Urban cooling island vs urban heat island, who is the winner? study of the green spaces effect in coolingdown of urban heat

. Urban heat zone are the major problem affecting human health through the microclimatological effect. Green Spaces are like a natural air conditioners that can cool dense urban environments from hot air. The cooling effect of urban heat from the presence of Green Space is called the Urban Cooling Effect (UCE) while the cool air produced is called Urban Cooling Island (UCI). This research aims to analyze the extent to which UCI is able to neutralize UHI by urban cooling. This study of this research was conducted in Kapanewon Depok around the North Ringroad zone. In the research, the Remote Sensing method was used utilizing Landsat-8 and processed with ArcGIS to determine the patterns and dynamics of UCI and UHI and was equipped with field data measurement and interviews data using questionnaires. The results obtained were that the coldest and largest UCI Spot was at Babarsari Camping Ground, 27,777°C in 159,218 m², with green space types consisting of shrubs, grass, plants, mixed trees and flowing river. Questionnaire results show that the majority of residents still feel hot. It was concluded that although Green Space is useful in cooling cities, but UCI VS UHI is still dominated by UHI’s influence.


Introduction
Urban areas are the major contributors to air pollution and climate change that affects human health due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) microclimatology heat dome effect which arising from the presence of gray (nongreen) buildings and infrastructure that reduces green natural vegetation spaces [1,2,3].Exposure of urban heat endangers human health through combined effects [4,5] and UHI also negatively correlated effect in hydrological system balance [6,7].Green Spaces are needed in urban area [8], because they can reduce the impact of heat due to the UHI phenomenon.Literature [1] recommends the use of trees and plants to reduce the UHI temperature rise.According to the literature [9], it is stated that Green Space plays an important role in reducing pollutant gases, so it has the opportunity to reduce air pollution, especially reducing NO2 and according to literature [10] Greenspaces also increase human health.
Green vegetation, water and energy supplies are at the equilibrium point, therefore when areas of natural land cover is changed to non-natural land cover (human civilization), this will affect this balance [6], [7].Therefore, in developing urban areas, it is still necessary to leave green space or even initiate it in development planning system, in order to the water and energy supply in urban areas to remain healthy [7].Green Space is like a natural air conditioner that can cool dense urban environments from hot air.The cooling effect of urban heat caused by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon due to the presence of Green Space is called the Urban Cooling Effect (UCE) while the resulting cold/cool air is referred to as Urban Cooling Island (UCI) [16].Green Space plays an important role in reducing Heat Island.UHI positively correlated with citysize and density and negatively correlated with greenspace according to literature [11], [12], and [13] Green Space can provide Thermal Comfort for the community [14,15].At least a city park with an area of more than 10 ha is needed to provide the best city cooling effect [16].Based on [16 -23] all concluded that Green Space is the main thing needed by hot cities to cool the hot urban air, even [18] added that to cool cities green open space is more effective and efficient than Blue Space ( aquatic environment).
Forest Vegetation Areas/Forest Green Space areas have a greater cooling effect (large UCE), resulting in a larger UCI.A 10% increase in Forest Vegetation will reduce the UHI hot air temperature by 0.83°C.Green Space during the day has effective cooling radiation (effective UCI radius) of approximately 15 m, while at night it is approximately 60 m, which means that the Green Space cooling radius will increase at night [17].Litterature [22] states that medium sized and spread out city parks are much more effective in cooling the city than small parks or very large parks but only in one location and not evenly spread out.Literature [16] added that the minimum area is 10 ha for each zone.Beside anti UHI, Green Space especially forest can remove air pollution [24].Green Space also positively correlated with human health [9], [12].[25].In contrary according to [26] UHI can increase eldelry death rate, especially in crowded rapidly growing megacity like Jakarta, and UHI also increase infant sudden-death [27], therefore find and support anti UHI natural system is important [27 -30] Based on regulations in Indonesia, namely according to Law Number 1 of 2007, the percentage of green open space is at least 20% -30% [21].Based on the results of the literature review, a description of green open spaces that are effective and efficient for city cooling are those that have the following characteristics: 1. Percentage 20%-30% of the Total Urban Area.[12], it was stated that green spaces have an influence on the dynamics of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) of 21%, while urban albedo has an influence of 29%.There are three categories of Green Areas, namely Parks, Agricultural Land and Gardens.So, in urban development, it is necessary to pay attention to the availability of park, agricultural and garden/yard areas and the plants, meaning they can be natural cultivated/wild plants [25].The natural green environment or Green Space is something that is very important for the balanced development of human civilization [6], because Green Space, apart from being a natural air conditioner, also has an effect on human health.Research by [10] shows that people who often/long visit Green Spaces have lower levels of depression or blood pressure, and those who frequently visit green open spaces have good social cohesion, which is why means having harmonious social relations.Green Space plays an important role in reducing health problem for raise human health.
Research by [10] shows that visiting Green Spaces for 30 minutes every day for 1 week can reduce the prevalence/percentage of disease by around 7% for depression and 9% for high blood pressure (hypertension).This [10] research shows that if people, especially urban communities, intensively visit green open spaces, as many as 7% of cases of depression can be prevented and as many as 9% of cases of high blood pressure which have implications for physical and mental health, as well as implications for various diseases can be prevented.Based on this research, green open spaces, apart from preventing UHI and global warming, are also useful for the quality of human health, therefore they still need to be present and taken into account in urban development.Based on [30], it was stated that exposure to Green Open Space or Green Space in urban areas has a positive effect on human health.Still based on [30] it was stated that a green built environment has a direct or indirect influence on: human psychology, human physiology, and other goodness in humans Then, based on [16], [31] and [24], it is known that Green Spaces in urban areas that are able to significantly improve air quality through controlling air pollution are green open spaces dominated by trees.Although in general plants and vegetation are also able to improve air quality through controlling pollution, large trees are more optimal.Green Open Space is an alternative solution in anticipating future environmental crises [32] and also for restoration and human mental health [33].Green Space plays an important role in reducing heat Island and health problem.This research gap is the dominant heat in Kapanewon Depok around the North Ringroad, but there is still no literature regarding UHI research in this zone, including those comparing UCI and UHI.(Research Gap).The State of the Art of this research is to compare UCI and UHI in Kapanewon Depok which has never been studied before (State of The Art).This research aims to analyze the extent to which UCI is able to neutralize UHI by urban cooling especially in Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta around the North Ringroad Zone.

