Analysis and design of reinforced concrete silo by conventional method

. Any industrial or organised storage facility needs bulk material storage structures, also referred to as bins, bunkers, silos, or tanks. The ratio of their various dimensions serves as the main defining characteristic between bunkers and silos. Silos are structures that are used for storing different types of granular material. Silos are architectural constructions made especially for storing different kinds of granular materials, such grains and cement. Silos are distinguished by their disproportionately tall lateral dimensions. For instance, massive silos are frequently used to store cement in cement mills and significant construction projects. The project's main goal is to analyse and design a silo made of reinforced cement concrete. The theory adopted for analysis of silo is Janssen’s theory. The silo is designed for storing the cement clinkers with a capacity of 5000 tonnes. The normal pressure calculation during emptying and filling, and maximum pressure calculation has performed. The hoop stresses and Temperature stresses are calculated and hoop tension is calculated for different heights. The assessment of the loads on silo was performed as per IS: 4995 (Part I) - 1974, and for design criteria IS: 4995 (Part II) – 1974 is used.


Introduction
A silo is a type of architectural building used largely for the storage of huge quantities of bulk goods like grain, coal, fly ash, cement and food items. Reinforced cement concrete silos have largely supplanted the more widely used steel silos in recent years because of their superior structural qualities and ease of maintenance. Concrete is frequently stored in one or more silos by contemporary cement companies. Additionally, silos can be built more effectively thanks to the slip form method, which involves casting tall cylindrical buildings out of reinforced concrete. The vertical walls of silo constructions are substantially taller than their lateral dimensions, making the total structure relatively tall. As a result of its shape, the silos opposite sides will be intersected by the stored material's plane of rupture before it reaches the top horizontal surface. Additionally, a sizeable portion of the load is supported by friction between the material being stored and the silo's floor because of the high height to lateral dimension ratio. A building must fulfil specific requirements in order to be classified as a silo, Where, b = Breadth h = Height of the structure Φ = Angle of repose.
Special silos are those which are different in respect to the structural configuration like Multi-Compartment Silos, Ring Silos and the combination of two, i.e., which contains compartments in the ring.

Review of Literature
Bogrem Sasidhar and C.Sashidhar (2021) The goal is to examine a silo with the Corresponding Lateral Force examine and assess how well it performs throughout all four seismic areas. Comparing several concrete silo models under earthquake conditions is involved in this. Elements such nodal displacement, stress, and vertical or horizontal pressure on walls are all examined. The potential and applicability of these models in precisely comprehending the actions of such structures can be evaluated through the acquired similar outcomes. The maximum lateral displacements for each model at different levels were determined in the present study by Anurag Ravindra Warade and Dr. Tushar G. Shende (2019) for the critical load case/combination. Zone V had node changes that were larger than those in the other seismic zones, measuring 9.357 mm at a height of 36 Mt in the silo. Zones II, III, IV, and V of the silo's maximum absolute stresses were measured to be 1.28 N/mm 2 , 1.37 N/mm 2 , 1.48 N/mm 2 , and 1.67 N/mm 2 , respectively. Zones II, III, IV, and V of the silo were found to have maximum shear stresses of 0.649 N/mm 2 , 0.693 N/mm 2 , 0.753 N/mm 2 , and 0.841 N/mm 2 , respectively. The goal of this study was to figure out how silos behaved in the presence of earthquake and wind loads. For study, a silo model was chosen, and its static as well as dynamic design were both assessed. The results of manual static examination were compared to those of the programme's static analysis in order to validate the software data. The software's correctness for analysis and design was demonstrated by the fact that the findings were the same. Based on pertinent IS regulations including IS 1893, IS 456, and IS 875, the combination of earthquake and wind loads was calculated. According to the investigation, compared to static loads, earthquake and wind loads put more stress on the silo. The silo needs to be built to handle additional earthquake and wind forces in order to endure the added strains during earthquakes and strong winds. As shown in the accompanying photographs, the failure of numerous silos is linked to their lack of seismic design. An evaluation of the performance of a concrete cylindrical silo under earthquake and wind load circumstances was done in a study by Akshitha I. Mesharam and Sanyaj K. Bhadke in 2018. Static and dynamic design evaluations of a typical silo model were performed, and human analysis was used to verify the software-generated data used for static analysis. The consistency of the outcomes from the two approaches shows the software's accuracy in carrying out analysis and design activities. The combination of earthquake and wind loads to be employed in the study was determined by consulting the pertinent IS regulations, such as IS 1893, IS 456, and IS 875. According to the investigation, the silo was subjected to greater strains during conditions of earthquake and wind load than under static loads. In order to counterbalance these stresses, silos must be built to endure additional earthquake and wind forces. For a silo with a 3500 MT capacity, Ankith Saxena and Anjali Malik produced a design calculation report. The silo was built from reinforced concrete and has a level platform for extraction and discharge needs. Clinker was used to fill the silo, which had an internal diameter of 14 metres and an overall height of 35.40 metres. The silo model was created using the Staad software, taking into consideration all the necessary loads, including material loads, dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, symmetrically filling loads, symmetrically filling loads with patches, and symmetrically discharging loads. Based on the Staad results, base pressure calculations have been made. For every component at the top and bottom of the foundation, the reinforcement for moments (MX and MY) has been calculated, and detailing has been finished as a result.
1. M30 is the concrete grade for slabs and vertical walls. 2. HYSD bars with a minimum yield strength of 500N/mm 2 are utilised as reinforcement. 3. Annular Raft has been designed for Safe Bearing Capacity of 800KN/m 2

Method of Construction
Silo vertical walls will be built using slip forms, but the Annular raft and Deck slab will be built using traditional methods. =P*(D/2) (Maximum vertical pressure during filling on deck slab shall be taken as twice of the filling pressure, however the load need not be assumed to be greater than WZ)        For tangential steel Provided -D28 at 130 mm Spacing in 2 layers. Providing D-16 Shear leg (Z-bar) Stirrups @ 220 mm c/c.

Foundation
Annular raft footing analysis and design 16 External diameter =16.6m Internal diameter =9.2m