The effect of reagents on the production of highly nanocomposite bentonite sorbents using zol-gel technology

. In this study, the analysis of the study of the effect of reagents upon receipt of cargo was highlighted—nanocomposite bentonite sorbents using Sol-gel technology and the results obtained were highlighted. The comparative surface surface was calculated at 77 K using a nitrogen adsorption isotherm. The size and pore size of the catalysts were determined from data on desorption and adsorption isotherms, respectively, at a relative pressure R/ro=0.99 in accordance with the BJH (Barette-Joyner-Halend) model. Bentonite in Navoi region of Navahor district is a light gray powder, odorless, practically insoluble in water and organic solvents, the pH value of the suspension is 7.1-8.7. The weak alkalinity of the suspension is explained by the presence of hydroxide soil and hydroxide metals in the clay. According to its adsorption properties, it is a combined meso-macromicrobial adsorbent, its specific surface area is 54.5 m2/g, the porosity volume is 0.065 cm3/g, the average porosity is 4.8 nm, the adsorption activity for blue methylene is 62.0 bentonite/g.


Introduction
In recent years, the synthesis of new types of organo-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials has increased dramatically. The creation of clusters, quantum dots, and hybrid nanocomposites with supramolecular structural properties and unique physicochemical properties is incomparable using molecular modeling, design, and modification [1].
Typically, in solids with high dispersion, primary particles interact with secondary particles under the action of surface forces. These ensembles are called aggregates if the effect between the particles bound by the mischief is weak. As a result of the weak interaction between the aggregated particles, pores appear between them. This kind is called the inner porous of the porous. Internal cavities are formed either in solution, as a result of reactions occurring on the surface, or as a result of high pressures and temperatures. The pores of the external type are formed as a result of the absorption of foreign substances into the primary shell of the body and their subsequent removal in various ways.
Zol-gel technology is a chemical method for the synthesis of nanomaterials, widely used in materials science and ceramics. Another term "chemical solution precipitate" is also used for this synthesis method. This method of obtaining nanomaterials is carried out on a conventional reactor. The method is significant from the point of view of simplicity, costeffectiveness, environmental safety of equipment, economic efficiency of the resulting product [2]. It is also distinguished by the fact that the initial precursors carry out the goulite polycondensation reaction under mild conditions and the possibility of introducing monomer oxides of functional groups, polymers, metals of variable valence into the reaction system, using a single solvent for all reagents and the ability to control both the structure and the size of the final product [3]. In the Zol-gel process, organic/inorganic components can be mixed in the right proportions and in nanostructures. The first substances used in Zol-gel technology are polymerizable or poly-soluble groups under certain conditions, as well as compounds that can form with micelles [4]. As a result of the hyolysis of these compounds, zol is formed. Zol-the size of the initial precursors formed as a result of hydrolysis under acidic or alkaline conditions in an aqueous solution is a stable suspension of particles ranging in size from 1 nm to 100 nm (10-9-10-7m) [5] the particles may consist of amorphous or crystalline porous polymer structures. Agglomeration of subcolloid membranes is also observed in the halls in the case of aerosols in a highly dispersed liquid (lyosol) or gas medium. In the sol-gel process, as a result of the polycondensation reaction, the initial particle passes into an oligomer or polymer, the viscosity increases and turns into a gel [6].
The gel is a three-dimensional dispersing phase formed as a result of the interaction of primary colloidal particles. Depending on the nature of the solvent (water or alcohol) used in the transition of Zol to gel, various lyogels can be obtained [7].
Zol-gel technology is a technique consisting of several stages depending on the type of initial reagents and the conditions [8]. These stages are determined by physico-chemical processes and structural changes in the starting substances.
The main stages of this technology are as follows [9][10][11][12]: 1. must be formed; 2. gelation process; 3. maturity (or aging-syneresis) of the gel; 2. Drying-loss of liquids from the phase structure of the gel; 5. Heat treatment. In general, according to the zol-gel technology and the types of products that can be obtained from it, the same can be expressed ( Figure 1).  In Zol-Gel technology, the gelation process from silicon alkoxides is an important stage. The structure, mechanical and thermal strength of removable sorbents, catalysts, and monolithic materials are determined precisely by the kinetics of gelation. The process of gelation from silicon alkoxides depends on the medium of the colloidal solution, temperature, and quantitative ratios of the starting substances [13].
The synthesis of mesogovac nanomaterials using zol-gel technology has the following advantages: The formation of a gel from a primary material and the kinetics of its aging process (syneresis) are determined by the Young module [14][15][16]. The activation energy of gelation is calculated by the Arrhenius equation Ea: This method allows you to calculate the activation energy by changing the required system parameters per unit of time.