Research data
This research was carried out using the Remote Sensing (RS) method using Landsat-8 Satellite Imagery with Thermal Bands 4, 5 and 10 to analyze the pattern and distribution of UHI and determine the LST-UHI temperature value [36 -40].Landsat-8 image data is processed using ArcGIS software for UHI and UCI analysis.During processing, radiometric corrections were also carried out for UHI analysis and SHP files were also initiated for various types of green space vegetation at the research location.From the results of the UHI analysis, UHI zones and UCI zones will be visible, and you will know what temperature is produced using the Identification tools in ArcGIS and from SHP File initiation, green space zones of various types will appear.
The research is also equipped with field data taken through field surveys and measurements.In the field, air temperature, LST-UHI radiation temperature (for comparison of image results), air humidity and wind speed are measured as climate factors, especially microclimate elements [36 -40].Field data was measured with a Benetech 1365 Datalogger and a multifunction Anemometer.This field microclimate data measurement addleast in 5 day [14],[15], and we applied 7 day measurements.The research was also accompanied by a questionnaire which was distributed to 50 community members who live in the UHI zones and also in the UCI zones.Scoring on the Heat-Related Questionnaire uses ASHRAE Standard [28] and Tropical Thermal Standard [29].The questionnaire functions to see the flow of public awareness regarding the UHI and UCI phenomena through sensitivity to the microclimate conditions in their respective positions within the UHI zone with the distribution of UCI within it.The results of thermal analysis using satellite imagery, field measurements and questionnaires will illustrate whether the Urban Cooling Effect due to the presence of an Urban Cooling Island in the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Zone has a real impact in cooling the environment or is less dominated by UHI's heat air.UCI versus UHI will be detected and obtained who the winner will be.

