Settlement quality assessment based on physical and non-physical aspects: a study case in Prenggan, Kotagede District

. The settlements’ quality is closely tied to the degree of ability of a settlement in accessing the inhabitant's needs. If this matter is not considered, it might cause other problems, such as the formation of slum areas. This research contains data based on various aspects, which include economics, accessibility, physical buildings characteristic, sanitation, and living environment. The data were obtained from interviews with 23 respondents in the study area, processed using the Sturgess formula to classify each aspect, and subsequently analyzed using scoring analysis. This research aims to determine the settlement’s quality in Prenggan with the results of various aspects including physical and non-physical from the cluster random sampling interviews. The results from this research regarding settlement quality assessment in part of the Prenggan based on economic aspect is dominated by moderates (60,9%), most of the scores on accessibility aspect are low (52,2%), the sanitation aspect is dominated by moderate (52,2%), the building characteristics aspect where most of the samples lived were classified as high (56,5%), and mostly the living environment aspect is high (52,2%). This data can be used as a benchmark for the government in designing some development programs that can reduce the area of slums.


Introduction
Settlement quality can indicate the degree of ability of a settlement to meet the necessities of the people who live there.The development of settlements is not only a collection of houses but also equipped with facilities and infrastructure to support human activities because settlements are spaces that accommodate human life [1].Settlement problems have become one of the problems that arise along with city development [2].The quality of urban settlements is influenced by the physical and nonphysical conditions of the area [3].The characteristics of the urban environment affect the quality of life of its inhabitants [4].It also affects the resilience of ecosystems, the quality of settlements, and the health of urban communities [5].The quality of settlements in an area can be caused by various aspects that affect the quality level, which is closely related to their physical or non-physical, such as environmental conditions to the socio-economic conditions of the residents.If these various aspects that influence the quality of settlements are not analyzed and addressed promptly, they may lead to other issues within the community, such as the formation of slum areas.
The data research is based on various aspects, which include economics, accessibility, physical buildings characteristic, sanitation, and living environment.Each of these aspects has indicators that can subsequently be utilized in the scoring process in order to obtain a high, moderate, and low classification of settlement quality.Socio-economic aspects will be related to the environmental area management that has a significant impact on the environment [6], which is also associated with variations in the activities of its inhabitants.
Accessibility aspects can be related to the ability to address transportation opportunities and proximity opportunities, the latter concerning the location of residents and daily destinations [7].Physical characteristic aspects related to houses and space according to the needs of the occupants, including the physical conditions in the buildings they live in.The sanitation aspect is related to the existence of an interactive relationship between human behavior and environmental sanitation conditions.Meanwhile, the living environment aspects will be related to the characteristics of the residential environment, which includes supporting indicators around settlements.
Prenggan has an area of 99 hectares with a total of 13 RWs and 57 RTs (Neighborhood Association) and is located in Kotagede District, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province.Based on data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics for Kotagede District, the most extensive land use is for settlement.This includes the Prenggan area, with land use dominated by settlements and a few yards/gardens.The distribution area of slums in Yogyakarta City itself has reached 206,75 Ha [8].The social condition of the residents in Prenggan is related to its location in the strategic area of Kotagede.Toponymically, the Prenggan area is a unified whole with the Kotagede Cultural Heritage Area [9], where the Kotagede District is the former old city area of the capital of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom which has relics of cultural buildings and objects to this day which have been used as cultural tourism objects.
The study focused on the quality of settlements in a part of Prenggan, which is precisely located that has been delineated in yellow as presented in Fig. 1.This research is done through a terrestrial survey by visiting settlement locations, making observations, and searching data by conducting interviews with residents of the area.Settlements' quality problems are related to the imbalance in residents' ability to build a place to live according to the proper standards and maintain the environmental sustainability [10].Given the substantial benefits of settlements that cannot be separated from human life, this research in a part of Prenggan related to the quality of settlements becomes necessary.In previous research for settlement quality studies in Prenggan, data collection was based only on the use of imagery for interpretation and field surveys [11].This research focuses on the study of settlement quality which is analyzed in more detail using Sturgess classification and scoring analysis.This research was intended to determine the quality of settlements in Prenggan with the results of various aspects analysis.There are two benefits expected from the results in this research, such as theoretical and practical aspects.The theoretical benefit can be in the form of developing geographical science knowledge, especially in the scope of settlements and urban geography related to its quality, and can be used as a reference material for further research.Meanwhile, the practical benefits of this research can be used as a consideration by the authorities in making regulations and policies related to urban settlements which are included in one of the SDG's goals, sustainable cities and communities.

