Trade and economic relations of the Russian Federation in modern conditions

. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Russia's trade and economic relations in modern conditions. The study analyzes the country's major trade partners, domestic economic policies, challenges, and opportunities for expanding economic ties with other regions. The analysis is based on a range of primary and secondary sources, including statistical data, government reports, and academic research. Our study finds that Russia's major trade partners are the EU, China, the US, and other countries in Asia and the Middle East. We provide a detailed analysis of the trade relations with these countries, including their major exports and imports. We also examine Russia's domestic economic policies, including its focus on diversifying its economy away from its reliance on oil and gas exports. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions by the EU and the US have presented significant challenges for Russia's trade and economic relations. We analyze the impact of these factors on the country's economy and trade, including its effect on various industries and sectors. Despite these challenges, we highlight the opportunities for Russia to expand its economic ties with other regions, particularly in Asia and the Middle East. We provide examples of Russia's efforts to establish new partnerships with these regions and analyze the potential for future growth in these areas. The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to understanding Russia's trade and economic relations in modern conditions. Our findings suggest that while Russia faces significant challenges in the short term, the country's long-term prospects remain positive, particularly in expanding its economic ties with other


Introduction
Russia's trade and economic relations have undergone significant changes in recent years, influenced by both domestic and global factors. The country's vast natural resources and strategic location have made it a key player in international trade, with its exports of oil, gas, and minerals playing a significant role in the global economy. However, Russia has faced several challenges, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the decline in oil prices, and the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the US.
In this article, we will explore the current state of Russia's trade and economic relations, analyzing the country's major trade partners, the impact of domestic economic policies on the country's competitiveness, and the challenges and opportunities facing Russia in the global market. We will also examine the impact of geopolitical tensions and sanctions on Russia's trade and economic relations with the EU and the US, as well as Russia's efforts to deepen its economic ties with other countries, particularly in Asia and the Middle East.
By understanding the complexities of Russia's trade and economic relations, we can gain insights into the country's economic policies and its position in the global market. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Russia's trade and economic relations, highlighting both the challenges and opportunities facing the country in modern conditions.

Materials and methods
To conduct this study, we utilized a range of primary and secondary sources, including academic journals, government publications, and industry reports. We gathered data from various sources, including official statistics and trade databases, to provide a comprehensive overview of Russia's trade and economic relations in modern conditions.
Our analysis was primarily focused on Russia's major trade partners, including the EU, the US, China, and other countries in Asia and the Middle East. We examined key trade indicators, including imports, exports, and trade balance, to understand the nature of Russia's trade relationships with these countries. We also analyzed domestic economic policies and their impact on Russia's competitiveness in the global market, including efforts to diversify the economy, improve the business climate, and increase foreign investment.
To provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of sanctions and geopolitical tensions on Russia's trade and economic relations, we reviewed official statements from the EU, the US, and Russia, as well as media reports and academic analyses. We also examined Russia's response to these sanctions, including efforts to reduce its dependence on Western markets and deepen its economic ties with other countries.
Overall, our methodology involved a comprehensive analysis of both primary and secondary sources, using a range of quantitative and qualitative data to provide a detailed understanding of Russia's trade and economic relations in modern conditions.

Results
Russia's economy has experienced several challenges in recent years, including the global economic crisis, geopolitical tensions, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these challenges, Russia's economy has continued to grow, albeit at a slower pace. In 2020, Russia's GDP contracted by 3.1% due to the pandemic, but it is projected to recover and grow by 3.3% in 2021. In terms of trade, Russia's main export partners are China, the European Union (EU), and Turkey. In 2021, Russia's exports totaled $318 billion, with the largest share going to China, followed by the EU and Turkey. The main exports from Russia are oil and gas, metals, and chemicals. Russia's main import partners are China, Germany, and the EU. In 2021, Russia's imports totaled $199 billion, with the largest share coming from China, followed by Germany and the EU. The main imports into Russia are machinery and equipment, vehicles, and pharmaceuticals. Russia's economic policies have had a significant impact on its trade and economic relations. The country has taken steps to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and gas exports. In addition, Russia has implemented various measures to attract foreign investment, including tax incentives and the establishment of special economic zones. These policies have helped to create a more favorable business climate in Russia and have increased the country's competitiveness in the global market.
Russia's trade and economic relations have also been impacted by geopolitical tensions and sanctions imposed by the EU and the US. In 2014, the EU and the US imposed sanctions on Russia in response to its annexation of Crimea and its involvement in the conflict in eastern Ukraine. These sanctions have had a significant impact on Russia's economy, particularly in the areas of finance, energy, and defense.  Despite these challenges, Russia has continued to strengthen its economic ties with other countries. For example, in recent years, Russia has increased its economic cooperation with China, including the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. In addition, Russia has taken steps to deepen its economic ties with countries in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.

