The Dynamic of Labors Absorption During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Bangka Belitung Islands

. Bangka Belitung is a natural resources-rich province in Indonesia, especially tin metal. The covid-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on labor and economic conditions in Bangka Belitung. The method used in this study is using secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics Bangka Belitung. Analysis of trends and characteristics of labor absorption is done by analyzing several indicators such as the characteristics of the employment sector, the attribute of employment status, the characteristics of the types of employment, and the elasticity of the employment field. The results of data acquisition are then analyzed using descriptive quantitative data analysis. The study shows a shift in the dominance of workers from the primary to the tertiary sector. The dynamic of labor absorption in Bangka Belitung Island is mainly affected by covid-19 and technology. The agricultural sector is the dominant type of work and has the highest increase in labor absorption in 2020 at 2,98%. A significant decrease was 3,58% in the mining sector as a major sector in Bangka Belitung. Labor productivity shows a fluctuating trend in each sector. Employment decreased during the pandemic followed by the substitution of jobs that focus on the formal sector for the informal sector.


Introduction
The workforce is a driving component of the economy in various sectors in a region.Labor conditions will largely describe the economic conditions of a region.Ideally, labor absorption occurs because of an increase in the economy in a country or region due to growing employment in various economic sectors, both primary, secondary, and tertiary [1].The absorption of labor in Bangka Belitung Province is dominated by the agricultural sector.Another sector that is not less competitive is the mining sector, especially tin metal.
Covid-19 has globally affected the mining sector.Lockdowns and restrictions on mobility have disrupted supply chains and decreased demand for mining materials [2].Bangka Belitung Province is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a large mining sector, so research was carried out in this area to find out the impact of Covid-19 on the mining and other work sectors.
The mining sector in general is known to contribute a lot to GRDP and has a high absorption of labor.The tin mining sector in Bangka Belitung is the base sector from 2015 to 2019 [3].The attractiveness is due to the massive need for labor without special skills and high wages.The minimum wage earned by mining workers can compete with the minimum wages in other sectors [4].Hence, the Bangka Belitung Islands depend a lot on the mining sector.
 Corresponding author: ratihfitria.putri@ugm.ac.id The Covid-19 pandemic is considered to have had a major impact on employment and economic conditions in Bangka Belitung.The pandemic has indirectly caused the price of mining products to fall because the abundant production is not supported by export activities due to the ongoing lockdown.The condition also affects the occurrence of layoffs (PHK).As of August 2020, the Bangka Belitung Islands unemployment rate reached 5,25% Labor absorption is the number of the labor force working in an area [5].Labor absorption can be used to measure the economic condition of a region.Good economic development will increase employment [6].Labor absorption can also provide conditions for the characteristics of the workforce and the employment sector in an area [7].The high absorption of labor in the primary sector will generally indicate the condition of the quality of the workforce which is still quite low and still developing.
The increase and absorption of labor do not always support economic development.This can happen because it will affect the productivity of the economic sector.The economic sector that has experienced saturation will cause the production costs to be greater than the resulting production [8].A decrease in employment in a sector can also indicate technological developments that increase production efficiency but open up opportunities for increased absorption of labor in other sectors [9].This phenomenon causes the measurement of labor absorption to be carried out to determine the resulting impact on the development of the economic sector in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands is still very good.
The unemployment problem in Bangka Belitung rose when the labor absorption in primary sector increased instead of the opposite economic development in Bangka Belitung.The wages, labor and unemployment rate in Bangka Belitung led to economic development and social welfare.The decreased of society welfare raised to unstable economic condition.The high unemployment rate caused by the Covid-19 pandemic shows an interesting phenomenon related to employment in the Bangka Belitung Islands.After all, it caused the Covid-19 pandemic, the percentage of the number of workers in the mining sector in the Bangka Belitung Islands decreased, which was followed by an increase in the percentage of the number of workers in the agricultural sector.Hence, this study was intended to determine the condition of labor absorption during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Bangka Belitung Islands.This research was conducted by analyzing the elasticity of labor.Employment Elasticity (EE) is a measurement of the level of change in the workforce to a 1% change in the GRDP of an area.This study will analyze the absorption of labor on the characteristics of the employment sector, attributes of employment status, characteristics of the type of work, and the elasticity of employment.

Methodology
The study area is Bangka Belitung Islands Province.Figure 1 captured the Bangka Belitung Islands Province by its administrative location.

The characteristics of the employment sector
The employment sector analysis uses a quantitative and qualitative approach to review various labor conditions by employment sector in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands in 2018-2020.The analysis was carried out based on the gender of the population working in each sector of employment.Data analysis was carried out based on data that had been simplified and presented in diagrams and maps, then analyzed by category, time, and spatial.

