The history of entrepreneurship in Sovet Union

. In the article, the views of entrepreneurship in the past of our country, in the era of socialism, were studied. In the study, it was concluded that entrepreneurial activities took place within the "new economic policy" in the form of concession, rental, cooperative, Joint Stock Companies, joint ventures and commandite associations, mainly in the fields of mining and processing industry, agriculture, fisheries and trade. Also, the types of activities of state business structures abroad are shown.


Introduction
It is known that in accelerating the reforms carried out in our country, it is very important that entrepreneurship activity is comprehensively developed in the economy. President Of Our Country Sh.M.As Mirziyoyev said:"the rapid development of entrepreneurs' activities is the most important guarantee of the development of our society and the stable growth of our economy " [1]. "The creation of the necessary conditions for entrepreneurship in the development strategy of new Uzbekistan is defined as the primary task" [2]. Therefore, it would be worthwhile for an entrepreneur working in Central Asia to comprehensively know his past in economic development. This will help the Entrepreneur of this day to arm himself with the necessary theoretical and practical skills, which is not only his own, but also the ground for social progress. Was entrepreneurship in the era of socialism ? This question is of course interesting to many.
Our scientific research shows that when we look at the history of our country, entrepreneurship was practiced during the period of socialism and the state took over the main role of this activity. Since the state form of ownership reigned, the state system, that is, the state itself, was engaged in entrepreneurship. Consequently, few know that some manifestations of entrepreneurial activity are valid.
Proceeding from this, we set ourselves the goal of studying the historical processes of socio -economic life of that time, which are related to the subject in this article. In addition, these historical sources were poorly studied in later times, during the period of independence of Uzbekistan. These are indicative of the relevance of the subject today.
In our scientific research, as the chief reformer of our state, we have theoretically based the historical decisions of the head of State on defining the development strategy of our country, on the practical implementation of the principles of the market economy, on the direction of the multifaceted development of entrepreneurship. At the same time, there are a number of scientific sources on the history of our country, which include sources of literature on the validity of entrepreneurial relations, as well as on the formation and development of entrepreneurial structures, despite the resurgence of the socialist system in the former Soviet Union. These Are: T.Abdullaeva, E.A.Andryoxin, N.N.Voznesenskaya, M.V.Volkov, M.Botaboev and J.Coraevs, Scientific works of M.A. Rakhmatov`s. Despite the fact that the opinions and evidence presented correspond to the chosen topic, if we look at the analysis of the scientific literature studied, this is not recognized by the authors as "state entrepreneurship". And yet, our task to study the topic is to shed light on the fact that public entrepreneurship is practiced.

Methodology
In this article, we have examined the sources of entrepreneurship in a historical, economic, logical principles, deterministic conciseness and discursive analysis method. Also, research methods such as scientific abstraction, systematic analysis, statistical grouping and comparison were used in carrying out the research.
The results of this study include the period under study -in entrepreneurial evolution, the formation, development and almost until the end of the socialist system. Consequently, this stage is characterized by the fact that the state took over the main role of entrepreneurial activity in the economic life of the country. Kollektiv the role of entrepreneurship has not been adequately evaluated, and private entrepreneurship, as a result of the ban in general, has only found its place in the bosom of the "hidden economy". However, the state form of ownership reigned in the national economy of the country. Therefore, with entrepreneurship, the state itself, that is, the state system, was engaged.
If we observe the evolution of entrepreneurial activity in this period from the very first time, then in 1917, with the victory of the socialist revolution in our country, radical changes took place in economic relations. With the establishment of the Supreme Soviet of the people's Republic, Soviet power was established and nationalization of industrial sectors began. Accordingly, from February 28, 1918, the decision of the Turkish Sovnarkomi pakhtan(decree) on cotton cleaning and oil and oil industry confiscation(konfiskasia) was issued on March 5. According to this decision, entrepreneurship, which was practiced during the period of capitalism, gradually ended as the type and class of the old, petty enterprise.
Consequently, when viewed out on the history of our country, the social thought that entrepreneurship at the USSR was only stimulated and developed during the period of "new economic policy" (NEP) and "restructuring" was provoked. Vaholanki said that entrepreneurship was not only valid in the NEP era, but also later found its place in the economy of the Soviet Union.
"New economic policy" (NEP), arising from the situation, was used throughout the country for the purpose of restoring the economy of the Soviet state. With this, entrepreneurial activity is revived. Since that time, the period of restructuring of entrepreneurial activity has begun.
