Foreign experience in the development of land use for households

. The article highlights the issues of the importance and features of land use of personal subsidiary farms by the rural population of the world. According to FAO, almost 75% of the world's people living in extreme poverty live in rural areas, and their livelihoods and food security depend mainly on the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. Agriculture is the world's largest employer, providing livelihoods as it employs 40 percent of the world's population today. It is the largest sector of income and jobs for poor rural households. Five hundred million small households, predominantly rainfed, provide up to 80 percent of the food consumed in most developing countries. Over the past 20 years, the total volume of agricultural production in the world has increased significantly. However, in some of its regions, this growth is accompanied by population growth, falling prices for agricultural products, and deteriorating soil quality, which raises concerns about the sustainability of the agricultural production system. To ensure sustainable development of agriculture in developed and developing countries, more and more is directed to the development of personal subsidiary plots.


Introduction
The land plots provided for auxiliary economic purposes to the rural population in many countries of the world are identical, in some of them they are intended for small-scale production, to satisfy their needs, and some for commercial production and are called differently.In this paper, given their common purpose -meeting personal family needs in the first place, and based on family labor resources, they are all conditionally combined under one term personal subsidiary plots (PSP).Private household plots of the rural population are located on a personal plot of land.
Personal subsidiary (household) farms in many countries of the world occupy a significant part of land resources.Over the past 20 years, there has been a significant increase in the total volume of agricultural production in the world.However, in some of its regions, this increase is offset by population growth, falling commodity prices, and deteriorating soil quality, which raises increasing concerns about the sustainability of the agricultural production system.To ensure sustainable agricultural development in both developed and developing countries, land use is increasingly directed toward the development of personal subsidiary plots.A significant proportion of the rural population in developing countries depends mainly on small-scale land farming, based on family work and focused on ensuring livelihoods.However, their access to technology and modern equipment is limited.
The key to the successful implementation of sustainable land management is the appropriate interest on the part of land users, as well as government policies that encourage household plots to use their land rationally and sustainably.Investing in their land plots, household plots face economic, legal, and administrative problems.Let us consider the current state and features of the development of private household plots in several countries around the world [1][2].
The Farm Structure Survey (FSS) 2010 covered 12 million family farms operating in the EU-27.49% of the observed objects had less than 2 hectares of agricultural land, while 325 thousand households, which accounted for about 3% of the total number of family farms, owned land plots up to 100 hectares.Small family farms up to 2 ha occupied only 2% of the total area of agricultural land in the EU-27, while family farms with plots up to 100 ha and more accounted for 50% of all areas [3].

Results and discussions
In 1990, there were 2940 thousand peasant farms in Italy, and the area of cultivated land was 22.6 million hectares.Only 4% of farms could be classified as large.The landowners themselves and members of their families worked on the farms (a total of about 2 million people); the average area of land allotment was 5.4 hectares.Many Italians employed in other areas of activity received additional income or food for their consumption from small plots of land less than 1 hectare.In Italy, after the adoption of the law on land reform in 1950, the number of large farms was reduced (especially in the South) due to the redistribution of land among the peasants.However, the number of small farms also decreased in the 1960s and 1970s, as Italian agriculture was modernized through the introduction of expensive agricultural machines that turned out to be inaccessible to many peasants [4].With an average land area of a rural family of 5,4 ha.Farms get good harvests, use land rationally and efficiently, and if there is a reserve, they can increase the area of land plots.
In Germany, personal subsidiary farms of the population are found in the form of commercial agricultural peasant farms.In Germany, agriculture is based on small and medium-sized commercial family peasant enterprises.In 2016, there were 280,800 households.Of these, 45.3% have areas up to 20 hectares, 20-50 hectares in size -24.4%,50-100 hectares in size -17.4%;larger than 100 hectares -12.9% of farms.Their effectiveness largely depends on solid support from the state.They receive annually 300 euros for each hectare of land they cultivate.(In terms of our currency at the current exchange rate in sums -2,800,000 sums.)In May, the heads of farms submit applications, and in December, state support funds are credited to their accounts.Currently, this is the only type of state support.It makes up 70% of the peasants' income.A very important role in the successful development of peasant farms is played by the system of their crediting.It allows them to take out loans for up to 50 years at 1%. Family farms do not have a special status as agricultural holdings, depending on the share of agricultural income in their total profits.Agricultural activity is important in every process compared to other sectors.In addition, 90% of farmers are members of the German Peasants' Union (GPU).More than a century of world experience shows that the development of small forms of farming in agriculture, which includes private household plots, is associated with the development of cooperatives serving them.
