Economic mechanisms of nature protection: efficiency and prospects of application in the conditions of the modern dynamically changing world

. This article examines the economic mechanisms of nature protection and their effectiveness in the modern dynamically developing world. The authors discuss various economic instruments that are used to reduce the harmful effects of humans on the natural environment and evaluate their effectiveness in achieving their goals. It provides an overview of the main problems related to nature protection and environmental sustainability in the modern world, discusses various economic mechanisms of nature protection, such as taxes, fees, emissions trading and environmental certificates. Examples of successful implementation of these mechanisms in various countries of the world are described and their effectiveness is analysed. In conclusion, the authors summarize and conclude that economic mechanisms of nature protection can be an effective way to combat environmental problems in the modern world. However, in order to achieve maximum effect, it is necessary to work together with the government, business and the population, as well as to improve the legal and institutional framework for the implementation of these mechanisms. It is important to make sure that these measures will not lead to negative social consequences for the population and business, and also do not have a negative impact on the economy as a whole. The article emphasizes the importance of using economic mechanisms of nature protection in the modern world and calls for a wider application of these mechanisms in various countries and regions of the world to achieve environmental sustainability and preserve natural resources for future generations.


Introduction
Nature conservation and the fight against climate change are among the most important global problems of our time. The conservation of natural resources and the reduction of the harmful impact of humanity on the environment are key tasks to ensure environmental sustainability and the well-being of future generations. In this context, the economic mechanisms of nature protection are becoming increasingly important and widely used.
These mechanisms include various tools, such as taxes, fees, emissions trading and environmental certificates, which help to encourage environmentally responsible behaviour of businesses and the public [1].
However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms and their prospects for application in the conditions of the modern dynamically developing world remain the subject of discussion. This article examines the economic mechanisms of nature protection and analyses their effectiveness in achieving the set goals. The prospects for the development of these mechanisms and their role in ensuring environmental sustainability in the future are also discussed.
In addition, an important aspect is the adaptation of economic mechanisms of nature protection to specific conditions in each country or region of the world. For example, in developing countries, where a high level of poverty may become an obstacle to the introduction of such mechanisms, it may be necessary to adapt tax rates and other instruments to make them more accessible to the poor.
However, the question of the effectiveness of economic mechanisms of nature protection remains in question. Some experts believe that these mechanisms cannot completely solve the problem of environmental sustainability and that they can lead to undesirable social and economic consequences. For example, high environmental taxes can lead to higher production costs and lower competitiveness of individual companies or even entire industries. This can lead to layoffs and other social problems, which may be undesirable for governments and the population [2].
In general, economic mechanisms of nature protection are an important tool in combating climate change and protecting the environment, but their effectiveness and prospects for application require further research and development [3]. Only with the help of an integrated approach and adaptation to specific conditions in each country and region of the world, it is possible to achieve long-term environmental sustainability and conservation of natural resources for future generations.

Materials and methods
During the preparation of the study, a significant array of sources within the framework of the research topic was studied, analytical and comparative research methods were applied.

