Reproduction of city blocks while creating a comfortable urban environment

. Urban planning and the creation of a comfortable green environment are two integral components of sustainable urban development. Modern cities face many challenges related to pollution, limited resources and lack of space. However, the creation of a green environment and sustainable urban development can help solve these problems. In addition, sustainable urban planning aims to create compact and convenient urban environments. This approach allows reducing traffic flows, using less energy and resources for the construction and operation of urban infrastructure facilities. One example of such urban planning is urban blocks. Urban blocks is an urban planning concept that involves the creation of compact and multifunctional city blocks that combine residential, office, retail and other types of real estate. This concept is designed to improve the quality of life of citizens, create a more sustainable urban environment and reduce traffic flows. Thus, urban blocks and green urban planning have much in common and complement each other. In this article, we will consider the issues of reproduction of urban blocks in construction, their differences from other forms of urban development, as well as what benefits they provide for residents and urban infrastructure in general.


Introduction
Currently, environmental problems have become one of the most pressing problems in the world. Climate change, air and water pollution have become major challenges for urban development. In this regard, there is a need to improve and develop green urban planning. Green urban planning is a set of measures aimed at creating environmentally friendly and sustainable urban environments, using environmentally friendly technologies and materials, aimed at improving the quality of life of citizens and reducing environmental impact [1].

Complexity of design.
Green building requires more careful design and planning to ensure that the building is energy efficient and environmentally friendly. 4. Complexity of service. Green technologies and materials require more thorough maintenance and care, which can increase operating costs [8][9][10]. In general, green building has many benefits that can reduce the negative impact on the environment and improve the quality of life of citizens. However, the disadvantages must also be taken into account in order to properly assess the costs and benefits of green building.

Materials and methods
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of leading scientists, the fundamental provisions of economic theory, a systematic approach and comprehensive analysis. The methods of work were logical analysis and synthesis, classification and algorithmization of data. The information base for the study was the data of domestic and foreign literature, the electronic information system of the Internet, official and scientific and analytical materials. We structure the elements of green building (Fig. 2). 1. The use of environmentally friendly materials can reduce the impact on the environment and improve the quality of life of citizens [11,12]. Let us consider in more detail the main materials that are used in green building: • Wood. Wood is one of the most environmentally friendly materials that are used in construction. It is a renewable resource, has high strength and thermal insulation properties. In addition, wood helps to reduce the impact on the environment, since it does not contain harmful substances and does not emit toxic fumes.
• Bamboo. Bamboo is one of the most popular sustainable materials in green building. It has high strength and flexibility, retains heat well and does not emit harmful substances. In addition, bamboo is a renewable resource because it grows very quickly and is not expensive to grow.
• Ceramic blocks. Ceramic blocks are one of the most environmentally friendly materials for the construction of walls and partitions. They do not contain harmful substances and do not emit toxic fumes, and also have high thermal insulation. In addition, ceramic blocks have high strength and durability.
• Construction waste. Construction waste such as glass, metal and concrete can be used as environmentally friendly materials in green building. They can be recycled and used to create new materials such as rebar, ceramic tiles and other building materials.

2.
Green building strives to minimize the negative impact on the environment and to use energy and water more efficiently. Let's take a closer look at how this is achieved.
• Energy efficient buildings. One of the most effective ways to save energy in green building is to use energy efficient buildings. These are buildings that are built using materials that provide high thermal insulation, as well as equipped with energy saving systems such as solar panels, wind turbines, thermal pumps, and other devices that allow the use of alternative energy sources [13].
• Green roofs. Green roofs are roofs that are covered with vegetation. They allow you to reduce the temperature inside the building, keep warm in winter and provide additional sound insulation. In addition, green roofs reduce the amount of wastewater that enters the sewers, as they trap water in the vegetation layer and return it to the atmosphere through the process of evaporation.
• Systems for the collection and use of rainwater. Rainwater collection and use systems are an important element of green building. They allow you to collect rainwater from roofs and other surfaces, filter it and use it for watering vegetation, cleaning and industrial needs. Also, rainwater harvesting reduces the load on city sewers and reduces the amount of wastewater that enters rivers and lakes [14].
• Water consumption management systems. Water consumption management systems in buildings and territories reduce water consumption using modern technologies such as sensor taps, water collection and reuse systems, as well as training and motivation of users to use water economically.

