Spatial analysis in decision-making on agriculture activities

. Geoinformation technologies (GIS) play an important role in precision agriculture and the organization of smart agriculture. This can impact deeply the analysis of the state of agricultural lands, mainly irrigated lands, and find a positive solution to the problem based on digital data consisting of different thematic layers. In this research, spatial analysis of agro-ecological conditions was carried out in order to establish effective precision agriculture in the Pakhtazor massive of the Mirzachul district of the Jizzakh region. Representing agro-ecological (soil, climate, groundwater, weather) and social (population, settlements, roads for transport) factors that directly affect the efficient production in agriculture through geospatial analysis and thematic maps were developed. In the process of creating thematic maps and analysing the data, spatial analyses such as IDW, Euclidean distance, and Kernel density were performed using ArcGIS software. As a result of spatial analysis, soil quality was assessed with an average value. Groundwater level and mineralization were in normal condition with 2-2.5 meters and 0-3 gr/l respectively. Infrastructure, irrigation-drainage system, and weather are sufficient to carry out effective agricultural activities, especially crop cultivation.


Introduction
Today, there is a growing concern for government agencies about the need to provide the food resources needed to support sustainable population growth.It is projected that current crop production should double by 2050 to meet future food needs [1].For such purposes, GIS can help to predict and plan the amount of arable land needed to provide food to the future population.GIS is a tool that creates visual representations of data and performs spatial analysis to make informed decisions [2].It is a technology that combines hardware, software, and data.If the data has a geographical component, it can represent almost anything imaginable [3].More sophisticated spatial analyzes for agriculture can compare variables such as soil type, wind direction, rainfall, slope, aspect, topography, or elevation, which can be used to manage crops, plot suitability, and drainage, as well as flood control, helps prevent the risk of drought and floods [4,5].GIS helps the farmer to adapt to these different variables, monitor the health of individual crops, evaluate yields from a particular field, and maximize yields [6].GIS has become an increasingly valuable resource by helping farmers increase production, reduce costs, and provide effective tools for land resource management [7].Precision agriculture is very important in making various decisions on crop fields.Precision agriculture gained popularity when it realized that different land plots had different characteristics.Large plots of land usually have spatial variations in soil types, moisture content, nutrient availability, and so on [8].Therefore, using geographic information system technologies will help farmers use more valuable resources, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, and more efficiently use water resources.In this research, the agro-ecological and social conditions of the study area will be analysed based on GIS technologies in order to gain complex data on the study area.Through these results, scientific recommendations will be obtained on the creation of digital agriculture and its use for various agricultural purposes.

Study area
In this research, spatial analysis was conducted in order to geospatial analyse agroecological and social conditions on effectively organized agriculture in the Pakhtazor massive of the Mirzachul district of Jizzakh region of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Mirzachul district is located at a longitude of 68 0 10ʹ and latitude of 40 0 30ʹ [9].It is bordered from the north and northeast by the southern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and from the northwest bordered by a large artificial lake -Aydarkul (Uzbekistan) (Figure 1).The Pakhtazor massive is one of the main agricultural producers in the Jizzakh region, which has good conditions for growing cotton, wheat, melons, fruits, and vegetables due to its favourable latitude, relief, and climate.The average annual temperature is around 14-18 0 C and mean precipitation is about 0.6-1 mm [10].The relief is almost flat.The main income of the population is derived from the production of agricultural products.

Research methodology
A total of 14 types of data on soil, irrigation, groundwater, climate, roads, and population were collected for geospatial analysis to assess the agroecological and social condition of agriculture in the Pakhtazor massive.Since the data were made using materials from various organizations and research institutes, their full description is shown in Table 1.

Soil.
Soil is the main factor of production in agriculture.Studying soil conditions and the practical application of agro-technical, agro-and hydro-ameliorative measures that meet the requirements of the biological characteristics of the crops is very important [11].Most technical crops require highly productive soils.Loamy and silt and soils with high calcium carbonate are best for crop cultivation.In addition, fertile soil with high water retention capacity is ideal for all types of crops.Highly saline and drought soils are extremely not suitable for crop development [12].The IDW algorithm of the ArcGIS program was used in the spatial analysis of the condition of the soils in the area of the Pakhtazor massive.

