Critical Success Factor in Applications of Sustainable Procurement to Improve Procurement Performance in Construction Projects

. Construction projects do not only bring benefits but also have an impact on sustainability because the procurement process in construction projects does not consider sustainability as its impact. Sustainable procurement is needed in the procurement process in construction projects while sustainable procurement is new to the construction projects. This study aims to improve procurement performance in construction projects by identifying critical success factors (CSF) and their barriers to implementing sustainable procurement in construction projects in Indonesia. This study uses literature studies and expert judgment as a basis followed by a questionnaire survey of 30 respondents who were analyzed using Factor Analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). A total of four CSFs were identified and given a rating, namely Rules and Strategies, Organization, Capacity, and Financial. The CSF priority structure can provide an overview for construction practitioners in allocating the right resources and anticipating barriers to implementing sustainable procurement in construction projects.


Introduction
The construction industry in the Indonesian economy is vital, especially since Indonesia is currently carrying out infrastructure development that can encourage the development of the construction industry [1] but the construction sector apart from having a large impact on economic and social development also causes considerable environmental damage [2].This happened because traditionally, procurement in the construction industry generally focused on price, quality, and time and the results of the tender were given to the lowest bidder while commitments to sustainability were ignored [3].Traditional procurement without consideration of sustainability also creates a domino effect according to [1] The traditional procurement process, such as the lowest bidding method (with little consideration of environmental aspects) can cause environmental degradation, which ultimately results in a decrease in the quality of life for local communities and due to the damage caused incurred, can cause indirect costs for the owner.As a result, the construction industry has a significant impact on the environment and is one of the main exploiters of natural resources such as using a lot of energy for construction, increasing waste production, changing the landscape during construction, demolition, renovation, and occupancy of the assets built, all of which have a significant impact to the environment [4].Therefore, it is necessary to integrate sustainable concepts into implementation in construction projects in developing countries [5], In this study, the focus is on the procurement process in construction projects, namely sustainable procurement.Sustainable procurement in Indonesia is still at the introduction stage and this is a new topic in the procurement of goods and services which is currently being intensified so that it can be implemented immediately [6].Based on the explanation above, this study aims to identify critical success factors in the implementation of sustainable procurement in construction projects, identify barriers in the critical success factors and identify the priority order of the most influential critical success factors, which the results of this research can provides an overview for all stakeholders and construction practitioners involved in construction projects to allocate appropriate resources based on critical success factors and anticipate barriers in critical success factors so that the implementation of sustainable procurement in construction projects becomes easier and procurement performance in construction projects increases.

Literature Study
Sustainable procurement is a process whereby organizations fulfill their needs for goods, works, and utilities with value-for-money considerations throughout the life of the value in terms of generating benefits not only for the organization but also for society and the economy while minimizing damage to the environment [7].According to [8] sustainable procurement seeks to balance efficiency and economic progress while protecting the environment and upholding the basic rights and labor rights of the community.Critical success factor (CSF) is one of the most important things that a company or organization must do well so that its business or work is successful [9], [10] states that in construction projects CSF refers to several factors selected from many factors that are very important for the success of the project and The concept of CSF has been widely adopted in many areas of the construction industry in general and with many meanings, according to [11] this critical success factor acts as a factor that can support sustainable delivery.Table 1  2 Capacity Lack of knowledge about sustainable procurement [15] Lack of training and education [12], [14], [15] Lack of contractor confidence to implement sustainable procurement [13], [14] 3 Culture Organizational culture [

Rules and Strategies
There are no sustainable procurement policies and standards yet [12] There are no environmental parameters in the tender [14] There is no method to measure the level of sustainability [18] 6 Product and Supplier availability Lack of availability of suppliers of sustainable goods [17] 7

Cost of Implementation
Cost of eco-friendly products/services [17] Green product life cycle costs [17] Training costs [17] Supplier development costs [17] 8 Organization