Methodology
The main research data was obtained based on the results of interviews using questionnaires from a random sampling of 23 respondents.The number of respondents is based on the distribution of 11 settlement blocks in the study area (Fig. 2), where one settlement block is represented by 2-3 respondents.Then, the data from the interviews in the questionnaire were transferred to a scale by giving a score for each parameter in each aspect, including economy, accessibility, physical building characteristics, sanitation, and residential environment.https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346810007ICST UGM 2023 Fig. 2. Settlement Blocks Distribution Map Within the Study Area.

Data Collection and Sample Selection
Settlement quality studies can be carried out by collecting empirical facts in the field by conducting direct observations at settlement block locations.This empirical survey can be fulfilled by conducting interviews with several local residents.Determination of respondents is determined through a random sampling technique because it was not possible to use the entire sample population in the study area.This research employs a more precise method by using cluster simple random sampling with considerations based on observations on aerial photo images, where the division of blocks is determined by the types of housing blocks that share similarities.Cluster random sampling is a two-step process in which the entire population is divided into clusters or groups, usually geographical areas or districts such as villages, schools, neighborhoods, blocks, etc. Cluster sampling is particularly useful when the population is widespread and it is impractical to sample and select a representative sample of all elements [12].Those 2-3 samples from 11 blocks are randomly selected which is intended to be an unbiased representation of the total population as the entire target population has an equal chance of being selected.

Data Processing
This research data process uses the Sturgess formula, which is classified into three classes, such as low, moderate, and high.This Sturgess rule formula is used for determining the desirable number of groups into which the distribution of observations (total scoring results) should be classified.Subsequently, the classification would be applied to each aspect.Therefore, it can help to analyze the data.
The Sturgess formula used in the classification, such as [13]:

Data Analysis
This research analysis tool uses scoring analysis with the provision of weights/scores.The determination of scientific scoring is generally guided by the Likert rule, which fulfills scientific principles in determining and evaluating the scoring of a research instrument.Scoring is based on the assessment indicators for each parameter using a scale in the form of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.The scoring details will vary for each aspect.On the economic aspect, scoring only contains scales 1 and 2, where most of the questions require "Yes" and "No" answers.In terms of accessibility, scoring includes a scale of 1, 2, and 3, where the larger scale indicates closer access to the residence.In terms of the physical building characteristics, the scoring scale can reach 5 where the higher the score, the better the physical characteristics of the dwelling.In the sanitation aspect, the scoring includes a scale of 1 and 2 where questions require answers "Yes" and "No" and a scoring scale that can reach 5 where the higher the score, the better the environmental sanitation.In the aspect of the living environment, the scoring scale includes 1-3 and 1-5, where the greater the score, the better the living environment condition.
Giving a scoring scale will depend on the questions asked.The posed questions will feature assigned weights for the provided answers, restricting respondents to selecting from the available answer choices.Consequently, questions with this scoring mechanism are categorized as closed-ended questions.This assessment is obtained from the results of questionnaires, interviews, and observations, so there are considerations made in giving a score.

