID-19 based on the year 2020. The analysis carried out is a quantitative and qualitative descriptive method using secondary data from SAKERNAS 2017-2020. The results show that Lampung Province's LFPR level has an insignificant upward trend from 2017-2020 with an average increase of 0.77%. The EPR tends to increase from year to year except in 2019 which decreased by 0.56%. OUR decreased by 0.29% in 2018, was constant in 2019, and increased dramatically in 2020 by 0.64%. The workforce according to the highest education has increased in 2017-2020. The number of workforce 2017-2020 in rural areas is twice as much as in urban areas, with the characteristics of the growth of the workforce always being accompanied by an increase in the number of unemployed. The population of the Lampung Province workforce in 2017-2020 is still male dominated, a gap in job opportunities for the female population still exists.


Introduction
Labour is any person who is able to work in order to produce goods or services both to meet their own needs and for the needs of the community [1].The working age population is the population aged 15 years or more [2].The working age population consists of the labour force and not the labour force.The labour force is a working age population who is working, looking for work (unemployed), or temporarily not working, while the non-work force is a working age population who is not working because they are still in school, taking care of the household, or other personal activities [3].The measurement of population involvement in economic activities can be seen from the proportion of the population who enter the labour market, namely residents who work or are looking for work which is called the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR).LFPR shows how much participation of the population is able to carry out production activities [4].Economic activity is strongly influenced by the level of labour force participation, where the existence of an economic activity will demand the involvement of more people in the labour market because there are also more available jobs, so that it will improve people's welfare due to increased income and reduced unemployment [5].High economic growth will increase labour force participation, but a decrease in economic activity will decrease labour force participation.  The population of Lampung Province has increased from time to time so that the number of the workforce is  Corresponding author: ratihfitria.putri@ugm.ac.id increasing.This is a challenge for the government to prevent an increase in unemployment.Prevention of an increase in unemployment can be done by analysing several labour factors in Lampung Province such as the analysis of the labour force, the ratio of the working population, the number of people of working age and the unemployment rate.As it is known that manpower is the basis for the development of a region.The number and composition of the workforce will continue to change along with the ongoing population process and the workforce will also increase along with the increase in population in an area.For this reason, labour is believed to be the best way out of poverty, one of which is through the use of productive age workers to work.Research on labour conditions during COVID-19 pandemic was also conducted by Middia Martandi Dewi et al (2020).The study on employment was studied extensively with Indonesia as their analysis unit.The issue of employment is an important issue for Indonesia considering the current peak of the demographic bonus [6].This certainly supports the need to review the employment conditions of Lampung Province in this COVID-19 pandemic.Employment conditions of Lampung Province can be a base for the government to create policies according to employment's issues that have happened.Therefore, this study aims to analyse the employment conditions of Lampung Province during COVID-19.

Data Collection
The research method used was a descriptive analysis method from secondary data derived from published data from the Central Statistics Agency of Lampung Province.The data is the result of the National Labour Force Survey (SAKERNAS) conducted in August 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 throughout Indonesia.

Participation Rate labour Force (LFPR)
LFPR is a situation that describes the number of workers in an age group as a percentage of the population in that age group.LFPR is the percentage of the workforce to the population aged 15 years and over, LFPR can be calculated using the following calculation (SIRuSa BPS):

Employment to Population Ratio E (EPR)
EPR is the proportion of the working age population working to the working age population [6].The data used to calculate the EPR are the number of working age population with working status and the number of working age population.EPR is presented in the form of percentage yield ratio.EPR data is presented in tabular form for data analysis and presented in graph form for temporal trend analysis.EPR is calculated as follows (SIRuSa BPS):