UCI and UHI identification utilizing landsat-8 imagery
This study using remote sensing methods utilizing landsat-8 to mapping the Urban Heat Island and Urban Cooling Island in study area.We The final Correction radiometric analysis is Land Surface Thermal (LST) or Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) analysis using results from BT (Brightness Temperature) equation for thermal side (equation 2) and using EC (Error Correction) for vegetation side ( equation 5 ) in one new equation that input in Raster Calculator tool of ArcGIS to obtain the UHI map with all temperature classification in study area.
LST (Land Surface Temperature) : ("BT"/(1+(0.00115*"BT"/1.4388)*Ln("EC")))(6) Pattern of LST / SUHI inline with UHI, the area with high temperature change is UHI zone [36 -40] .We use this LST thermal map for UCI and UHI identification and we utilizing polygonal system in ArcGIS and identification tool for measure the value of UCI area and their temperature.In maping of vegetation type we also use SHP file to know the landscape type of UCI area.The Results will completed by real photo in reality and all of them lay outed become one map.Based on the Urban Cooling Island (UCI) Identification Results in the Red Zone of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Kapanewon Depok and its surroundings, it was found that there are 30 UCI cold spots that are spread relatively evenly.The green UCI zone has a UCI temperature of 27,076 -28 °C.Next, after the UCI Zones were found, they were overlaid with the Kapanewon Depok Map, to find out how many UCI Spots were included in Kapanewon Depok, and focused on observing those located in the North Ringroad Zone (Fig. 4 and 5).Based on the results obtained in figure 3, it is known that around the northern ringroad in Kapanewon Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) red zone with a temperature of 30,847-36,930° C (in red), but there is also a distribution of temperature zones cold (green) in it which has the potential to be a balance if managed optimally to produce a cooling effect.The cooling effect of urban heat caused by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon due to the presence of Green Open Space (RTH) is called the Urban Cooling Effect (UCE) while the resulting cold/cool air is referred to as Urban Cooling Island (UCI) [2].Based on figure 6,7  Caturtunggal with a UCI Temperature of 28,125 °C and a UCI area of 20,398 m², with Green Space types consisting of Mixed Plants and Trees, Gardens, Grass and there is a Blue Space in the form of UGM Valley Lake.Based on the results, it is known that the UCI with the lowest temperature is in the Babarsari Campground area, with the Green Space type in the form of Shrubs, Grass, Mixed Plants and Trees and there is a Blue Space in the form of a flowing river.

Confirmation of data results from satellite
image analysis and field measurement data using the questionnaire method   The results of Landsat-8 satellite imagery analysis show the distribution of UHI heat in Kapanewon Depok which is corroborated by tabulated data from respondent interviews using questionnaires distributed to residents living in Depok District, namely at three potential UHI points but there is also UCI in it.in the Pandhegasari-Manggung-Kentungan, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman Zone, then in the Sawitsari-Gejayan-Psanggrahan Zone, Condongcatur, Depok, Sleman, and finally in the Karangnongko Maguwoharjo Zone, the third zone is connected by the North Jogja Ringroad Belt, northeastern sector (Figure 4).
Based on the results of Landsat-8 Satellite Imagery, it is known that this zone is indeed in an area where the UHI phenomenon occurs, so it is exposed to UHI heat, and this is confirmed by a questionnaire distributed to residents living in it, with results of 76% out of 50 residents who live in Sawitsari-gejayan, Condongcatur feel that the Perception of Thermis Comfort is a bit hot, then residents of Caturtunggal, Pandegasari are 72.72% of the 50 residents who live in that zone and residents of Karangnongko, Maguwoharjo are 58.58% of the residents who live, which means that it is valid and Objectively, most people feel the heat even when they are at home, which is an expression of the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon which occurs due to the infrared heat wave spectrum being trapped to form heat domes in cities, due to urbanization and reduced Green Spaces.

Discussion
From Figure 3, if we match Figure 3 and Figure 4, we will get a pattern that for the zone which is located close to the UCI spot of the Mancasan Green Space and Campground, namely spots 1 and 2 in Figure 3 have the lowest percentage of slightly hot perceptions among the community, with a value of 58.58%, namely in the west Maguwoharjo zone which borders east Condongcatur which is all in the Kapanewon Depok area, around the North Ringroad.Meanwhile, the one with the highest perception of being somewhat hot is the Condongcatur zone with a value of 76%, while in the middle position is the Caturtunggal zone.Value area of Green Space tend to possitively correlated with Urban Cooling Island.
The Maguwoharjo zone has extensive green space and high biodiversity, which results in the UCI spot being also spacious and the coldest in temperature, then followed by the Caturtunggal zone which has green space which is not as extensive but has 3 spots.So it occupies second place, while the Condongcatur zone around the ringroad only has 1 UCI spot in Mancasan, so it is the hottest.Our research results strengthen and support the findings of previous research.According to previous research [16 -23] and [11 -13] all concluded that Green Space and Green Open Space are the main things needed by hot cities to cool the hot urban air.Litterature [18] added that to cool the city green open space is more effective and efficient than blue open space (water environment).Based on the results of this research, it was also found that the strongest UCI is in Green Space or RTH with high biodiversity and which also contains Blue Space, namely rivers.Green Space and Blue Space are combined in the Mancasan zone and Babarsari camping ground.
Green Space and UCI Spot will be positively correlated and support each other in offsetting the UHI.Green open space is needed in cities, because it can reduce the effects of heat due to the UHI phenomenon.[1] recommend the use of trees and plants to reduce the increase in temperature due to heat from the UHI.Even literature [10] shows that visiting Green Spaces for 30 minutes every day for 1 week can reduce the prevalence/percentage of disease by around 7% for depression and 9% for high blood pressure (hypertension).This [10] research shows that if people, especially urban communities, intensively visit green open spaces, as many as 7% of cases of depression can be prevented and as many as 9% of cases of high blood pressure which have implications for physical and mental health Forest Vegetation Areas/Forest Green Open Space have a greater cooling effect (large UCE), resulting in a larger UCI.A 10% increase in Forest Vegetation will reduce the UHI hot air temperature by 0.83°C.Green Open Space (RTH) during the day has effective cooling radiation (effective UCI radius) of approximately 15 m, while at night it is approximately 60 m, which means that the RTH cooling radius will increase at night [17].So for the Depok area it is necessary to expand the existing Green Spaces by at least 10% and/or add artificial Green Spaces to reduce urban heat.
The Literature [22] states that medium sized and spread out city parks are much more effective in cooling the city than small parks or very large parks but only in one location and not evenly spread out.[16] added that the minimum area is 10 ha for each zone.Based on regulations in Indonesia, namely according to https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346810012ICST UGM 2023 Law No.1 of 2007, the percentage of green open space is at least 20% -30% [21].