Factors influencing the formation of a comparable surface and size of a porous mesogovac during the synthesis of sorbents, their textural properties, in particular, the comparative surface of sorbents, the formation of volume and size of porous substances, directly affect the solution medium, temperature, type of surfactants, hololysis catalyst, and the quantitative ratio of reagents. The study of the influence of these factors in the synthesis process allows you to control the formation of porous sizes of removable sorbent and carry out targeted synthesis. Therefore, the "Zol-gel" technology loads -formalized paraphraseIt is urgently necessary to conduct theoretical and practical studies on the effects of reagents on the production of nanocomposite bentonite sorbents.

Methods
The chemical composition of bentonite from the Navbahor deposit was determined by methods in accordance with the standards of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Also, during the study, the texture and physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst were determined by IR spectroscopy and thermography.
The elemental composition of the obtained materials was determined by microanalysis of the X-ray spectrum (R SMA) with the addition of JEOL-JED-6390 EDS in a scanning electron microscope (JEOL-2200).
The acidic properties of ammonia in the universal sorption gas analyzer USGA-101 were studied by thermodestered desorption.
A Crystal 5000 chromatograph equipped with capillary colon and flame ionization detectors was used to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the reaction products. The amount of hydrogen and carbon oxides was carried out in the gas chromatography "Crystal-5000", which was equipped with a detector and a column for retaining the PropakQ phase by thermal conductivity.
The determination of the porous structure and comparable surface area of the catalysts was carried out in an automatic gas adsorption analyzer, TriStar II, by the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Wyres (bet). The comparative surface was calculated at 77 K using a nitrogen adsorption isotherm. The size and pore size of the catalysts were determined from the data on the desorption and adsorption isotherms, respectively, at a relative pressure of R/ro = 0.99 in accordance with the BJH (Barett-Joyner-Halend) model. The linear form of the bet equation was used to determine the comparative surface area of sorbent samples based on the adsorption isomer.
In laboratory conditions, cellulose synthesis was carried out in vials with a volume of 100 cm 3 .
The chemical composition of zeolites is as follows: the mass fraction of sodium oxide was determined by flame emission photometry paj-2 by flame photometry SiO2/Al2O3 merchandise proportions found in the formula: An important characteristic of zeolites was their statistical capacity, which was determined by the amount of complete saturation of zeolites with water vapor and heptane. Before the analysis, the cellulite sample was heated at a temperature of 500-5500 ° C for 3 hours.
The synthesis of high-silicon zeolite (SCS) is based on the method of alkaline aluminumsilica gel "Zol-gel". The synthesis of Zol-gel aluminosilicates was carried out with the participation of various organic compounds (templates). Zeolite with a high silicon content was synthesized in a stainless steel autoclave at a temperature of 175-200 0 °C for 6 days in accordance with the following procedure.
The initial reaction mixture was prepared by rapid mixing with the addition of hexamethylenediamine and an alcohol fraction in the form of an Al (NO3)39H2O matrix to liquid glass (29% SiO2, 9% Na2O, 62% H2O). The pH value of the reaction mixture was controlled by adding a 0.1 N HNO3 solution to it. Kaolin was added to the resulting mixture, which came from the Nurabad district. After the crystallization process was completed, the solid phase was separated from the solution using a Buxner funnel and dried at 120 0 C for 8 hours to remove the template and burned at 500-5500C for 8 hours.
To decationize the resulting high-silicon zeolite, 10 g of zeolite was treated with the addition of 100 g of 25% ammonium chloride. The solution was kept in a water bath at 90-1000 °C with constant stirring for 2 hours, then the precipitate was filtered, washed off with distilled water, dried and burned for 8 hours at 550-6000 °C. Then the decationized zeolite powder is pressed into a mesh and cut into granules.
An X-ray structural analysis of zeolites was carried out on an X-ray device called "drone-5" (Cu-anode, Ni-filter). Identification and processing of diffractograms of cargoes were carried out to determine the intensity of the studied sampling sections (lines) and the distances between planar lines.