Cooperative formations allow scattered small farms to combine their resources (labor, technical, land, money, transport, marketing, etc.) for more efficient use.They turn the united peasantry into one of the most powerful sectors of the economy.Without them, many small and medium-sized family farms would not be able to manage alone.A very strong impression is caused by the ability of the peasants of the GFR to self-organize -the number of members in cooperatives, their well-equipped and equipped with modern equipment and technology, and the ability to combine personal and collective interests.A small-scale German family peasant economy, with worthy support from the state, mass cooperation, and organizational cohesion of farmers, successfully preserves the rural way of life, receives high incomes, and feeds the population with high-quality food [5].Germany's experience in supporting household plots from the state is valuable.
A characteristic feature of Canadian agriculture is its high productivity and the relatively small use of hired labor in it.Canada is a country of population family farms.On average in the country, 77% of land plots are owned by families.They grow products for both family needs and marketable products.Most of all land occupied by farms is cultivated by the farmers themselves and their families, the average size of family farms is from 32 hectares to 103 hectares (and only 21.5% are cultivated by tenants and 1.2% with the help of hired labor).This is possible due to the presence of large families and the extensive mechanization of agricultural labor.Hired labor is used mainly during harvesting.At this time, special "harvest excursions" trains run around the country, carrying seasonal workers to various agricultural regions.A large percentage of seasonal nicknames are students.
The experience of family farms in Canada shows the possibility of using hired labor in the cultivation of agricultural products on the lands of personal subsidiary plots, especially when harvesting, this makes it possible to accelerate the pace of harvesting [6].
In China, personal subsidiary plots of the population are called auxiliary household trade.Due to the lack of food, a special role in China played in the solution of the land issue, including the rational use of land resources.The legal basis for land use and agricultural reform in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on Land Management.Agrarian reforms in the 1980s ensured the transition from the property of the communes with their all-encompassing socialization to the property of brigades, especially small brigades, from the domestic family contracts.During the last stage of land reform, the transfer of land plots to peasant households was carried out on a contract basis.In China, the land tenure system combines different forms of property and maintains the dominant position of public property [7].New reforms included structural restructuring, the rejection of monoculture of grain in agriculture, and the transition to the development of a multiindustry economy in the countryside (household plots) and permission to engage in subsidiary household trade, permission to sell surplus products from family needs on the market at prices higher than purchase prices [8].A valuable experience of Chinese auxiliary fishermen is the development of a diversified economy.
In Japan, personal subsidiary farms of the population are called the dwarf type of peasant farms.Agriculture remains an important industry in the Japanese economy, although its share of GNP is declining (to 2.0% in 1999).The country's agriculture employs 4.1 million people (6.6% of all employed).Small peasant land tenure predominates.Despite the agrarian reform, the dwarf type of peasant farms prevails in the country (many plots are less than 0.5 ha).Under these conditions, it is possible to carry out only small-scale mechanization.More powerful mechanization is found in large farms.A distinctive feature of small peasant farms is their placement in small contours in several areas, and the widespread use of small-scale mechanization.
In Russia, the term "personal part-time farming" appeared in 1935 with the adoption at the second All-Russian Congress of Collective Farmers-Shock Workers of the "Exemplary Charter of the Agricultural Artels".Congress recognized the need to maintain a small personal farm to meet family needs for food.Historically, the development of personal subsidiary farming is conditioned by the functions performed, among which the most important are: self-sufficiency in food, obtaining additional income for a rural family, and the high efficiency of this sector of the economy.In the conditions of declining efficiency of agriculture in the 1990s, the role of personal subsidiary plots increased.
The question of the development of personal subsidiary plots of the population of Russia, affecting the interests of more than 16 million families, is the most important direction of the country's agrarian policy.In essence, this is a question about a rural person, about a rural family, about the problem of survival, since in the post-reform period (since 1991) the role of personal subsidiary plots of the population has increased immeasurably.Agrarian policy in Russia has an impact on the nature of the development of household plots [9].The life support of the family, the use of the territory of the household plot for food production, and income generation through the sale of surplus products remained unchanged and common for all periods of the functioning of household plots.