Open Unemployment Rate (OUR)
The open unemployment rate or OUR can be done by comparing the number of job seekers with the number of the workforce.The main OUR is expressed as a percentage to find out the size of the working age population who is openly classified as unemployed.In general, LFPR from 2017 to 2020 has increased, although several sub-districts have decreased, such as Tanggamus, Tulang Bawang Barat, and West Coast.The level of LFPR in Lampung Province is above Indonesia's LFPR, which is 70.16% and 67.77% in 2020.From 2017-2020, Lampung Province experienced an increase of 2.33%.West Lampung Regency has the highest LFPR from 2017-2020.The lowest LFPR was Metro City in 2017 (62.31%),Mesuji in 2018 (64.77%),South Lampung in 2019 (64.49%), and Tanggamus in 2020 (59.72%).Fluctuations in LFPR can be influenced by several factors, such as average length of schooling, minimum wage, gender, and marital status [7].Lampung Province has an average LFPR development from 2017 to 2020 of 0.77%.This shows a change that is not too significant.Therefore, special attention is needed from the government regarding this issue, given the importance of each region's LFPR value for job assessment and labor supply indicators.A high LFPR indicates that more workers are available and ready to contribute to production and service business activities.Based on Figure 3, LFPR in Lampung Province before the Covid-19 pandemic was dominated by the middle class, especially in the central part of Lampung Province, namely Tanggamus, North Lampung, East Lampung, Central Lampung, Mesuji, Tulang Bawang, West Tulang Bawang, West Coast, Pring Sewu, Pesawaran, and Metro.Areas with high LFPR include West Lampung, Way Kanan, and Tulang Bawang Barat.Areas with low LFPR include Bandar Lampung and South Lampung.This shows that there are still many people who have not or are not working.Residents who are not in the labor force consist of residents who are still in school, taking care of the household, and others.The low LFPR value can be caused by the large number of people who go to school and continue their education to a higher level [8].In addition, more women also choose to be housewives who take care of the house and children [9].A low LFPR can reduce population productivity and regional income in the region.
The dynamics of the Lampung Province labor have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Based on the Figure 4, it can be seen that the different conditions before COVID-19 and during the pandemic are shown in the form of spatial distribution.The area that experienced a decline in class from high to medium was Way Kanan.This can happen because Way Kanan is an agricultural sector.The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted agricultural production and decreased profits so the number of farmers has decreased because their welfare is not guaranteed [10].The same thing also happened in Tanggamus Regency, whose main sectors were agriculture and retail trade.Trade is closely related to the mobilization of goods, but due to the pandemic, the distribution process has been disrupted so the income of workers has decreased.In addition, the layoffs of a large number of workers are increasing.Bandar Lampung and South Lampung experienced a shift from a low LFPR value to a medium LFPR value.This means that the adaptation of the labor market and labor is going well even though they have to work in different places and work situations.The term "Work From Home" can be the answer to the given conditions.
Based on this, the spatial distribution of LFPR in Lampung Province is fairly even with the middle class, but there are still regions with low and high LFPR levels.
This means the government should put more attention to increasing the LFPR.LFPR is directly related to the level of the economy in Lampung Province.A high LFPR will increase economic growth and productivity as well.

Employment to Population Ratio (EPR)
Employment to Population Ratio (EPR) is used to analyze the working age population who are working.The lower the EPR, the lower the working age population who works.A person who is looking for work or is unemployed is not included in the EPR.Work [11] is an economic activity carried out by a person to earn a profit or income for at least one uninterrupted hour in the past week.The EPR level of Lampung Province can be seen in the following graph.Based on Figure 5 above, the EPR of Lampung Province, in general, has increased even though it experienced a decline in 2019 and tends not to change significantly in each region, ranging from 60% to less than 80%.Basically, 9 out of 15 districts/cities in Lampung Province experienced an increase in EPR in 2020.This could also be affected by the Covid-19 pandemic which forced many working-age residents to work due to an increasingly difficult economy.The working age population such as school children who have entered working age and the old population forced to work due to economic situations during the pandemic.
The largest increase in EPR occurred from 2017 to 2018, which was 1.94% while the increase in EPR from 2019 to 2020 was 0.6%.This is due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.The highest EPR is West Lampung Regency with an EPR of more than 80% and the lowest EPR is Tanggamus Regency which reaches 57.95% in 2020.The EPR of Lampung Province tends to increase from year to year except in 2019 which decreased by 0.56%.https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346806017ICST UGM 2023