Results and discussion
The Zol-gel technology consists of the effect of quantitative ratios of reagents upon receipt of cargo: nanocomposites of bentonite sorbents, most of which are solvents. If we discuss the scientific work on the theoretical and practical confirmation of the property, we can see that the quantitative proportions of the reagents and the type of solvent significantly affect the formation of the porosity size during the synthesis of the sorbent in the mesogovage. Kao and his colleagues [17] studied in detail the effect of quantitative ratios of H2O/Si (OC2H5)4 reagents on the pore size of the extracted sorbents. It was found that the ratio of H2O/Si (OC2H5) from 4 to 8:4 consists of chips of kerogel, which are formed when taken. While the ratio of H2O/Si (OC2H5)4 was 10:1, the induction period of the gelation process was short, and the microcirculation of cerogels was accelerated. The formation of xerogels consisting of branched, ordered mesogels was observed with a quantitative ratio of H2O/Si(OC2H5) 4:1. Ikari and colleagues found that in the synthesis of MSM-24 with GMDA and NH4OH, the particle size increases with an increase in the concentration of NH4OH, while with an increase in the concentration of GMDA, it decreases. Reagents of De LangeTeos: C2H5OH: H2O: HNO3 synthesized silica gel with a size of 2 nm and a supported porosity of moles of 1: 3,8: 6,4: 0,085 [18]. Ulhorn and his co-authors found that an increase in the water content in Theos and water in different molar proportions leads to the formation of mesogenic silica sorted in solutions diluted with iodine. Another researcher, Lelong and his team, found that the pore size during the synthesis of meso-structural mesogamic silica is cylindrical and they determined that the thickness of their walls depends on the concentration of surfactants.
In Teos and GM samples obtained in different quantitative proportions, a decrease in the thickness of porous walls was observed with an increase in the amount of surfactant [19].
As well as the influence of quantitative ratios of reagents in the production of cargonanocomposite bentonite sorbents of Zol-gel technology, the influence of surrounding reagents on the formation of the porosity size in it is considered the process of Muhim. The comparative porosity size of the sorbent (V), the average porosity diameter (D) and the formation of the comparative surface (S) of the sorbent are directly related to the solution medium, which is obtained using the "Zol-gel" technology [20][21]. In order to obtain a sorbent that is sorted in the Zol-gel process and has pores of the same size as SFM in an acidic medium and in an alkaline medium, cationic surfactants are used (Fig. 2). The rate of reactions of golysis and polycondensation of silicon alkoxides in Zol-gel technology and the particle size of samples of removable mesogovac MSM and SBA also depend on the solution medium. The X-ray diffractometer Empyrean, Malvern Panalitical (Germany) (XRD), equipped with a modern computer, was used for X-ray analysis of samples. This method makes it possible to determine individual components from the composition of very complex mixtures in combination with diffractometric systems and phase analysis programs (for example, High Score) [23][24]. [25]: CuKa radiation (-filter, Cu, current mode 15406 A and 30 mA and 30 kV, respectively) was used to study the phase composition of Mesogovac sorbents with a step of 0.02° dielectric at 4 °/min, at a constant rotation speed (compatibility /2).
Zol-gel technology in our preventive work [26][27], the study of the effect of quantitative ratios of reagents on the production of sorbents was completed. In continuation of this, we will present the results of our research conducted on the basis of both theoretical and practical studies conducted with the help of reagents.
The initial reaction mixture was prepared by rapid mixing with the addition of hexamethylenediamine and an alcohol fraction in the form of an Al (NO3)39 •H2O matrix to liquid glass (29% SiO2, 9% Na2O, 62% H2O). The pH value of the reaction mixture was controlled by adding a 0.1 N HNO3 solution to it. Kaolin was added to the resulting mixture, which came from the Nurabad district. After the crystallization process was completed, the solid phase was separated from the solution using a Buxner funnel and dried at 120 0 C for 8 hours to remove the template and burned at 500-550 0 C for 8 hours.
To decationize the resulting high-silicon zeolite, 10 g of zeolite was treated with the addition of 100 g of 25% ammonium chloride. The solution was kept in a water bath at 90-100 0 C with constant stirring for 2 hours, then the precipitate was filtered, washed off with distilled water, dried and burned for 8 hours at 550-6000 C. Then the decationized zeolite powder is pressed into a mesh and cut into granules. Catalysts with modified zeolite were obtained by absorbing certain salts or acids into the zeolite.
In laboratory conditions, cellulose synthesis was carried out in vials with a volume of 100 cm 3 .
The mass fraction of aluminum oxide was determined by titration with a solution of zinc sulfate (0.02 M) in a solution of trilon B (0.02 M), which was obtained in excess until the color changed from yellow to purple using a xylene yolk indicator. The mass fraction of aluminum oxide was determined by the following formula: а-after the first heating, the combined mass of the crucible with the precipitate, in g; b-the mass of the crucible after the second heating, g (or the mass of the empty crucible); c-weight of the zeolite sample. SiO2/Al2O3 product proportions contained in the formula.