Bunda said that the not -so -distant period of the" new economic policy "(NEP) is characterized by some positive features that are harakter and the conditions, directions of Economic Conduct are changing and, in principle-by the possibility-by the wide opening of the way for the enterprising of the enterprising people. This was used in the era of" new economic policy " to restore the economy of a new country from entrepreneurial activity.
Consequently, in the concept of a new economy, the issue of the re-formation of entrepreneurial activity was considered exactly as a necessity, a need, and this event was a retreat before capitalism. At this stage, it is possible to notice the development of entrepreneurial activity, in all directions of derli. However, the state itself was engaged in all the tasks of entrepreneurship. Bunda gap is talking about concession in the first place. At the same time-rental, cooperative, Joint-Stock Companies, Joint-Stock Companies, commandite associations and others.
Judging by scientific sources, the penetration of foreign capital into the Soviet Union occurred in 1922-1927 years mainly in the form of a concession -in the form of a pure and joint concession. The net concession capital belonged only to foreign entrepreneurs. The joint concessions, however, were educated to Soviet and foreign participants, according to which concessions were managed, and the profit received was distributed depending on the share of capital included in the settlement.
Consequently, despite the influence of the Gregorian war in the country, on August 23, 1920, the Sovnarkom of the USSR adopted a decision "on the economic and Legal General Conditions of the concession". With this decision, a legal mechanism for managing foreign capital in the form of concession has been created. By the end of 1927, the number of concessions reached 69 units, of which 53 were pure and 16 were operating joint concessions.
At the foreign congresses, where it was practiced, it was first attended by Germany -16 units, USA -9 units. In the total proportion of concessions: England -7%, Japan -7%, Poland and Austria -5%, Norway -4%, Finland and Sweden -3%. The concessions were mainly in the processing industry -24 units, in the extractive industry -14 units, in agriculture and Fisheries -7 units, in trade -7 units [3]. At the same time, in October 1927 year between the Soviet Union and Persia, The Russian -Persian joint venture was established and operated on the fishing industry.
During this period, as well as in Uzbekistan, the activities of small commodity producers should be avoided. At that time, the Republic developed a wide range of crafts, 45% of which were engaged in more than hooligans, and more than 50 thousand worked about 110 thousand people in crafts.
Thanks to the "new economic policy", in small-scale industries, employment has increased, small-scale commodity production has developed. In Uzbekistan, this has gone at a rapid pace. For example, if in 1925-1929, the production of the state's gross industrial product in the Republic amounted to 105.8 million tons. from rubles 305,2 million. this indicator of growth in the production of the handicraft industry -without large capital funds, grew by 6,5 times compared to the state indicator, in the case of kosibery cooperative-by almost 12 times-to the ruble, that is, it grew by 3 times.
This trend is still preserved today in the family view of entrepreneurial activity in our country. Apparently, the application of various forms of ownership has opened a wide way to the development of entrepreneurship. That is, in the years of the new economic policy, the best environment has been created for the activation of entrepreneurship, that is, the founding activities of small enterprises have been legally authorized.
Consequently, despite such positive results in entrepreneurship, it has come to 30 years after the NEP period when radical changes have taken place in the life of the country. More precisely, with the transition to the method of administrative command of the management of the country's economy, the result of the sinfiy struggle was a solution in which the interests of socialism corresponded. For this reason, foreign capital in our country is taken from the economic gist to the unilateral compression. In this way, foreign entrepreneurs were forced to stop their activities in the territory of the Soviet Union. On this occasion, the concessions are over. Consequently, since the end of the 1920s, almost 60 years, until 1987 year, the introduction of foreign capital into the territory of the Soviet Union was not allowed.
At the same time, due to the introduction of the "mandatory cooperative"by the 30-ies, the country was gradually given an impetus to free, entrepreneurial movements. This forced collective bargaining activity lasted until the 90-ies of the last century, and this period coincided with the period of pure socialism of entrepreneurship.
The right to own property, as we have already mentioned, is not the main sign for the validity of entrepreneurial activity. Proceeding from this, I want to say that entrepreneurship also applies in a situation that does not depend on ownership. However, when it comes to private entrepreneurship, one must undoubtedly form the basis of it is private property. Also, the participation of hired labor is conditional. According to the experts present in the scientific literature, one can say: "according to the power of the peculiarity of social property, a socialist entrepreneur has a wider opportunity to perform the functions of entrepreneurship than in the period of capitalism" [5]. This point of view is based on the fact that in the conditions of capitalism, such an opportunity is limited to the minimum amount of capital and the size of the package of shares.