Each rural family is allocated up to 1 ha of farmland for personal subsidiary farming; to the population for the construction and maintenance of a residential building -0.35 ha; gardening, horticulture, and summer cottage construction -up to 0.1 ha.Every year more and more area is used for these purposes and its share in the total area of crops is growing.The share of personal subsidiary plots of citizens accounts for more than 50% of the gross output produced in Russia, 15.9 million families are engaged in them, and 18.2 million people named personal subsidiary plots as the main source of income.
In the Republic of Belarus, land ownership is in private and state forms.By this law, the private form is allowed for the conduct of personal subsidiary plots of the population, the state is preserved for the conduct of commercial agriculture.In recent years, the share of the former has been growing, while the latter has been declining.Today, they respectively account for approximately 20 and 80% of the total area of agricultural land in the republic.Ahead is the search for their optimal ratio.The process of privatization of the land occupied in personal subsidiary plots is already underway, and in the commodity one, the discussion of different points of view continues.For private household plots, the concept of private property of citizens was introduced, the law provides for a significant increase in the size of land plots provided for private household plots, private ownership of land was introduced, a preferential tax regime was established, and the right to free sale of agricultural products was secured.A distinctive feature of the Belarusian owners of personal subsidiary plots is that they appear in two forms, public and private, in the degree of marketability of the grown products [10].
In the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of 2005, there were 2,134 thousand households.These include personal subsidiary farms (PSF) of the population, collective gardens, and orchards, summer cottages.The number of household plots, compared to the pre-reform period, decreased by 185.8 thousand households, or by 18.5%.Despite this, the area of household land increased by 20%.At the same time, the average area of a personal plot of land increased from 14 to 20 acres, and the area under vegetable gardens and orchards -from 9 to 12 acres.In comparison with the pre-reform period, the area under crops, the number of livestock, and the production of basic foodstuffs have increased in the households of the population.A significant increase in production on household plots of farms can be explained by the response of the population to the worsening economic situation in agricultural production.Employment in personal subsidiary farming has become one of the forms of self-employment and provides almost half of the total family income.Only the income from the sale of agricultural products and livestock of personal subsidiary plots in 2004 on average in the country per 1 household amounted to 79.5 thousand tenges per year.This is the fourth part of all annual family income [11].
Based on the analysis of global trends in the development of personal subsidiary plots in developed and developing countries of the world, we can conclude the following.The experience of Canadian family farms shows the possibility of introducing hired labor, especially when harvesting on a legislative basis.In Italy, the average land area of a rural family is about 5 hectares.and is significant for one family, there will be a need to attract hired labor, which is a feature of the Italian land allotments of a rural family.The experience of Germany in support from the state and the system of lending to family farms and their cooperation deserves special attention [12].In France and the USA, almost 80% of family farmers are covered by cooperation.In Sweden, lending to family farms is almost entirely carried out through credit cooperation.The experience of Chinese auxiliary fishermen is distinguished by the development of a diversified economy.Japanese small peasant farms are characterized by small contours and scattered plots.Personal subsidiary plots in Russia make up for the general food shortage in the country.
Thus, personal subsidiary plots can be considered a promising form of economic activity, which has the right to exist in the future with the condition of organizing a set of measures: organizing the purchase of agricultural products with the possibility for peasants to conclude contracts for a future harvest with a guaranteed payment at contractual prices and partial crediting; organizing mechanized maintenance of fieldwork, meeting other needs of personal subsidiary plots -providing young animals, veterinary care, artificial insemination, ensuring the availability of loans secured by the expected yield and financial services; organization of marketing service for timely information about market conditions; control over compliance with labor legislation [13].
Everywhere, unlike agricultural enterprises, where the results of labor are appropriated by workers through the system of its payment, in personal subsidiary farms, this appropriation is carried out in the form of direct receipt of food and additional cash income from the sale of surplus products.

Conclusions
Over the past ten years, private household plots, as one of the most common forms of economic activity of the population, have become the leading producers of agricultural products in many states, they took shape as individual subsidiary agricultural production, complementing the sector of agricultural producers.Features of the functioning and role of private household plots in the socio-economic development of many countries provide a basis for the formation of a special economic mechanism for their support and development.
An analysis of the experience of different countries of the world in terms of the functioning of household plots shows that some features of their development can be used in Uzbekistan, including: -state support for family farms and the credit system, their cooperation; -development of the multifunctional essence of private household plots; -owners who effectively use the land and receive high economic indicators of household and dekhkan farms will be allowed to allocate additional space.