An important characteristic of zeolites was their statistical capacity, which was determined by the amount of complete saturation of zeolites with water vapor and heptane. Before the analysis, the cellulite sample was heated at a temperature of 500-5500 ° C for 3 hours.
The statistical capacity of zeolite in terms of heptane and water vapor was calculated using the following formula: Here: М-weight of zeolite before the experiment, g; В-weight of swallowed water or heptane, g; d-weight of water or heptane, g/cm 3 . X-ray structural analysis of zeolites was carried out on an X-ray device "DRONE-3" (Cuanode, Ni-filter). Identification and processing of diffractograms of cargoes were carried out to determine the intensity of the studied sampling sections (lines) and the distances of planar lines.
The method of thermal nitrogen desorption was used to determine the comparative surfaces of the catalyst samples. Technological scheme of chemical reactions in the example of kaolin, we see that the action of reagents in the synthesis of loads depends on the reaction temperature of the node. In the reaction line, the reagent is carried out in three bosques with a temperature range from 550 to 1050 °C, and under the influence of the reagents, the kaolin contained in the raw material first infects the metakaolin, then the spinal, mullite, and cristobolite bandages on the reaction bayonet. In general, the course of chemical reagents confirms the technological scheme of the influence of processes and reagents on the synthesis of additives from natural raw materials.
Benzene for sorbent samples taken at different temperatures (saturated steam at 298 Kpo = 74.7 mm Hg), n-hexane (saturated steam po = 150 mmHg). Toluene (saturated steam po = 25.5 mm. Mercury column) and water vapor (saturated vaporimimi po = 23.75 mmHg) adsorption was studied using a sensitive quartz spiral device by McBain-Bakr. Then the benzene was dissolved, and the gases dissolved in it were isolated. Before measuring the adsorption of benzene vapors in adsorbents in a sensitive quartz spiral McBain-Bakr device under static conditions, the residual pressure in each adsorption system was evacuated to 1.33 10 -3 Pa and adsorption isotherms were obtained at 298 K. At the same time, the measurement error did not exceed 0.05 mmol/g. The adsorption of toluene and n-hexane on sorbent samples was also carried out in the above order.
The load from the navajor bentonite-1 nanocomposite can be seen in the images obtained by separating the porosity on the surface of the sorbents and using Sem with an average diameter (Fig. 3.). The morphology of the loads obtained on the basis of various siliconcontaining raw materials was studied using scanning electron microscopy and their electron microscopic photographs were taken. In the Sam image of load-1 composites made of Navbahor bentonite, it can be seen that the porosity degree is very low, and there are large fragments of crystals on the surface. In the image of load-2 composites from Navbahor bentonite in Sem, it was found that they represent a complete imitation of polydisperse components in the crystalline and tarkak phase (Fig. 4). In the Sam image of load-2 composites made of Navajor bentonite, it can be seen that the degree of porosity is very low, and there are large fragments of crystals on the surface. It can be seen from the figure that the sorbent porridges obtained with templant PEG-400 are evenly distributed over the surface and are the same size, while the surface of the sorbents obtained with GMDA is an expression of nanoparticles with a spherical morphology of monodisperses.
It was discovered that sorbent samples obtained at 70 °C and 90 °C contain more voluminous mesohertz (Fig. 4). Sorpent samples were obtained at 70 °C and 90 °C using sorbent isotherms. It can be seen from the figure that the volume of the hysteresis rings formed due to capillary condensation is broken, and they are muffled towards a large relative pressure. In the samples taken at 70°C, the relative pressure of the hysteresis rings was p/ps =0.6-0.9; in the sorbents obtained at 90°C, it was observed that they formed in the range of p/ps =0.65-0.95.

Conclusion
The analysis of the study of the influence of reagents on the receipt of cargo-nanocomposite bentonite sorbents of Sol-gel technology, and the results showed that, as a result of the influence of reagents, they play a causal role in the production of chemical products from different regions, and at the main stages of the technology, they play a decisive role.
In particular, the creation of hybrid nanocomposites, the synthesis of nanomaterials in zol-gel technology, the main stages of separation, consisting of several stages depending on the type of initial reagents and conditions, and various products obtained using reagents, the influence of the surrounding reagent solution on the formation of the size of the blades, conducting reactions of this kind, technological scheme of the influence of processes and reagents in the synthesis of additives from natural raw materials, etc., both theoretically and experimentally confirmed.