Results
The modern world is facing many problems related to nature protection and environmental sustainability, which can have serious consequences for life on Earth. Some of the main problems in this area are presented in table 1. Let's look at these problems in more detail. 1. Climate change. Global warming and climate change are one of the most serious problems related to nature protection. It is caused by emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere. Climate change can lead to rising sea levels, frequent natural disasters, loss of biodiversity and changes in the distribution of vegetation and animals. 2. Destruction of natural ecosystems. Human activities, including logging, ore and oil exploration, industrial agriculture and urban development, lead to the destruction of natural ecosystems, which can lead to loss of biodiversity and irreversible changes in ecological systems. 3. Environmental pollution. Emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into water and land resources of waste and toxic substances cause air, water and soil pollution, which in turn leads to diseases of humans and animals, a decrease in the quality of life and loss of biodiversity. 4. Depletion of natural resources. Intensive economic activity and rapid population of the Earth lead to the depletion of natural resources such as forests, fresh water and mineral resources. 5. Social problems. Nature conservation and environmental sustainability often do not receive sufficient attention from governments, the public and businesses, which can lead to social problems such as poverty, inequality and conflict.
These problems are interconnected, and their solution requires an integrated approach and interaction of international organizations, governments, business and the public [4].
To solve these problems, it is important to develop effective mechanisms for nature protection and environmental sustainability. One possible approach is to use economic mechanisms, such as taxes, fees, trade quotas and subsidies, to encourage enterprises and the population to environmentally responsible behavior [5].
There are several different economic mechanisms that can be used for nature conservation and environmental sustainability. Let's look at some of them: 1.Taxes on emissions of pollutants This mechanism involves the collection of taxes from companies that emit harmful substances into the environment. The purpose of such taxation is to encourage companies to reduce their emissions of harmful substances, as well as to reduce their consumption of natural resources. 2. Fees for the use of natural resources Fees for the use of natural resources can be used as a mechanism for protecting nature. Companies that use natural resources, such as forests, water or land, can pay for this use, which can encourage them to use resources more efficiently and reduce their consumption. 3. Trade quotas for emissions of harmful substances Trade quotas are an instrument of market regulation, in which the government sets a limit on the total amount of emissions of harmful substances in a certain region. The government then issues emission quotas that companies can use for their needs. If a company throws out less than it is allowed under the quota, it can sell the rest of its quota to another company. Thus, companies that emit less than they are allowed to profit from the sale of the remaining part of their quota, and companies that emit more than they are allowed to, are forced to buy additional quotas for their needs.

Subsidies for environmentally friendly technologies
Subsidies for environmentally friendly technologies can be used to encourage companies to develop and use environmentally friendly technologies and processes. 5. Environmental certificates. Environmental certificates are documents issued to companies that have passed certain environmental norms and standards. This may include the use of environmentally friendly processes, the reduction of pollutant emissions and the use of renewable energy sources. These certificates can be used to promote the brand and increase consumer confidence. 6. Green bonds. Green bonds are a financing tool used to support environmentally friendly projects. Investors can buy green bonds, which will then be used to finance projects related to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency or reducing emissions of harmful substances. This mechanism can attract additional investments in environmentally friendly projects and reduce dependence on traditional sources of financing. 7. Resource efficiency standards. Resource efficiency standards set minimum requirements for the use of resources in the production of goods and services. These standards may include requirements for energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, the use of environmentally friendly processes, etc. This mechanism can lead to an improvement in the efficiency of resource use and a reduction in their consumption [6]. Each of these mechanisms has its advantages and disadvantages ( Table 2). There may be less pronounced manifestations than other types of invasions. They may be ineffective if the import volume is insufficient.
Thus, it is necessary to consider in detail the potential development of the above mechanisms.