Organizational commitment [17] Sustainable procurement regulations and rules [17] Sustainability training
[17] Assessment of potential suppliers and tender decisions must incorporate sustainability considerations [14] 9 Innovation Capabilities Develop sustainable policies [14] Applying specific monitoring methods to evaluate the level of sustainable implementation and improvement if there are deviations [11] Investigation of the contractor's comprehensive portfolio to what extent is the level of knowledge of the concept of sustainable and their projects that previously implemented the concept of sustainable [11] 10 Stakeholder Government pressure [17] Regulations from regulators [17] strong commitment to sustainable project delivery from stakeholders [11] 11 Market

Methodology
In achieving the research objectives, namely to identify the most influential critical success factors and their barriers, several stages are needed to achieve them.The research will use data collected in the form of a literature study as a basis for determining the variables to be tested, followed by interviews using expert validation related to content then will be continued using a questionnaire survey.Figure 1 below shows the flow chart of this study.

Fig. 1. Research Flowchart
Figure 1 shows the flowchart in this study, starting from problem identification followed by a literature study to identify CSF variables and barriers to be tested.After obtaining the research variables, they will be validated by experts using interviews where the CSF variable results will become the basis for the respondent's questionnaire.The results of the respondent's questionnaire will be analyzed using factor analysis while the barriers are validated by experts based on each CSF variable.The results obtained are CSF which has been reduced to become a new CSF variable and its barriers which will be followed up with a questionnaire to experts to then be processed using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) to get the main CSF ranking.

Factor Analysis
The first step is to perform factor analysis to reduce the variable into a new critical success factor, After testing the adequacy of the data using SPSS 27 with the results of the calculation of KMO 0.771 > 0.5 and the value of Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (Sig.)0.000 <0.05 it can be concluded that the data from the 30 respondents are ready and sufficient for factor analysis.

Fig. 2. Scree Plot
Next is the Rotated Component Matrix which has a function to show the position of the variable group to the newly formed factor by looking at the greatest correlation value between the variables and the newly formed factor, the following is Table 4. which shows the results of the Rotated Component Matrix.Rules and Strategies and 4. Financial, all the names of the CSF are obtained from the results of discussions with experts and also from previous research adjusted for the variables they represent, the following is Table 5 shows the results of the factor analysis.

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Analysis
After the new critical success factors have been formed, the next step is to rank the critical success factors using AHP analysis by making comparisons between critical success factors, the aim is to identify the most important critical success factors in implementing sustainable procurement in construction projects by creating a problem decomposition structure shown in Figure 3 below After the hierarchical structure has been made, then the next step is to perform pairwise comparisons.Rating is done using pairwise comparison input obtained from experts which are then analyzed using AHP.Because the number of experts is more than one person, before being input into pairwise comparison, it is first analyzed using the geometric mean to get the average value of all experts, which is then carried out by pairwise comparison between critical success factors to get a rating as shown in  After all matrices are normalized, the weight of each critical success factor criterion can be calculated, which can be seen in Table 8 below From the results of Table 8 above, it can be concluded that the weight of organization is 33.5%, the weight of capacity is 19.1%, the weight of rules and strategies is 35.4% and the weight of finance is 12%.After getting the weight of the criteria, the next step is to calculate the Consistency Ratio (CR) with the results obtained in Table 9 below Based on the results of CR calculations, it can be concluded that the matrix can be said to be consistent because it has a value of 0.06423 below the value of 0.1 or 6.4% below the value of 10%.So it can be concluded that the ranking of critical success factor criteria based on AHP analysis is rules and strategy, organization, capacity, and finally financial.After obtaining the rating of the critical success factor criteria, then AHP analysis is then carried out on the alternatives to find out the ranking of the alternatives, namely which of the three pillars of sustainability in construction will be significantly affected based on the four critical success factors in implementing sustainable procurement in construction project.The following is Table 10 which shows the value of each alternative based on the results of the pairwise comparison to the experts from the weight of the criteria.After the value of each alternative to the criteria has been obtained, then the calculation process is carried out to get the final alternative value for each criterion with the criterion weight value in Table 8, then the ranking of the alternatives is shown in Table 11 below.From the results of Table 11 above, it can be seen that A1, namely the Environment, weights 50%, A2, namely Social, weights 27%, and finally, A3 namely the Economy weights 23%, so it can be concluded that alternative rankings of the three pillars of sustainability based on AHP analysis are environment, social and economy.After knowing the critical success factor and its ranking, the last step is to identify the barriers in the critical success factor based on each variable it represents using the barriers contained in Table 1 with expert validation as the instrument, the following is