Groundwater condition.
The critical level and mineralization of groundwater are very vital agroecological parameters for crop development and other agricultural activities [13].Roots of crops go down deeper through the soil during the development period.Most crops have no tolerance to the high groundwater table and its mineralization [14].When the groundwater level is close to the land surface, the oxygen transport regime changes and the root system of crops damage worse.A high level of mineralization (salinity) of groundwater has a negative effect on soil conditions and the development of crops.Usually, it leads to highly saline soil and poor yield of the crop [15].The IDW interpolation algorithm of the ArcGIS program was used for spatial analysis and mapping of groundwater status in irrigated lands in the Pakhtazor massive.

Irrigation/drainage network
Almost, all crop types perform best in effortless watering lands with reasonable drainage systems.Water supply on time provides a high amount of harvest [16].Drainage networks help to supply favorable nutrients, moisture, heat, and balanced groundwater and air regimes for crop roots.As cotton and vegetables are very susceptible to waterlogged conditions, areas with poor drainage should be prevented [17].In this research, the Kernel density algorithm was used to visualize and map in order to analyze the distribution of the irrigation/drainage network.

Climate
Geographically, Uzbekistan is located in a hot area.It helps to cultivate hot lover crops such as cotton and fruits [18].The mean (optimal) temperature for growing and developing for main crops is 20-35 0 С during the vegetation period.When the temperature drops to 17 0 С, the development of summer crops slows down.Precipitation also plays a vital role in certain development of agricultural crops [19].Winter wheat and some vegetables require the necessary amount of precipitation during late autumn, winter, and early spring [20].[21].In areas where unemployment is high, planting labor-intensive crops will reduce unemployment and create better living conditions for certain populations [22].However, most part of agricultural areas is far away from residential areas and it can be difficult commuting for local people [23].This kind of inland plot is recommended for planting crops that require less manpower.Concerning determining far irrigated land plots from residential areas spatial analysis was carried out by the Euclidean distance algorithm.

Roads (infrastructure)
Accelerated development of agriculture, effective agro-technical measures in the fields, as well as the implementation of such processes as planting and harvesting, are required [24].One of the main factors is to create conditions for easy access of vehicles to each field and easy access of people to the fields.In order to determine the distribution of roads in areas spatial analysis was carried out by the Euclidean distance algorithm.

Results and discussion
By spatial analysis of soil condition, maps of soil condition soil bonitation Figure 2a, active potassium in the soil Figure 2b, humus level in soil Figure 2c, active phosphorus in the soil Figure 2d, soil salinity Figure 3a, and mechanical structure of soil Figure 3b are developed.The condition of irrigation (Figure 4a), drainage (Figure 4b), and road (Figure 4c) systems were analyzed through spatial analysis, and maps of their distribution in the  Analyzing long term (1990-2020) climate condition of the Mirzachul district showed that, the mean annual precipitation in Figure 5 is between 0.6 -1 mm/day.The mean annual temperature in Figure 6 is about 14-16 0 C.According to the results of all spatial analyses of the Pakhtazor massive, the following conclusions were drawn:  most of the factors determining soil quality in the massive are moderate to average with 50-60 points of soil bonitation (Figure 2a);

Fig. 2 . 6 E3SFig. 3 .
Fig. 2. Visualization of agroecological conditions (a -soil bonitation, b -active potassium in the soil, c-humus level in soil, d -active phosphorus in the soil).The groundwater condition was analyzed based on the annual data which were obtained from observation wells in irrigated areas of Pakhtazor massive and groundwater mineralization Figure 3c and ground water level Figure 3d.

7 E3S
Web of Conferences 386, 01002 (2023) GISCA 2022 and GI 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338601002massive were created.Spatial analysis of the distance of settlements from agricultural lands was carried out and a thematic map in Figure 4d of the massive was developed.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Visualization of agro-ecological and social conditions (a -density of drainage system, ddensity of irrigation system, c-road density, d -a distance of agricultural lands to settlements).

Table 1 .
List of collected data and their transformation.
PopulationHuman labor is very high in the care of the main types of agricultural crops grown in Uzbekistan.People who are able to work in the fields are used to taking care of the crop in case of cultivating and gathering harvest