Discussion
Various economic mechanisms of nature protection have great potential for application in the conditions of the modern dynamically developing world. In the light of the deteriorating environmental situation and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, economic mechanisms for nature protection are becoming increasingly relevant. Some of the promising areas and mechanisms include [7]: 1. Introduction of a greenhouse gas emissions trading system to reduce total emissions and promote environmentally friendly technologies and processes. 2. Expanding the use of green bonds to finance projects related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental problems. 3. Development of payment schemes for ecosystem services, such as the conservation of forests and other biodiversity ecosystems, which can reduce the effect of deforestation and loss of biodiversity. 4. Using taxes and subsidies to encourage investment in environmentally friendly technologies and processes, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 5. Introduction of environmentally-oriented indicators into the reporting system of companies and financial institutions to increase transparency and responsibility in relation to environmental issues. 6. Improving existing economic mechanisms, such as subsidies for environmentally friendly technologies, to make them more efficient and accessible to companies.
In general, the prospects for the use of various economic mechanisms of nature protection are associated with the possibility of reducing the negative impact on the environment, increasing the sustainability of the economy and reducing risks for investors. However, for the effective application of these mechanisms, it is necessary to take into account many factors, including the legal framework, economic conditions and public policy [8].
The introduction of a system of trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most effective economic mechanisms for nature protection. It is based on the establishment of a limit on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that each enterprise can carry out. Businesses that emit less greenhouse gases than they are allowed to can sell their emission rights to other businesses that cannot reduce their emissions. This creates an incentive for enterprises to reduce their emissions and look for new environmentally friendly technologies [9].
The introduction of such a system can help achieve a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn will help slow down global warming. In addition, the system of trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions can stimulate the development of environmentally friendly technologies and processes, which in turn will contribute to economic growth and the creation of new jobs.
However, there are also some problems with this system. For example, some enterprises may move their production processes to other countries where there are no such strict restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions. This can lead to the so-called "carbon leakage", when the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions does not decrease, but only the transfer of production occurs. Also, the system of trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions may lead to an increase in the cost of production for enterprises, which may reduce their competitiveness in the world market [10].
Expanding the use of green bonds can become an effective tool for financing projects related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental problems. Green bonds are bonds that are issued to finance projects related to environmental protection and combating climate change. They can be used to finance projects on renewable energy, energy efficiency, water and air purification, waste disposal and other environmental projects.
The advantages of green bonds are that they can attract additional investments in environmental projects and help reduce the costs of financing such projects. They can also stimulate the development of new environmental technologies and innovations. In addition, issuers of green bonds can receive benefits in the form of reduced borrowing costs and improved reputation through their environmental and social initiatives.
However, like other economic mechanisms, there are some disadvantages of green bonds. One of the main drawbacks is that the standards defining which projects are considered "green" are not always clear and objective. This can lead to investors investing money in projects that have no real impact on environmental protection or the fight against climate change. In addition, green bonds are not always available to investors in developing countries, where there are not enough local environmental markets.
Nevertheless, the expansion of the use of green bonds in the future may be an effective mechanism for financing environmental projects and combating climate change. Payment schemes for ecosystem services are an effective economic mechanism for nature protection, which can stimulate the conservation of forests and other biodiversity ecosystems. This system is based on the fact that users of land plots or resources that damage the environment must pay compensation to those who preserve or restore ecosystem services.
For example, if farmers do not use their land for farming for a long period of time, they may receive compensation for the fact that their land acts as an important source of water for a river basin or as a carbon storage. Similarly, forest owners can receive compensation for the conservation of forests, which are important sources of oxygen, as well as for the conservation of biodiversity [11].
Such schemes can also stimulate the restoration and protection of other ecosystem services, such as an increase in the number of wild animals, protection of soil and water resources, etc. They also help to preserve nature for future generations, since land owners receive additional money for the preservation and improvement of ecosystem services, and not for their destruction [12].
Thus, payment schemes for ecosystem services can have great potential for solving environmental problems and preserving biodiversity, while they can be beneficial for both society and individuals.
This mechanism is based on the use of economic leverage in the form of taxes and subsidies to stimulate investment in environmentally friendly technologies and processes. For example, the government may introduce a tax on greenhouse gas emissions, which will make technologies and processes that lead to large emissions more expensive, as well as subsidize the development and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies.
The advantages of using this mechanism include: -stimulating investments in environmentally friendly technologies and processes; -reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants; -improving the competitiveness of environmentally friendly enterprises and companies.