Open Unemployment Rate (OUR)
OUR includes those who do not have a job and are looking for work, those who do not have a job and are preparing for a business, those who already have a job but have not started working, and those who do not have a job and are not looking for work because they feel it is impossible to get a job [12].covid-19 causes the OUR number to increase and become higher [6].The Lampung Province OUR value was then analysed based on the district/city as shown in Figure 4.The value of OUR per district/city of Lampung Province is in the range of values of 0.96 -8.79%.
An increase in the value of OUR by 0.64% can occur due to the COVID-19 pandemic which makes most of the business sectors unemployed due to the difficulty of getting money from their businesses.In addition, employment opportunities have been hampered due to the pandemic, so the selection to be accepted for work needs to limit the number of people, which is much higher than in previous years.This is a burden for Indonesia, which mainly experiences a demographic bonus with a high productive age if the value of the open unemployment rate is not immediately suppressed.
The smallest OUR value was obtained in West Lampung Regency with a value of 0.96% in 2017 and the largest OUR value was obtained in Bandar Lampung City at 8.79% in 2020.However, the high number of the labor force without adequate job opportunities can increase the high number of unemployed.This makes it clear how Bandar Lampung City has the highest OUR with more advanced urban and educational standards.The better the facilities owned by Bandar Lampung City, the higher the value of migration for those who want to work in Bandar Lampung City with good economic motives.Indirectly, the original inhabitants of Bandar Lampung City who cannot compete in education and good quality will be excluded and become unemployed.Based on Figure 7, the open unemployment rate (OUR) in Lampung Province before the Covid-19 pandemic was dominated by the middle class, especially in northern Lampung Province with Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang, West Tulang Bawang, and Mesuji regencies and southern Lampung.The provinces are Pesawaran Regency and South Lampung.In areas with low OUR, the existing labor market absorbs labor better, so the number is low.However, most of these workers work in the informal sector, especially in the agricultural sector.The area is dominated by rural areas with land use in the form of rice fields and plantations because the topography is dominated by lowlands.The districts of Tanggamus and Central Lampung have above-average economic growth and poverty reduction, while West Lampung and East Lampung have below-average economic growth with above-average poverty reduction [13].
In areas with high OUR, the existing labor market is not able to absorb all workers.This is also related to the low economic growth in the region.High economic growth will create new jobs in large numbers.This is because the higher the economic growth, the greater the absorption of labor [17].An area that has a high OUR is precisely an area that is dominated by urban areas.One of the reasons is that the number of workers in the city is more than in the village so even though there are more and varied employment opportunities, it is still not enough to absorb the existing workforce.In addition, the labor force is also dominated by the formal sector which is highly dependent on economic growth.Changes in OUR indicate that employment conditions in Lampung Province tend to lead in a better direction.This is supported by the increase in population absorption including the labor force in absolute terms which reached 93.9 thousand workers (2.24%).The largest increase in employment occurred in the agricultural sector in the third quarter of 2020 because the agricultural sector managed to grow by 3.15% [10].During the COVID-19 period, Lampung Province's employment conditions were disrupted but in general, it did not have a significant impact on the output of the economic activities carried out.The implementation of physical distancing has an impact on company operations, however, the percentage of companies that are still operating, as usual, is still very large, especially water and gas companies that are still operating as usual at 90% and 92.31% [11].COVID-19 also has an impact on company policies related to employment, such as reducing working hours, which are mostly carried out by companies that are still operating, as usual, increasing working hours for companies operating outside their pre-COVID-19 capacity, and operating with the WFH system.

Underemployment Rate (UER)
An underemployed worker is someone who works under normal working hours (<35 hours a week) and is still looking for work or is still willing to accept work.The underemployment rate is expressed as a percentage (%).The UER value can be a reference for the government in increasing utility, utility, and labor productivity, especially in areas with low open unemployment rates.This value can also describe the ability of the economy to provide jobs that can take advantage of the willingness and experience of the workforce.
Based on data on underemployment in Lampung Province by district/city, the UER trend is very volatile and varies in each region from 2017-2020.In general, Lampung Province UER in 2020 tends to be much higher than in 2017.The highest UER occurred in 2020 in almost all districts/cities in Lampung Province.This is because this year is one of the peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic which is being experienced by almost all parts of the world, including Indonesia.The pandemic has caused major disruptions to economic activity in Indonesia, and Lampung is no exception.The lockdown policy has made many companies go bankrupt because sales of their products are not as high as before the pandemic, especially those that focus on the tourism and trade sectors.This also has an impact on the number of layoffs on a large scale.This condition has forced many people, especially low-skilled people, to seek any kind of work, including those whose working hours are below normal hours and the minimum wage in the area.The restrictions imposed also reduce the number of operating hours of the company so that the working hours of residents are also reduced.Initially, the working hours of the population may have been above normal and have entered the working category, but due to this reduction, it has become less than <35 hours and has become underemployed.
In general, from year to year, the areas with the highest underemployment rates are in the areas of Mesuji, Pesisir Barat, Way Kanan, and Central Lampung.The region is an area that relies on agriculture as its main sector.Therefore, these areas can be classified as rural.The number of underemployed people will be higher than in urban areas [13].This is because in rural areas the dominant sector is agriculture which is the informal sector.The informal sector has erratic working hours, so it has a large proportion of underemployed people.On the other hand, urban areas such as Metro City and Bandar Lampung have the lowest UER among other regions.This is because employment in urban areas is dominated by the formal sector with clear working hours so that fewer people have below normal working hours.