The attribute of employment status
The employment status analysis uses a qualitative and quantitative approach to review and identify the condition of the employment status of the workforce in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands.In the analysis of employment status in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands with provincial level unit analysis and the district/city level.Analysis and processing of provinciallevel employment status data is carried out based on rural and urban areas with data sources from the Employment Profile of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province for 2018-

The characteristics of the types of employment
The analysis conducted in this study will divide job types into 7 types of jobs according to T. Hani Handoko's classification class.There are 7 types of job classifications, namely professional personnel, technicians, and the like; leadership and management personnel; administrative personnel and the like; sales business personnel; service business personnel; agricultural and fishery business personnel; production personnel, operational transportation equipment and manual laborers.The classification of skilled workers is divided into skilled, less skilled, and unskilled classes [10].This classification is based on the type of work done by the population, where the professionals, technicians, and the like; leadership and management personnel; administrative personnel and the like are included in the skilled class.The sales personnel and service personnel are in the less-skilled class, while the occupations of agricultural and fisheries personnel; production personnel, transportation equipment operations and manual laborers are the unskilled class.

The elasticity of the employment field
Employment elasticity can be measured by comparing the rate of economic growth with the rate of increase in the number of workers in a type of work.The results of the elasticity will show the level of increase or decrease in the number of residents for every 1% increase in GRDP.This measurement is based on [22] as mentioned below:

The labor productivity
Labor productivity in the Bangka Belitung Islands uses a quantitative approach to review conditions and trends from 2018-2020.The analysis is carried out based on employment which includes agriculture, forestry and fishery, processing industry, large and small trade, community services, and other sectors.Analysis of labor productivity using GRDP with the number of workers in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands in million/person.Based on International Labor Organization, the formula of labor productivity mentions below: 3 Result and Discussion

The characteristics of the employment sector
The employment sector in the context of labour is a study used to determine the level of employment and the distribution of the working-age population working in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.Through the analysis of these data, the shift in the contribution and level of labour absorption in economic growth between sectors of employment in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands can be seen in Figure 2. The percentage of the working-age population working based on the employment sector in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands is presented in the following diagram.In general, throughout 2018-2020, the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands has the characteristics of the distribution of the working-age population who work in two dominant sectors, namely the primary and tertiary sectors.In 2018 the dominant employment sector was the primary sector.This year, the primary sector is dominated by employment in the form of agriculture, which absorbs a population of 15 years and over who work as many as 217,578 people [11].Furthermore, in 2019 the tertiary sector became the sector with the largest percentage of absorbing labour in the Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province.The main employment field mostly contributed to the tertiary sector in 2019 in the form of trade, with a working population of 121,490 people [11].
The transformation of the structure of the primary sector into the secondary sector indicates a shift in the need for labour from low skills to higher skills [12].This condition can indicate a shift in employment opportunities chosen by the residents of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province in 2020.For this reason, the need for employment in this province is increasingly shifting to the tertiary sector, so employment in the tertiary sector needs to be developed to meet the demand from the available existing workforce.
The diagram above shows that the primary sector continued to experience a decline in percentage throughout 2018-2020.Despite the decline in the primary sector, the percentage of primary employment in the primary sector in the form of agriculture increased, while mining decreased.The economic progress of a region can be indicated by the reduced role of the primary sector in providing and absorbing job opportunities, while the secondary and tertiary sectors are increasing [13].
The increase in the secondary sector in 2019 occurred by 0,74 per cent.One of the main jobs in the secondary sector is industry.The increasing demand for industrial labour in the secondary sector was due to an increase in the production of goods and services.Meanwhile, in 2020 the secondary sector decreased by 0,14 per cent.The secondary sector consists of jobs in the processing industry, electricity and gas procurement, water supply, waste, waste and recycling management, and buildings.These types of work require activities with high mobility and social activities so that during the pandemic, they experience a decline.The Covid-19 pandemic brought a policy of limiting social activity and population mobility so that several types of work, such as manufacturing in the secondary sector, were affected.
When the Covid-19 pandemic occurred in 2020, the tertiary sector experienced a higher increase than the increase in 2018-2019.The tertiary sector consists mostly of employment in the service sector.The applicable social restriction policies did not significantly affect the tertiary sector when the pandemic occurred, especially in the service sector, because of its more flexible nature.Changes in structure through a shift to the tertiary sector, generally in the form of services and non-physical factors of production that can absorb much labour and are known as "Information Resources" or the digital era [12].Therefore, the labour market in this field absorbs many human resources, driven by factors that increase the need for labour and the shift in the main types of employment for the working population.
As shown in figure 3, the primary and secondary sectors are mostly male populations.Meanwhile, the tertiary sector employs more women than men, with a significant percentage difference.This is because female workers tend to be absorbed in the trade and service sector [14].Based on the data, it is known that the tertiary sector dominantly absorbs female workers in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province in 2020 with employment opportunities in the form of providing accommodation and food and drink, information and communication, educational services, health services and social activities, as well as other services [11].This pattern changes correlates with the Covid-19 pandemic factor that occurred in 2020.This condition shows that most of the decline in male workers working in the primary and secondary sectors turned to the tertiary sector during the pandemic.Based on data on the state of the workforce in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, the pattern in 2019 to 2020 experienced an increase in the male population aged 15 years and over who work in the main occupations in the form of wholesale trade, retail, restaurants and hotels, as well as community services.In addition, the female population working in the secondary sector experienced a continuous increase throughout 2018-2020.This shows that the pattern of increase is assumed not to be influenced by the pandemic for the 2019-2020 range.On the other hand, the tertiary sector of the female population has a fairly visible dynamic.The increase in the female workforce in the primary sector occurred in 2019 and then decreased in 2020.Based on these data, the female workforce in the tertiary sector decreased due to a shift to the primary sector or a change in the working status of several female residents.The female workforce experienced a decrease in the number of the working population in 2020, as shown by data on female EPR in 2020, which decreased by 0,71 percent [15].The pandemic incident caused several jobs to be affected so that some residents became temporarily out of work, unemployed, or experienced a reduction in working hours.