3.
Renewable energy sources are the main element of green building and can reduce dependence on oil and gas, as well as reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances into the atmosphere [15]. Let's take a closer look at how renewable energy sources are used in green building.
• Solar energy. Solar energy is one of the most popular energy sources used in green building. Solar panels are installed on the roofs of buildings, which allows energy to be collected and used to power electrical appliances and lighting inside the building. In addition, solar panels are used to heat water, which reduces gas and electricity consumption.
• Wind power. Wind power is the process of using wind to generate electricity. Wind generators are installed on the roofs of buildings or on high masts, which allows you to collect energy and use it to power buildings and surrounding areas. In addition, wind farms can be used to generate electricity at the district or city level.
• Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth. Geothermal pumps are used to extract heat from the ground, which is then used to heat buildings and produce hot water. Geothermal pumps can also be used to cool buildings during the summer.
• Hydropower. Hydropower is the process of using the energy of water flow to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants can be used to generate electricity at the district or city level, as well as to provide electricity to buildings and surrounding areas.

4.
Waste management is an important aspect of green building as it helps to reduce the negative impact on the environment and reduce the cost of building and operating buildings [16]. Let's take a closer look at how waste is eliminated in green building.
• Processing of building materials. Some materials such as metals, glass, concrete and wood can be recycled and reused. This reduces the amount of waste that goes to landfill and reduces the negative impact on the environment.
• Use of environmentally friendly materials. These materials not only reduce the negative impact on the environment, but can also be recycled without harm to human health and the environment.
• Separate collection and disposal of waste. This allows you to separate materials that can be recycled and reused from those that must be disposed of. Separate collection and disposal of waste also reduces disposal costs and reduces the amount of waste that goes to landfill.
• Use of building materials that can be recycled. For example, the use of building materials that can be processed into pellets allows them to be used as fuel for boilers and stoves.
• Use of local materials. The use of local materials also helps to reduce waste, as it avoids the need to transport materials over long distances. In addition, the use of local materials reduces the negative impact on the environment, as it reduces transportation costs and reduces carbon emissions.

5.
Creating healthy living and working conditions in green building is also one of the main principles of environmentally friendly and sustainable development [17,18].
• Improving indoor air quality. In green building, it is customary to use ventilation and air conditioning systems that provide a constant flow of fresh air indoors and remove polluted air. Also, in green building, special materials are used for interior decoration, which do not emit harmful substances into the air.
• Ensuring access to natural resources such as fresh air, sunshine and green spaces. This contributes to the creation of a comfortable and healthy atmosphere in and around the building.

Creation of green areas inside buildings and private areas around.
• Infrastructure is an important and integral part of a comfortable modern city [19]. The system of regulations and standards clearly reflects the currently prevailing urban planning principles for the formation of a comfortable living environment, which, in turn, reflect social, environmental and economic relations (Fig. 3). When reproducing infrastructure facilities abroad, it is also relevant to use the phrase "urban block" (from the English "urban" -city and "block" -block) -a city block. According to the dictionary of foreign words, this phrase can be represented as a synonym for "city block", which translates as "a rectangular area in the city, surrounded by streets and usually containing several buildings." Consider the use of this phrase in the domestic urban planning sphere. On June 22, 2017, the Committee for Architecture and Urban Planning of the city of Moscow held a scientific and practical conference "Comfortable city. Norms and Rules", which presented a new urban planning unit with the working title "urban block".