Results and Discussion
Socio-economic factors are used as one of the decisionmakers related to the establishment of a place to live and the ability to maintain it on a regular basis [14].Occupations offering permanent employment status contribute to the achievement of home ownership indicators, with a majority owning their dwellings.The majority of scoring results reflect moderate economic quality, indicating a tendency for the community to be prosperous or already self-sufficient.Based on a combination of each indicator, only 8.7% of the sample was found to be classified as having high or middle-upper economic quality.This condition occurs in samples with the characteristics of owning paddy fields.Ownership of paddy fields indicates the production capability to meet one's own food needs, thus ultimately ensuring the fulfillment of other needs as well.Meanwhile, the Venn diagram in Fig. 3 shows that samples classified as moderate reached up to 60.9% and 30.4% in samples that were classified as low.
(Source: Data processed by the author, 2023) Fig. 3. Percentage of Settlement Quality Classification in Economic Aspect Movement and connectivity in residential areas are included in aspects of accessibility which can be a benchmark for improving the quality of residents' life [15].The ease of access for residents to obtain services can be measured by public facilities such as public transportation, medical facilities, educational facilities, the nearest and farthest workplaces, places of worship, district offices, sub-district offices, fields, and economic centers such as markets.Access can be defined as the difficulty level of the population in using, achieving, or obtaining the goods and services needed [16].Figure 4 shows the accessibility in parts of Prenggan is still 52.2%classified as low, 39.1% classified as moderate, and only 8.7% classified as high.This value can be represented by the distance to medical facilities and the market as the center of economic activity, which achieves the farthest score because Prenggan is located on the very outskirts of Yogyakarta City.
This condition may be attributed to the fact that the Kotagede District does not hold the status of the Yogyakarta Urban Area, so Point of Interest (POI) units such as medical and economic facilities have not become the government's focus [17].However, the distance from the Prenggan to the District Office is quite close, specifically 0.5 km, so there are many other facilities such as education, the nearest workplace, places of worship, and fields which are represented in high scores.Currently, parts of Prenggan that are not encompassed within the Yogyakarta Urban Area are undergoing development as a satellite city due to a significant portion of residents still maintaining commuter status, resulting in relatively low accessibility to facilities and infrastructure.
In addition, accessibility is also related to the transportation network in connection with infrastructure service facilities which are related to distance.Transportation is able to play a role in forming interregional specialization as an effort to achieve regional growth [18].This will encourage the development and concentration of industry and trade, which are oriented towards widespread urbanization, so the need for housing will be even higher.The score of accessibility to public transportation for each sample has a relatively high level of accessibility, which is 100-300 meters through the existence of bus stops on major roads.Settlement quality is a multisectoral issue involving various aspects and paradigms.One of them is the physical paradigm related to land (ownership) as well as houses and spaces that meet the needs of residents both culturally, economically, and psychologically [19].Figure 5 shows that the physical value of buildings in each settlement has achieved a nearly uniform total score, with 56.5% of the sample having high quality.All samples occupy permanent houses, with the widest type of floor being ceramic, the widest type of wall being brickwork, and the widest type of roof being tile.The level of land use per household member as a whole is very good (> 9 m²/person).This result aligns with healthy housing planning standards based on research conducted by Amri in 2013, which suggests that the house area per member is required to be between 7 and 10 m² per person.Ventilation as part of the house building is very crucial for facilitating air circulation and expelling pollutants from the house.Most of the samples have windows and plenty of ventilation, so the house's condition from the health point of view is quite good.The comfort of the house is livable, represented by the evenly distributed lighting sources from State Electricity Company (PLN/Perusahaan Listrik Negara) with a voltage of 900 watts.The aspect of environmental sanitation for residential areas is an essential aspect directly related to the population's health.This aspect illustrates the existence of an interactive relationship between humans, behavior, and environmental components, which can be seen from the completeness and use of sanitation facilities at home [20].The use of septic tanks in urban areas is considered as a wastewater treatment method that has not been optimized.This situation arises from the relatively high population density, making it challenging to meet the required distance between septic tanks and residents.However, the final disposal of feces in parts of Prenggan with septic tanks has an average distance of >10 m.The use of septic tanks in this area is in accordance with the standardization of sewage disposal in densely populated settlements.The use of Wastewater Disposal Facilities (SPAL) has also been well implemented, so efforts to prevent environmental pollution can be made.
Figure 6 shows that the sanitation aspect has reached 52,2% for the moderate classification.This indicates that the sources of clean water for households (including bathing and washing) vary between drilled and dug wells with water that is classified as very decent (no smell, no taste, and no color).There is a respondent who mentioned that several years ago, water samples were professionally tested by authorized staff, and the test results indicated good water quality.This condition aligns with The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report (GWSSAR) that requires basic sanitation as a private disposal system that is not public property and separates waste from human contact [21].This requirement has been met by all respondents who have their own toilet in their house.
(Source: Data processed by the author, 2023) Fig. 6.Percentage of Settlement Quality Classification in Sanitation Aspect Following the vision of the Directorate General of Cipta Karya, one of the efforts to realize livable cities is by providing reliable infrastructure [22].Aspects of the living environment are able to represent settlement achievements in creating productive conditions based on certain supporting indicators.Figure 7 shows that the living environment aspect is mostly classified as high (52,2%).This result is supported by the condition of the roads around the neighborhood is quite good, with some sections having moderate scores, and the basic material for the road surface is cement/conblock.The air condition is classified as good because, on average, there are >2 trees around each house.In addition, sunlight is also very sufficient for lighting needs to dry clothes.There is a respondent who perceived the noise indicator to fall within the 'not noisy' category.The minimal noise reported was primarily attributed to students commuting to and from school.The majority of respondents shared the perception that the residential environment in parts of Prenggan was highly comfortable, making it a suitable and pleasant place to live.   1, the score classification of all aspects shows the level of final settlement quality in the form of 4.3% high quality, 43.5% moderate quality, and low quality classification reaching 52.2%.However, this study is limited to the quality of settlements alone based on the scoring analysis of various aspects and does not delve into other matters further.Increasing population growth affects the availability of space in urban areas which is getting narrower, so the physical density is also getting higher.The space that gets narrow will hinder movement, so the level of accessibility is also low [23].The condition that naturally occurs is that the quality of the settlements will be seen to be in line with the conditions of its inhabitants.If this condition is neglected, it will generate another social problem such as poverty and further social inequality.Through this condition, the quantitative output that is settlement quality assessment can be used as a developing geographical science knowledge, even supporting the government in making some regulations of residential areas from SDG's perspective (goal 11).