The attribute of employment status
The employment status of the workforce can be divided into two sectors, namely the informal and formal sectors [15].Employment status included in the formal sector is workers with employment status as laborers/employees and workers with business status assisted by permanent workers/paid workers.Meanwhile, what is included in the informal sector are workers with employment status, assisted by unpaid workers, self-employed, freelance workers, and unpaid workers.Based on table 2, there are differences in the dominance of sector types in employment status according to the type of region, namely rural and urban.The formal employment status sector is dominated by residents of urban areas from 2018 to 2020 in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands.However, the percentage continues to decline, until in 2020 it becomes 56,05% of the population with employment status in the formal sector from 2018 which reached 64,25% of the population.The most dominant employment status in this sector is labor/employee.Meanwhile, the informal employment status sector in urban areas continues to increase, from 37,55% in 2018 to 43,95% in 2020.This is different from the case with residents in rural areas, where the employment status sector is dominated by informal with a fluctuating trend. in 2018-2020 with the dominant status of work being selfemployed.
The employment status that most dominates the formal sector and the employment status of the residents of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province from 2018-2020 for urban areas is in the form of workers/employees.This can be seen in table1, where the status of work as an workers/employees dominates and the number is much higher than that of other employment statuses.Workers or employees are residents who work for other people or companies/agencies which get wages or salaries from their work in the form of goods or money, for example, civil servants, private employees, odd laborers, and others [16].Based on the research results of [17], many people, especially students, prefer to be employees or laborers because they feel "safer", especially compared to being entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs who have higher risks, especially in terms of capital and investment.In addition, in rural areas it is also dominated by workers/employees.Unlike the case in urban areas which are dominated by employees of certain offices or agencies, in rural areas it is more dominated by workers in the agricultural sector.According to [18], activities in the agricultural sector are mostly carried out in rural areas compared to urban areas, and their management is dominated by activities in the form of cultivation (on farm) carried out by workers in the form of smallholders and farm laborers.

The characteristics of the types of employment
The classification of job types according to T. Hani Handoko in Bangka Belitung Islands produces a variety number of populations in each class.Based on figure 4 it can be seen that the dominant type of work in Bangka Belitung Islands Province from 2019-2020 is the type of work of agricultural, forestry, hunting, and fisheries.The dynamics of population's participation in this type of work had decreased in 2019 but experienced an increase starting in 2020.It is known that in 2020, the number of workers in agricultural, forestry, hunting and fisheries increased (9,866 more workers) compared to the year before the outbreak of the pandemic occurred.Some types of work  Sectors that are often severely affected are sectors that require a lot of mobilization and many workers.The agricultural, forestry, hunting, and fishing business personnel as well as production personnel, equipment operators, transportation, and manual workers are classified as unskilled occupations.This classification is based on the level of education that must be taken to meet the standards of certain types of work.Higher education will affect the type of work that will affect the income earned by a person [19].Through the percentage in figure 4 we can see the dynamics of changes in the type of work before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.In 2018 and 2020, the unskilled population is dominated by agricultural, forestry, hunting, and fisheries business personnel, which is increasing.The interesting thing about the percentage of the figure 5 is that there is a decrease in the population percentage in production workers, equipment operators, transportation, and manual workers.It can be assumed that there is a large number of workers shifting from production labor and manual labor jobs to agricultural.It is known that tin mining and tin processed products are one of the most developed sectors in Bangka Belitung Island [15].The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the suspension of production activities of several mining companies.The lockdown process carried out by almost all countries has caused a decline in the price of mining products because the large production is not supported by export activities due to the lockdown.In 2020, 11,600 workers were laid off and based on data from 439 companies, almost 90% of the total companies were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.