So, what is more sad is that the economic system of socialism did not give the expected result that members of the public society expected. Fortunately, it is possible to give legal permission for the functioning of the business activity, but even if it is a particle of its existing capabilities, the core environment of its use has been destroyed. It remains to say that in the socio-economic life, the term "entrepreneurial activity" was not used at all. This is due to the fact that the system of socialism was not in itself. And the proof of this is that in countries such as Vengria, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, which is in the system of socialism, private entrepreneurial activity is given the opportunity. In the Soviet Union, however, it was in the extreme centralization of the management of the economy or in the "pure nature"of nationalization. As a result, the "entrepreneur" who is a cunning person did not need personnel or, in other words, they were executive, but had enough of a management system. Consequently, the Administrative Command composed the decision. Nevertheless, in the public there have always been those who strive for innovation, manywho have a sense of entrepreneurship, are enterprising.
In the scientific literature, it is recognized that entrepreneurship was formal and informal in the era of socialism [6]. According to this, the first -conditionally educated in the activities of Soviet enterprises. The second is informal activities -that is, part of most of the similar activities of kosib, khunarmand and other citizens, those that operate despite the ban on the law. For example, in trade, many enterprising people took their way inside the country and were engaged in selling in different places, despite the ban on the law, from the outside of the tavars, which were deficits for morality, different from the public authorities. And yet, in this situation, they were called "speculators". Also in the sphere of finance, the illegal trade of citizens in securities, precious metals and stones, citizens who are educated in the law on speculative activities and who are engaged in such activities in practice, according to the law, are subject to administrative and criminal liability [7].
Also in the scientific literature, referring to the issue of entrepreneurship in the Soviet period, we can meet the ideas that were interpreted as the creation of scientific and technical centers in the direction of komsomol, the first moments of the emergence of entrepreneurial activity in the history of our country [8].
All of these considerations lead to the release of the following summary. In general, we believe that entrepreneurship has been practiced in the economic life of Uzbekistan and other countries of the Commonwealth of independent states in the course of socialist economic conduct. For example, open state entrepreneurship or private entrepreneurship in the structure of the "hidden economy". Evidence of this is the achievements of the era of socialism.
Consequently, as a result of this, new theologies of production have been created, new types of tavars, New Sales markets have come to vijud. Throughout the Soviet Union, state entrepreneurship in trade and other economic relations not only satisfies domestic needs, but also has developed significantly internationally. As evidence of this, we consider it sufficient to recall the following.
As mentioned, after the NEP, from 30 years to 1987 year, foreign capital was not included in the country. But the state maintains its own entrepreneurship abroad. Consequently, in connection with the transition of the assets of the former Germany to the USSR after the Second World War, in a number of European countries: Bulgaria, the GDR, Romania, Venice, Finland, according to the agreement of these countries and the Soviet Union, "joint ventures" were established on their territory, and this external activity lasted until 1955 year.
After all this, from 1960 year the "Soviet Foreign Trade Organization", which established joint trade enterprises abroad. By 1987, such joint ventures reached 99 units [3]. These joint ventures were mainly engaged in the sale of various types of machinery and equipment, machine tools, industrial machines, automobiles, optics and measuring presses, watches, precision and control apparatus, Radiopriomnics, oil and petroleum products, as well as Western arms and commodity, manufactured in the Soviet Union.
Thus, it can be said that the Soviet Union was formed in international economic cooperation, in the bosom of joint ventures, pursuing its state entrepreneurship and only abroad as an exporter of capital.
Consequently, the idea that entrepreneurial activity in our country is a necessity for our socio-economic development, has accumulated over the long years. With the growth of the method of production and, accordingly, the change in production relations, the economic relations, which in turn are necessary for the operation of entrepreneurial activity, have changed. Bunda is a chronic deficit dressing, particularly in which the country's morality is unsatisfied with extioji of wide consumer care. The trend of changes in this situation is characterized by the transition to several new forms of mismanagement in the economy of our country in the 80 -ies of the last century and, as a result, inefficient attempts at Vicodin. In truth, in the influence of the change of the path chosen by the government at that time, economic life has led to the fact that "stewards" -acting in already developed countries, proudly realize the need to move to a market economy.