Based on education
The population included in the labour force are people of working age (15 years and over) who work, or have a job but are temporarily unemployed and unemployed.The population of the labour Force will change from time to time, one of the influencing factors is education.
The School Enrollment Rate (SER) is the proportion of school children at the age of a certain level of education in the age group that corresponds to that level of education.
Based on Figure 10, the number of the workforce according to the highest education has increased in Lampung Province from 2017-2020.The number of the workforce according to the highest education indicates that the dominant level of education is the labor force, namely the elementary and high school levels.A large number of workers at the basic education level indicates the possibility of being unable to continue to the next level of education and choosing to work.The high number of elementary school workers also shows that there are still many jobs that only require elementary school graduates, such as factory workers, sales, and ordinary employees.An increase in the APS will reduce the ratio of the labor force to the working age population, especially at the high school level, which is 16-18 years old on average, including the working age population.The most dominant open unemployment is the high school level.The high unemployment rate, especially at the high school level in Lampung, is influenced by the low work ethic.In addition, the increase in the number of unemployed due to layoffs (PHK) is mostly carried out by companies.
High economic growth will always go hand in hand with increasing demand for labor who are still unemployed so that if a lot of unemployment is absorbed into the workforce, the number of unemployed will decrease.Based on the graph above (Figure 11) illustrates that the demand for labor is low so the unemployment rate is low which can affect the income level of the population in Lampung Province which has a high poverty rate.The high population without being accompanied by adequate job opportunities and skills has the potential to create increasingly fierce competition in the labor market and in the end, can create large unemployment.Therefore, the Lampung government must be able to add jobs and improve the quality of education at every level.
The growth of the productive population, which includes the labor force, greatly affects the labor force participation rate.The more the workforce, the higher the LFPR.The number of this workforce can be influenced by gender, education, and marital status.The higher the school participation rate at the highest level, the smaller the TPAK value.In addition, many women who are married and have children tend to choose to be housewives.Similar to the LPFR, the EPR can also show the percentage of working-age people who are working to the working-age population.If there are many young people, the higher the education level of the last graduated population, the lower the level of education.
If any of these workers are not absorbed by the labor market and are unemployed, the OUR will be high.Therefore, improving the skills and knowledge of the workforce is very important in order to be able to compete in the labor market and not be unemployed.In addition, even though there are workers who are already working but their working hours are below normal (<35 hours/week) it will be referred to as underemployment.Usually, this happens to workers who have very flexible working hours and are usually formal workers