Discussion
This study identified four new critical success factors based on the results of eleven variables analyzed using factor analysis along with the barriers based on each of the forming variables.
Based on the results of the AHP, it can be seen that rules and strategies play a major role as a critical success factor in the implementation of sustainable procurement in construction projects because several previous studies also identified that rules and strategies are crucial things needed in implementing sustainable procurement.The importance of rules and strategies is in line with the results of research [6] which states that the availability of rules and strategies is very important and is also supported by organizational capabilities so that the implementation of sustainable procurement can be successful.

Conclusion
The conclusion of this study are: • A total of 11 critical success factor variables obtained from the literature and previous research became the basis of this study which were tested through a questionnaire survey • Based on the study results, 4 new critical success factors were formed representing the 11 tested variables which were analyzed using factor analysis and ranked to determine the most important factors in the implementation of sustainable procurement in construction projects using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), namely rules and strategies 35.4%, organization 33.5%, capacity 19.1% and financial 12% respectively • Based on the results of the study, the alternative rankings of the three pillars of sustainability based on critical success factor criteria are environment 50%, social 27%, and economy 23%

Table 1 .
Critical Success Factors in Sustainable Procurement and Its Barrier

Table 2 .
CommunalitiesBased on the results in Table2Communalities, it is known that all variables have an extraction value > 0.50, so it can be concluded that all variables can be used to explain factors.After communalities, it is continued by Total Variance Explained which shows that there are 11 variables which means there are 11 components analyzed, in this table there are two analyzes carried out, namely Initial Eigenvalues to show the factors formed and Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings to show the number of new factors formed which is shown in Table3 below The next step, after the MSA (Measures of Sampling Adequacy) values obtained from 11 variables above 0.50, then proceed with the selection of extraction and rotation methods where this analysis uses Principal Component Analysis for extraction and Varimax for rotation.The following is Table 2 which shows communalities.https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340504023 E3S Web of Conferences 405, 04023 (2023)

Table 3 .
Total Variance ExplainedBased on the results in the Total Variance Explained Table, in the initial eigenvalues section four new factors were formed from the 11 variables tested because they met the requirements, namely the eigenvalues > 1.The eigenvalues in component 1 of 5.579 > 1 can explain 50.716% of the variables.The eigenvalues in component 2 of 1.24 > 1 can explain 11.27% of the variables.The eigenvalues in component 3 of 1.086 > 1 can explain 9.869% of the variables.The eigenvalues in component 4 of 1.007 > 1 can explain 9.15% of the variables.If all the components are totaled, the four new factors formed can explain 81.005% of the total 11 variables.Furthermore, the Scree Plot functions to show the number of new factors that are formed by looking at the component point values that have an eigenvalue > 1.Based on Fig.2the scree plot below there are 4 points that have an eigenvalue > 1, it can be concluded that 4 new factors have been formed which represent the 11 variables tested.

Table 4 .
Rotated Component Matrix

Table 5 .
Results of Factor Analysis

Table 6 .
Pair Wise Comparison Matrix

Table 7 .
Normalized Pair Wise Comparison Matrix

Table 8 .
The Weight of Each Criterion

Table 10 .
Alternative Value on Each Criterion

Table 11 .
The Value of Each Alternative Table 12 which shows the results of the barriers in the critical success factor.

Table 12 .
Results of Critical Success Factor Rank And Their Barriers

•
Some of the barriers from critical success factors based on each variable in them are rules and strategies: Inadequate policies, rules, incentives, and leadership commitment, organization: organizational commitment and training costs, capacity: Lack of knowledge about sustainable procurement and Lack of training and education and finance: Perception of expensive goods • Study results can provide an overview for practitioners involved to prioritize critical success factors and anticipate barriers