In this situation, by the end of the 80-ies, entrepreneurial activity in our country was again, officially recognized. Consequently, at the beginning of this, the law "on individual cocktail activities", adopted in November 1986, clarified the rules for the operation of preliminary private enterprises. But this preliminary law does not yet fully correspond to the interests of entrepreneurial activity. According to this law, the private activity of citizens was determined and it was possible to attract hired labor. Also, this new activity could not be without an alternative to the public sector, since it was not considered the main activity for him. Consequently, for this activity, obtaining a license is a must. The same situation was also an important obstacle in the government decree "on the establishment of cooperatives for the provision of household services to the population", adopted in 1987. According to this, local cooperatives were established with the participation of state organizations and corvettes, with the permission of the special commission of local authorities. The law in the 1988 cooperative dam responded to the interests of non-profit entrepreneurship and was in the form of a rift between socialist and capitalist entrepreneurial activities. According to this, the land of entrepreneurial foil is limited. The drawback of this is that in the organization of cooperatives special permission was required, the maximum sales prices of the products produced were established, and a special tax, as well as several payments were established. Nevertheless, the validity of this law was a bold step in the evolution of entrepreneurship, a good one for later periods.
In the scientific literature, we find that in the 80-90 years of the twentieth century on the history of similar Russia, the formation of small entrepreneurship and its division into stages of development [9].
Also in other sources, it is noted that there are elements of entrepreneurship in the life of our country and this is evidence of the formation of an independent market of agricultural products in Uzbekistan in the early 90s [10]. Consequently, in our opinion, judging by the theoretical evaluation of this process, this is one of the combinations of entrepreneurship, which served as the basis for the formation of the private sector in our country, produced in the private sector, as a channel for the sale of products and consumer goods of rural agriculture. Consequently, a large part of the products is delivered to large cities of Uzbekistan and Russia. And there was the ground for this: the cheapness of the communes of those times and the absence of inter-Republican borders.
According to this description, The Decision -Making of the non -governmental rural tourism market in Uzbekistan is an indication of three stages:-the first stage (70-80 years)the cessation of the economic turmoil of Soviet economy from the liberalization and direct compression of the non-governmental sector; -the second stage(mid -80s)-the suppression of the market of non -governmental goods and services it is the restructuring of the nonprofit market as a result of the policy of encouraging cooperatives and private entrepreneurship. In the 80tie, in the private sector of Uzbekistan, in the total national economy, 11 percent of workers worked, which was almost four times more than the All -Union level, and in the public sector-this was 55 percent.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the private sector lost the Russian market. As a result, the single financial infrastructure of the regions disappeared, with the borders between the new states emerging. Against this background, national currencies have been introduced and those that have their own local markets in the initial stagnation in the republics.
Recall that for the first time in the history of our country, as the term "entrepreneurship" was used, on April 4, 1991 a decision was made "on the general rules of entry of citizens of the USSR into entrepreneurship", and according to this law the above laws were abolished. This law did not work out to the extent of reverie. Because of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it became inevitable that all its republics, as well as Uzbekistan, gained independence, chose their own path and switched to a market economy.
It turns out that by the end of the 80-ies of the XX century, entrepreneurial activity in our country was again, officially recognized, for this reason, a new stage of entrepreneurial evolution began.
This stage is the period of socio -economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the years of independence. This new stage is a new stage of entrepreneurial activity in the Independent Republic of Uzbekistan , taking an example from the andose of the advanced countries of the world, which is distinguished by the process of enthusiasm, civilization. In other words, on the basis of deep historical economic sources of market relations and entrepreneurial activity, it represents a re-formed and developing stage. Also, the main trend at this stage is expressed by the progress towards the level of entrepreneurial structures, developed countries around the world. Consequently, the development and further improvement of the entrepreneurial environment in the new Uzbekistan is evidence of this.

Conclusion
1. Thus, In conclusion, entrepreneurship is the main socio -economic force, the base in the restoration of the country's economy, which has been reshaped in the life of the economy of socialism, in the NEP period. Thanks to this, the economy of the young Soviet Union was restored and fell in the direction of the khokimiyat. According to the mukhit created in IT, entrepreneurship was practiced in various forms and forms.
2. Despite the fact that the term "entrepreneurship" was not used in the period of socialism, entrepreneurship was practiced in the life of the country's economy in formal and informal ways. Applied in the official form, in particular in the form of State entrepreneurship. Unofficially, it has as much position as possible in various small-scale productions, service industries, commercial and financial markets.
3. It is noteworthy that "entrepreneurship" in the era of socialism is a foreign economic activity of the Soviet Union, in which the state as a state producing the same capital, emerged on the international arena and significantly functioned. Bunda has practiced in the concession of entrepreneurship mainly forms of joint ventures, joint-stock companies. As for the types of activities, in particular, foreign trade took the main place, and insurance entrepreneurship was practiced.
4. Of course, there are lessons from this period of entrepreneurship, a new Uzbekistan has the ability to develop a market economy. Therefore, we believe that the obstacles to the development of the market economy, the experience gained and other impact omillarni learning will be of great importance in the implementation of reforms in today's country, especially in the foreign activities of State entrepreneurship.