Disadvantages include: -Some companies may try to avoid taxes by reducing the volume of their activities; -the introduction of taxes and subsidies may lead to changes in prices for goods and services; -the introduction of taxes may entail an ambiguous reaction from the public and business [13].
This mechanism is based on the use of tax incentives and subsidies in order to encourage companies and private investors to invest in environmentally friendly technologies and processes, as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the government can provide tax incentives for companies that invest in environmentally friendly technologies, as well as subsidies for the development and introduction of new technologies in this area.
One example of such tax benefits is the Investment Tax Credit (ITC) in the United States, which provides tax incentives to companies investing in solar, wind and other renewable energy sources. Governments may also impose taxes on greenhouse gas emissions or on the use of certain types of fuels to encourage the transition to cleaner energy sources [14].
However, this mechanism also has its drawbacks. For example, if governments provide too much subsidies, this can lead to market distortion and create competition that may not be fair to other companies. In addition, if governments impose too high taxes on emissions, this can lead to higher prices for energy and other goods, which can negatively affect the economy as a whole [15].
Nevertheless, if this mechanism is properly configured, it can encourage companies to invest in environmentally friendly technologies and processes, which will lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental problems, as well as contribute to the development of an environmentally sustainable economy as a whole.
The inclusion of environmentally-oriented indicators in the reporting system of companies and financial institutions is one of the key trends in the field of sustainable development. This makes it possible to increase transparency and responsibility in relation to environmental issues and assess the contribution of companies to nature protection.
Such indicators may include information on greenhouse gas emissions, resource use, waste production and the use of environmentally friendly technologies. In addition, they may include information about how companies manage their environmental risks and opportunities to improve their environmental performance.
The advantages of including environmentally-oriented indicators in the reporting system of companies and financial institutions include: -improving transparency and responsibility of companies in relation to environmental issues; -improving opportunities for investors and consumers to assess the environmental performance of companies; -encouraging companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve environmental performance; -raising awareness of nature conservation issues and the need for sustainable development.
Disadvantages of including environmentally oriented indicators in the reporting system of companies and financial institutions may include: -the need for additional costs for monitoring and reporting of companies; -limited standardization and consistency in the definition and measurement of environmental indicators; -lack of pressure on companies that do not include environmental indicators in their reporting; -the possibility of data manipulation and lack of transparency regarding measurement and reporting methods [16].
Nevertheless, in general, the inclusion of environmentally oriented indicators in the reporting system of companies and financial institutions is a promising trend and can contribute to the improvement of existing economic mechanisms and can also contribute to more effective nature protection and environmental sustainability. For example, subsidies for environmentally friendly technologies may be more targeted and provide greater access to such technologies for small and medium-sized enterprises. It is also possible to change the conditions for receiving subsidies so that they are associated with specific environmental indicators, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions or reducing waste [17].
In addition, it is possible to work on making environmental criteria mandatory for obtaining loans and financing. This will encourage companies to introduce more environmentally friendly technologies and processes, since they will not be able to receive financing without taking into account environmental criteria. It is also possible to use tax incentives and other incentives for companies that are actively working to reduce their negative environmental impacts [18].
It is also possible to work on the development of new economic mechanisms that will be more adapted to specific regions and conditions. For example, in some regions, it may be effective to use a system of exchange of environmental credits that will provide compensation for reducing greenhouse gas emissions or preserving biodiversity [19].
In general, the improvement of existing economic mechanisms and the development of new ones can contribute to more effective nature protection and environmental sustainability in the modern world. Digitalization can play an important role in the use of economic mechanisms of nature protection. For example, the use of digital technologies can help in the creation of systems for monitoring and controlling emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water resources, as well as accounting and waste management. Also, digital technologies can be used to create greenhouse gas emissions trading systems, where automated algorithms and blockchain technologies can ensure transparency and efficiency of the trading process.
Another example is the use of digital technologies in payments for ecosystem services. For example, digital systems can track changes in the state of forests and other biodiversity ecosystems and make payments for their conservation in real time.
In general, digitalization can help to increase the efficiency of economic mechanisms of nature protection and make them more accessible and transparent to companies, governments and the public.

Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be noted that economic mechanisms of nature protection have great potential for solving environmental problems in the modern world. Their application can contribute not only to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preserving biodiversity, but also to stimulating environmentally friendly technologies and processes. However, it is important to take into account both the advantages and disadvantages of each economic mechanism, as well as to develop and improve existing mechanisms to achieve maximum efficiency.
In addition, digitalization and the use of new technologies, such as blockchain, can improve the monitoring and control of environmental processes, as well as increase transparency in the use of economic mechanisms for nature protection.
In general, the use of economic mechanisms of nature protection is an important step in solving environmental problems and creating a sustainable future for our planet.