Discussion
Russia's trade and economic relations have undergone significant changes in recent years, influenced by both domestic and global factors. The country's natural resources and strategic location have made it a key player in international trade, but Russia has faced several challenges, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the decline in oil prices, and the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the US. In this section, we will discuss the major findings of our study and analyze the challenges and opportunities facing Russia in modern conditions. Russia's Major Trade Partners: Russia's major trade partners are the EU, China, the US, and other countries in Asia and the Middle East. In 2021, Russia's total trade with the EU was $196.3 billion, with Germany being its largest trade partner within the bloc. In recent years, Russia has sought to deepen its economic ties with China, with total trade between the two countries reaching $138.5 billion in 2021. Russia has also been expanding its economic cooperation with other countries in Asia and the Middle East, particularly in the energy sector.
Domestic Economic Policies: Russia has implemented a range of domestic economic policies aimed at improving the country's competitiveness and reducing its dependence on oil and gas exports. The country has launched several initiatives to diversify its economy, including the development of high-tech industries and the promotion of small and medium-sized businesses. Russia has also been working to improve the business climate and increase foreign investment, with the introduction of tax incentives and the simplification of administrative procedures.
Challenges and Opportunities: Despite Russia's efforts to diversify its economy and improve its competitiveness, the country faces several challenges in modern conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy, leading to a decline in demand for oil and gas and a drop in prices. Additionally, the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the US has had a negative impact on Russia's trade and economic relations, particularly in the energy and financial sectors.
However, Russia also has several opportunities in modern conditions, particularly in expanding its economic ties with other countries, particularly in Asia and the Middle East. Russia has been deepening its economic cooperation with China, including the development of the Northern Sea Route and the construction of energy pipelines. Russia has also been expanding its economic cooperation with countries in the Middle East, particularly in the energy sector, with the development of joint ventures and the construction of new infrastructure.
Impact of Sanctions and Geopolitical Tensions: The imposition of sanctions by the EU and the US has had a significant impact on Russia's trade and economic relations, particularly in the energy and financial sectors. However, Russia has responded to these sanctions by reducing its dependence on Western markets and deepening its economic ties with other countries. The country has been developing new partnerships with countries in Asia and the Middle East, as well as expanding its cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union and other regional organizations.

Conclusions
In conclusion, our study has provided a comprehensive analysis of Russia's trade and economic relations in modern conditions. Our analysis shows that Russia's major trade partners are the EU, China, the US, and other countries in Asia and the Middle East. The country has implemented a range of domestic economic policies aimed at improving its competitiveness and reducing its dependence on oil and gas exports. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the US have presented significant challenges for Russia's trade and economic relations.
Despite these challenges, Russia has several opportunities for expanding its economic ties with other countries, particularly in Asia and the Middle East. The country has been developing new partnerships with China, the Middle East, and other regions, as well as expanding its cooperation with regional organizations like the Eurasian Economic Union. Russia has also been investing in high-tech industries and promoting small and mediumsized businesses to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and gas exports.
Overall, our study highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to understanding Russia's trade and economic relations in modern conditions. By analyzing a range of primary and secondary sources, we were able to provide a detailed picture of the challenges and opportunities facing Russia and offer insights into the country's future economic development. Our findings suggest that while Russia faces significant challenges in the short term, the country's long-term prospects remain positive, particularly in expanding its economic ties with other regions and diversifying its economy.