Based on area
Based on BPS, if in an area there are many people who fall into the category of unemployment, it indicates a problem of under-utilized labour [14].The government's effort to deal with this situation is to try to analyze the reasons people are not active in the labour market, so that they can determine the right policy.
Lampung Province has rural and urban areas with different characteristics of the workforce.In the graph above, it is known that the population of Lampung Province, which includes the labor force, amounted to more than 4 million people in 2017 and continued to experience growth of almost 4.5 million people in the final year of the analysis in 2020.This increase is in line with population growth which continues to grow.every year.On the other hand, in 2019 there was a slight decrease in the number of workers.As result of the pandemic disaster in 2020, it can cause a reduction in human resources, both dead and sick.On the other hand, the number of workers in Lampung Province has increased.This can be caused by the population's adaptation efforts to a new lifestyle during the pandemic.In general, the labor force in rural areas is always greater than in urban areas.This shows that there is a large disparity in the availability of human resources in the two regions.The pattern of distribution formed also shows that there is no significant change in the four years of analysis.Lampung Province has rural and urban areas with different characteristics of the workforce.In the graph above, it is known that the population of Lampung Province, which includes the labor force, amounted to more than 4 million people in 2017 and continued to experience growth of almost 4.5 million people in the final year of the analysis in 2020.This increase is in line with population growth which continues to grow.every year.On the other hand, in 2019 there was a slight decrease in the number of workers.As result of the pandemic disaster in 2020, it can cause a reduction in human resources, both dead and sick.On the other hand, the number of workers in Lampung Province has increased.This can be caused by the population's adaptation efforts to a new lifestyle during the pandemic.In general, the labor force in rural areas is always greater than in urban areas.This shows that there is a large disparity in the availability of human resources in the two regions.The pattern of distribution formed also shows that there is no significant change in the four years of analysis.
The number of open unemployment in Lampung Province decreased in the 2017-2019 period, but there was a significant increase in 2020.This increase in the number of unemployed was dominated in urban areas where the increase in the number of unemployed reached 40 thousand people.This can be assumed as the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the workforce.The high unemployment rate results in the economic growth of a region and can increase the crime rate.This shows that unemployment can reduce the quality of a population's human resources.From the two graphs above, it is known that the increase in the characteristics of the labor force growth in Lampung Province is also accompanied by an increase in the number of unemployed.So that efforts need to be made by the government regarding post-pandemic recovery policies, especially for workers in urban areas, where development must be more advanced than in rural areas.The high labor force in rural areas indicates that employment opportunities in rural areas are more adequate generally, the largest employment sector is the agricultural sector.

Based on gender
In general, people who have entered the working age are expected to be actively involved in economic activities.An increase in the workforce, which is not matched by an increase in demand for labour and the availability of jobs, can lead to unemployment [15].The population of the Lampung Province workforce is dominated by male sex.From the graph above, it can be seen that the male workforce is more than 2.5 million people, while the female gender is only around 1.5 million people in 2017.Even so, the increase in the number of the male workforce tends to be slow, compared to women.The growth of the female workforce has increased by up to 300 thousand people in a period of four years, while men only added 150 thousand people.This shows that there is still a gap in job opportunities for the female population.But this gap is getting smaller over time.Development efforts based on gender equality need to be continued.Because in the future the larger number of women's workforce needs to be balanced with wider job opportunities.Lampung Province's open unemployment decreased in 2017-2019 for the male population, on the contrary the female population experienced an increase in the number of unemployed (not significant).Meanwhile, in 2020 there was a large increase in the number of unemployed for both sexes, with a total increase of more than 3 thousand people.This increase in the unemployment rate can be driven by the COVID-19 pandemic disaster that occurred in early 2020 in Indonesia.Where the male workforce gets a greater impact than women.However, compared to the size of the workforce, the increase in male unemployment does not show much influence.So that the characteristics of the population of the Lampung Province workforce on the COVID-19 pandemic do not have a significant influence in terms of gender distribution.
From the two graphs above, it is known that the pattern and distribution of the total workforce of Lampung Province tends to be constant, with insignificant changes.Shows that the gender proportion in the employment sector is not easy to change.The characteristics of the Lampung Province workforce based on gender tend to be resistant to temporal changes.

Conclusion
The LFPR rate of Lampung Province experienced an increasing trend from 2017 to 2020 with an average increase of 0.77%.The government needs to make various special trainings that are able to make the workforce have capabilities in their fields and expand job opportunities so that they can absorb workers who are able to increase economic growth.The EPR of Lampung Province tends to experience an increase from year to year except in 2019 which decreased by 0.56%.
The value of the Lampung Province's Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) is 4.33% in 2017 and experienced a drastic decline in 2018 with a value of 4.04%.OUR in 2019 showing a constant significance value with a decrease of only 0.01%, it became 4.03%.It did not last long because it increased dramatically by 0.64% in 2020 to 4.67% due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The UER value by Regency/City varies greatly and is influenced by the dominant employment sector of the population in the region, such as the Mesuji, Way Kanan, and East Lampung areas which are rural areas with dominant agricultural work (informal sector) showed the highest UER.Bandar Lampung and Metro which are urban areas have low UER values.
In 2020, almost all regions in Lampung Province experienced a significant increase.This is due to the COVID-19 pandemic which hampers economic activities and affects the operating hours of companies/shops so that the working hours of workers are also reduced.The number of the workforce according to the highest education indicates that the dominant level of education is the labour force, namely the elementary and high school levels.The characteristics of the Lampung Province workforce by region tend to show greater potential in rural areas.The number of labour force in Lampung Province in 2017-2020 in rural areas has more than doubled in urban areas, with the characteristics of labour force growth which is always accompanied by an increase in the number of unemployed.
There was an increase of 40 thousand unemployed in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the labour sector, especially in urban areas.The total population of the Lampung Province workforce in 2017-2020 is dominated by the male gender, so there is still a gap in job opportunities for the female population.In 2020 there was an increase of more than 30 thousand unemployed which could be driven by the COVID-19 pandemic disaster that occurred at the beginning of the year.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Spatial Distribution of Labour Force Participation Rate Before Pandemic Covid-19 in Lampung Province.Source: The state of the Lampung Province Labour Force 2019.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Spatial Distribution of Labour Force Participation Rate During Pandemic Covid-19 in Lampung Province.Source: The state of the Lampung Province Labour Force 2020.