Conclusions
According to the research results, it is known that Green Spaces have an impact on cooling the city, although in the case of this study the environmental status is still quite hot in all study zones, but in zones that have dominant Green Spaces there is a smaller percentage of people who feel the environment is "somewhat "Hot."Based on research results, it is known that the influence of UCI is still less than that of UHI, many people still feel hot.So it is necessary to initiate and add Green Spaces, and also maintain the balance of natural land cover conversion.Based on research results, various types of green space, combined with blue space, will have better UCI spots for cooling the city.
According to the results, it is concluded that although Green Space is useful in cooling cities through the UCI mechanism with the UCE process, it is still less influential than UHI heat.It was concluded that although Green Space is useful in cooling cities, but UCI VS UHI is still dominated by UHI's influence.Kapanewon Depok needs additional Green Spaces to overcome the UHI heat in order to cool the urban environment.UCI VS UHI, the UHI still the victorious.
A 10% increase in Forest Vegetation will reduce the UHI hot air temperature by 0.83°C.Green Open Space (RTH) during the day has an effective cooling radiation (effective UCI radius) of approximately 15 m, while at night it is approximately 60 m, which means that the RTH cooling radius will increase at night [17].Based on the results and conclusions, UCI in Kapanewon Depok is still less dominant than UHI, so in Kapanewon Depok it is necessary to increase the area of existing Green Spaces, or add new Green Spaces, or manage the city layout so that it is not too easy to convert natural land cover.
We recommend to defend the natural Green Spaces or add more Green Spaces because they can reduce Urban Heat, even literature [10] shows that visiting Green Spaces for 30 minutes every day for 1 week can reduce the prevalence/percentage of disease by around 7% for depression and 9% for high blood pressure (hypertension).This [10] research shows that if people, especially urban communities, intensively visit green open spaces, as many as 7% of cases of depression can be prevented and as many as 9% of cases of high blood pressure which have implications for physical and mental health.
First of all, we would like to thank Almighty God, for His mercy and grace, this study can be successful.Then we would like to thank our Parents, our Father, our Mother our grandparents and all our Ancestors, our Family, our Wife or our Husband and our Children.Then we would also like to thank the Teachers and Lecturers.Then we also say Thank you to Gadjah Mada University as the place where we study and also Thank You to ourselves for the struggle, and we also say Thank You to the Universe.Peace be upon you all.

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Inzet of Fig.4.UHI and UCI in Area of Interest center of Depok District around the Ringroad Utara Zone, The Northside of Primary road in Yogyakarta.Identification of Urban Cooling Island (UCI) within the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Zone at the research location was carried out using Landsat-8 Image analysis with ArcGIS Software with band-4.5 and band-10 (thermal band).Based on the Urban Cooling Island (UCI) Identification Results in the Red Zone of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Kapanewon Depok and its surroundings, it was found that there are 30 UCI cold spots that are spread relatively evenly.The green UCI zone has a UCI temperature of 27,076 -28 °C.Next, after the UCI Zones were found, they were overlaid with the Kapanewon Depok Map, to find out how many UCI Spots were included in Kapanewon Depok, and focused on observing those located in the North Ringroad Zone (Fig.4 and 5).

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.UCI Spot inside UHI Zone focus on center of Depok District around Ringroad Utara Zone

Table .
1. UCI spot area according to Fig. 5.Fig.7. Map Green Space Zone focus on center of Depok District around Rinroad Utara Zone Table.2. UCI spot area in study area according to Fig. 5.

Table 1 ,
andCaturtuggal with a UCI temperature of 27,987 °C and a UCI area of 27,582 m², with green space types in the form of corn fields, rice fields, gardens and trees. 5. 5. UCI Lake-Valley UGM Spot, Bulaksumur,