Conclusion
The quality of settlements in parts of Prenggan was analyzed based on the scoring results on economics, accessibility, physical buildings characteristics, sanitation, and living environment characteristics.Based on the economic aspect, the quality of settlements in parts of Prenggan is dominated by moderates (60,9%), most of the scores on the accessibility aspect are low (52,2%), the buildings where most of the samples lived were classified as high (56,5%), the sanitation aspect has reached moderate (52,2%), and the living environment is mostly classified as high (52,2%).Based on those results, there is still an aspect with low-quality result within the study area, in terms of the accessibility aspect.This could be attributed to the distance from healthcare facilities and markets, which scored the lowest due to Prenggan's location on the outskirts of Yogyakarta.This aspect has the most significant influence on the overall quality of the settlement, primarily due to the considerable spatial distance from each sample to public health and economic facilities.
This paper is a further development of a settlement geography practicum written by the first and the second author under the guidance of the third, fourth, and fifth authors.The author would like to express gratitude to the respondents in Prenggan who willingly participated in this research and provided valuable information.

( 4 .
Source: Data processed by the author, 2023) Fig. Percentage of Settlement Quality Classification in Accessibility Aspect

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Source: Data processed by the author, 2023) Fig. 5. Percentage of Settlement Quality Classification in Physical Building Characteristic Aspect

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Source: Data processed by the author, 2023) Fig. Percentage of Settlement Quality Classification in Living Environment Aspect

Table 1 .
Final Scoring and Classification of Settlement Quality based on 5 Aspects Score Results.Data processed by the author, 2023) Fig. 8.The Sum of Final Classification Settlement Quality in Prenggan Based on Table