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Spatial Distribution of Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) Before Pandemic Covid-19 in Lampung Province.Source: The state of the Lampung Province Labour Force 2019.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Spatial Distribution of Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) During Pandemic Covid-19 in Lampung Province.Source: The state of the Lampung Province Labour Force 2020.Based on Figure 8, open unemployment in Lampung Province is dominated by the low and middle classes.Districts/cities with low OUR tend to be located in the northern and western regions of Lampung Province and are dominated by the agricultural sector.Middle-class OUR tends to be in the central and southern regions, while areas with high OUR are only in Bandar Lampung City.In some districts/cities, there has been a change in the OUR class.Changes from the lower middle class, covering the Districts of Mesuji, Tulang Bawang Barat, and Way Kanan.Changes from the upper class to the middle class, including Metro City, Pesawaran Regency, and North Lampung.The change from low to the middle class is Central Lampung.Changes in OUR indicate that employment conditions in Lampung Province tend to lead in a better direction.This is supported by the increase in population absorption including the labor force in absolute terms which reached 93.9 thousand workers (2.24%).The largest increase in employment occurred in the agricultural sector in the third quarter of 2020 because the agricultural sector managed to grow by 3.15%[10].During the COVID-19 period, Lampung Province's employment conditions were disrupted but in general, it

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Graph of Underemployment Rate (EUR) of Population Aged 15 Years Old and Over Included in the Labour Force by Regency/City in Lampung Province in 2017-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province Labour Force 2017-2020.

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Graph of Lampung Province's Population Aged 15 Years Old and Over That Considered in The Workforce According to The Highest Education Completed in 2017-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province labour Force 2017-2020.

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Graph of Population Aged 15 Years Old and Over, Included in Open Unemployment by Highest Education Graduated in Lampung, 200117-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province labour Force 2017-2020.The number of open unemployment according to the highest education completed in Lampung Province in 2017-2020 tends to fluctuate.The number of open unemployment from 2017 to 2018 has decreased, while from 2018 to 2020 it has increased.This is due to conditions before and after the Covid-19 pandemic.High unemployment due to Covid-19 and low per capita income, lack of educated personnel, and limited funds for investment have caused high population growth to become an obstacle to economic development.The implementation of a new policy as an initial step to combat the spread of Covid-19, namely Large-Scale Social Restrictions, has made people's activities more limited and the unemployment rate has increased, because many workers were fired, so many workers became unemployed.The most dominant open unemployment is the high school level.The high unemployment rate, especially at the high school level in Lampung, is influenced by the low work ethic.In addition, the increase in the number of unemployed due to layoffs (PHK) is mostly carried out by companies.High economic growth will always go hand in hand with increasing demand for labor who are still unemployed so that if a lot of unemployment is absorbed into the workforce, the number of unemployed will decrease.Based on the graph above (Figure11) illustrates that the demand for labor is low so the unemployment rate is low which can affect the income

Fig. 12 .
Fig. 12. Graph of Lampung Province labour Force by Region in 2017-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province labour Force 2017-2020.

Fig. 13 .
Fig. 13.Graph of Open Unemployment in Lampung Province by Region in 2017-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province labour Force 2017-2020.

Fig. 14 .
Fig. 14.Graph of Lampung Province Labour Force by Gender in 2017-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province labour Force 2017-2020.

Fig. 15 .
Fig. 15.Graph of Open Unemployment in Lampung Province by Gender in 2017-2020.Source: The state of the Lampung Province labour Force 2017-2020.