Results
An urban block is a compact city block that includes residential buildings and public infrastructure facilities such as schools, kindergartens, shops and other institutions. It is usually limited to streets or other elements of urban infrastructure and has a closed shape. The urban block in modern conditions of the reproductive urban policy involves the implementation of complex investment and construction projects within the boundaries of a residential microdistrict, consisting of objects of both residential real estate and social infrastructure. The urban block can reach 2.5 hectares, including residential buildings with daily maintenance facilities on the ground floors and a yard space. The courtyard space is represented by a landscaped private area accessible to residents of a particular urban block and closed to the public, recreation areas and fire lanes [19].
A development quarter (the area can reach up to 20 hectares) is a set of urban blocks, public areas with intra-quarter driveways, parking lots, recreation areas, intra-quarter landscaping, kindergartens, daily service facilities, detached garages.
A development microdistrict (with an area of up to 80 hectares, with a population of no more than 35,000 people) is an element of the structure of a residential area, which includes a full range of daily services within a walking distance, consisting of quarters, streets and driveways, social facilities, recreational areas, etc. (Fig. 4).

Fig.4. Neighborhood building with urban blocks
The quarters provide for a clear division into private and public areas (Fig. 5).
Thus, a promising vector for the spatial development of investment and construction projects in urban construction, especially in megacities, is the urban block (UB). At the same time, it is proposed to consider the territorial-spatial form of reproduction processes of investment and construction projects within the urban block as the minimum unit for the reproduction of complex development of an area up to 2.5 hectares, characterized by a closed space and privacy of the territory. The social infrastructure of urban blocks of this type reproduced in investment and construction projects is proposed to be considered as a stable set of labor, social, cultural, family and household activities of people. In the most general form, the business process includes the reproduction processes of housing real estate ( ) and social infrastructure ( ).
where -investment and construction project within the urban block, -residential real estate, -social infrastructure facilities.
Urban blocks and green urban planning are closely related, as both approaches aim to create more environmentally friendly, sustainable and comfortable urban environments. Urban blocks can solve problems with the city's sustainability, as they allow to reduce traffic flows and reduce environmental pollution. In addition, urban blocks can include public spaces such as parks, squares and plazas that help improve the urban environment and create greener and more pleasant places to live. In addition, green spaces and public spaces can serve as oases of calm and privacy for city dwellers. Parks and squares are places where you can take a break from the hustle and bustle of city life. It is important that these green areas be accessible to all citizens, regardless of their social status and physical abilities.
Also, urban blocks can be built using environmentally friendly materials and technologies. For example, building buildings using new materials and technologies, such as frame houses, reduces waste and uses less energy during construction and operation.
In addition, urban units can be designed with renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind turbines in mind. This reduces the use of energy from oil and gas and reduces environmental pollution.
Thus, urban blocks can solve problems with the city's environmental friendliness by reducing traffic flows, creating green areas and using environmentally friendly materials and technologies.
In Russia, the practice of building urban blocks has been actively developing in recent years. One example is the construction of the residential complex "Quarter Maryino" in Moscow (Fig. 6). In the first phase of the residential complex "Quarter Maryino" it is planned to build two urban blocks for 1398 apartments. Each urban block consists of several sections from 12 to 17 floors in height, united by a private courtyard. The windows offer a view of the courtyard, formed by different textures of coatings, delimited by footpaths.
In the yards, in addition to children's and sports areas clearly separated by function, landscaping will be created in private yards-parks closed from cars. The geometry of natural materials will be emphasized by a green fence around the perimeter of the bush areas. Landscaping will be based on the principles of year-round use. Outdoor equipment will be made of natural materials. Sand tones with bright accents will create a space that is in harmony with the surrounding nature and facades of houses.

Discussion
Therefore, the following advantages of using urban blocks in green building can be distinguished: First, they allow more efficient use of urban space. Due to the compactness and isolation of urban blocks, they allow you to create comfortable conditions for the life and work of the population in a limited area.
Secondly, urban blocks are more environmentally friendly than traditional city blocks. They provide for the use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies, which helps to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment. In addition, the creation of green areas within urban blocks contributes to the improvement of the ecological situation in the city.
Thirdly, urban blocks allow solving the problem of social housing. The creation of complexes with residential buildings of various categories makes it possible to solve the problem of affordability of housing for the population, especially for young families and people with low incomes.

Conclusions
Comfortable urban environment aims to create compact and convenient urban environments that can reduce traffic flows and use less energy and resources to build and operate urban infrastructure facilities. The presence of green spaces and public spaces improves people's health, reduces stress levels and increases productivity. In addition, green spaces and public spaces can help strengthen social bonds between city residents.