The elasticity of the employment field
Employment absorption during a pandemic is predominantly in the agricultural sector.This sector experienced an increase in GRDP but a significant decrease in the workforce in the pre-pandemic period (2018-2019).This Phenomenon is shown in Table 3.The GRDP increased very substantially, especially in the fields of food crop agriculture, fisheries, and forestry.The indicated can occur due to an increase in the palm oil industry sector and Vannamei shrimp aquaculture [20].These two commodities have an adequately high value in the market despite there is a decrease in the number of workers and there is a significant increase in GRDP.This causes the elasticity of the agricultural sector to be quite large, with every 1% increase in GRDP there will be a decrease in the workforce by 1,35%.
The situation for 2019-2020 (Pandemic) shows very different things compared to the period before the pandemic.A pandemic causes a scenario similar to a monetary crisis but has a smaller and more manageable impact [21].Indonesia is a country that has unique employment characteristics, namely the tendency to change jobs when an economic crisis occurs.This phenomenon is indicated by the case of the monetary crisis in 1997 that caused the substitution of types of work from the formal sector to the informal sector and agriculture [22].The phenomenon was also shown during the pandemic period showed an increase in the number of agricultural workers by 2,98% and the informal sector such as trade, transportation, and food and beverage services.The reason is due to the availability of jobs in the category and the level of flexibility in the informal service sector.
The pandemic showed a significant increase in the number of workers with a value of 2,98% followed by a fairly large increase in GRDP with a value of 3,96%.This situation means the agricultural sector has the highest employment elasticity.The agricultural sector that provided the largest growth was food crop agriculture at 9,23%.This is due to an increase in the workforce in the sector followed by higher demand for food plant products due to the pandemic.Pandemics in general cause the level of public consumption to be higher than in the period before the pandemic [23].The consumption rate of the Bangka Belitung Islands for food products in 2020 was Rp.812,439, which increased by 9,72% compared to 2019 [11].The increase causes a very drastic change in elasticity compared to the period before the pandemic.Elasticity in this period shows an increase in labor by 0,7% for every 1% increase in GRDP.This is inversely proportional to the value of agricultural elasticity in the 2018-2019 period which shows a decrease in the number of workers by 1,3% for every 1% increase in GRDP.

Labor productivity
The level of labor productivity in the Bangka Belitung Islands shows fluctuating results in each sector for the last three years.This shows the condition that the input, amount of labor and output, produces each sector has a large effect on table 2.
In figure 6 the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors as the primary sector in Bangka Belitung showed a stable condition although there was a decline of 0,42% in 2020 to 46.94 million/person.The decline in productivity of the primary agricultural sector is inversely proportional to the absorption of labor as shown in table 2. There was employment in the agricultural sector by 2,98%, followed by an increase in the GRDP of the Bangka Belitung by 3,96%.Based on the image of figure 5 the manufacturing industry sector showed a drastic decline in productivity by 11% in 2019 and 10,4% in 2020.During the Covid-19 pandemic, productivity was 196.49million/person which increased to 0,53% in 2020.GRDP for this sector decreased by 2,9% due to low demand for exports [24].In 2020, the productivity of the trade sector is looking for 43.99 million/person, followed by an increase in employment absorption by 1,3% and a decrease in GDP of 2,32%.The decline in GDP is the impact of government policies to reduce the mobility of people and goods, such as a lockdown, thus declining people's purchasing levels.Opposite to industry, the productivity of social services rose 51% in 2020 with a productivity value of 32.07 million/person.Increased productivity in the social service sector is proportional to the absorption of labor.Decrease in employment by 0,25% as an effort by the company to reduce costs for output, especially employee salaries.GRDP in the social services sector rose 6% due to the public's efforts to be aware of the Covid-19 pandemic, such as registering for health insurance.

Conclusion
In general, labor absorption in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands experienced a change during the pandemic or in early 2020.Based on the characteristics of the employment sector, labor absorption in the secondary sector decreased due to the pandemic.Based on their employment status, the percentage of the number of informal workers has increased and the number of formal workers has been the opposite during a pandemic, both in urban and rural areas.Recommendation for future research is conducted on quantitative data as labor employee condition data of each district in Bangka Belitung Province.The content is more detailed showing up the dynamic labor sector in each district so it makes a spatial distribution and temporal update during and after Covid-19 pandemic.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Working Age Population Distribution by Employment Sector in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands in 2018-2020.Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Processed), 2022

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Sector Contribution in Labor Absorption by Gender in the Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands in 2018-2020.Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Processed), 2022

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Number of Working Population by Main Occupation in Bangka Belitung Islands,2018-2020.Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Processed), 2022 such as production workers, equipment operators, transportation, and manual workers as well as leadership

Table 1 .
Data Sources and Unit Analysis