Analysis of various feedstocks’s used for biogas generation

. Worldwide, there is increasing awareness that the use of alternative energy technology is one of the best means to accomplish development of sustainable energy. One of the method is to convert the compounds which are full of organic biodegradable material into useful material. This involves a basic but complex conversion process known as anaerobic digestion. The production of Biogas can be done by organic waste material like forest dry leaves, flowers, fruits, materials from animals such as cowdung, poultry waste, materials which are bi products of dairy and food industries. The vegetable waste in finely shredded form from our kitchen can also be used for biogas. Initially the process was very much time consuming as the technical parameters related to biogas production were not known. It has been observed that the generation of biogas can be controlled by monitoring various parameters related to design of biogas plant, internal parameters related to digestion process and also use of different feedstock’s . This paper highlights the use of different feedstock materials for biogas generation .


Introduction
With the levels of green house gases in the atmosphere increasing at an alarming rate, it is useful to develop sources of non-fossil fuel based energy in addition to finding ways to reducing emission of harmful gases [1].In contrast to fossil fuels, RE offers source of clean energy and also helps in converting bio waste to usable form.In addition to this we also have to show concern regarding satisfying the increasing energy demands.Solar and wind energy are the most abundant forms of the renewable energy sources that are used for power generation on a global scale.[2], [3].There are a variety of reasons identified and policies defined in the literature promoting the use of alternative energy sources instead of coal, oil and natural gas to produce power.Each type of feedstock is having its own characteristic regarding the bio digestion process.The method and time required for conversion to usable form depends on its chemical composition.The most important feature of energy generation from renewable sources is that these are decentralised energy sources.Energy can be generated at a particular location depending on availability and then utilised directly at the same location in case of Biogas production also if the biomass is available which is causing nuisance, due to its organic nature then it can be converted to a form which will satisfy the energy need [9][10].One more benefit will be, it will help to keep the surroundings clean and odour free.By the end of year 2022 the total working capacity of biomass power generation in India was 10.205 Gigawatt.(Source:mnre.gov.in).The Indian government has been constantly encouraging energy from Biomass Power in order to use energy from bio waste such as remaining agricultural products which are not directly utilized, wood remains emerging from industrial activities, agriculture product based industrial remains, forest waste, dried leaves, leftover coconut covering.The average yield of Biomass per year in India is approximately 400-500 million tonnes(Source:Energy alternatives India).The predicted compressed biogas potential in India is 62 Million metric tonnes.India generates about 84-141 Mega tons of agriculture waste residue [8]

Industrial Waste from Sugar Factories
The regular sorted materials which come out from the industries which are huge in quantity are as given below: • Bagasse: This is often the stringy buildup that remains after the sugarcane has been crushed to extricate the juice.It may be a biomass waste that's utilized as fuel within the sugar generation process.• Filter cake: This can be a strong buildup delivered amid the filtration process of sugarcane juice.It is wealthy in natural matter and is commonly utilized as fertilizer or creature feed.• Molasses: This can be a gooey byproduct of sugar generation that's utilized within the generation of liquor and ethanol.• Press mud: Usually a buildup created amid the clarification handle of sugarcane juice.It is additionally wealthy in natural matter and is utilized as fertilizer or creature feed.• Waste water: Sugar production lines produce expansive volumes of squander water that contains tall levels of natural matter, suspended solids, and supplements.This squander water is typically treated some time recently being released into the environment • Ash: This is often the buildup delivered from burning bagasse or other biomass powers.It is frequently utilized as a soil revision or as a component of building materials.It is critical for sugar industrial facilities to legitimately oversee and arrange of these squander materials in arrange to play down their natural affect and comply with neighbourhood directions.Numerous sugar production lines have executed hones such as reusing, composting, and wastewater treatment to diminish their squander yield and progress their maintainability.

Industrial Waste from Sugar Factories Used In Bio Gas
A promising source of biogas can be found in the waste generated from sugar factories.Known as bagasse, this fibrous residue remains after extracting juice from sugarcane during the sugar-making process.By utilizing anaerobic digestion, we can convert bagasse into biogas with ease.During anaerobic digestion, microorganisms break down organic matter like bagasse to form biogas comprising mainly methane and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen.This process occurs in a sealed digester where bacteria decompose the bagasse.
The trash from sugar factories can actually be transformed into a sustainable energy source-biogas!This flexible resource is perfect for powering electrical grids, producing heat for industrial use, or even fueling transportation.And if you ever find yourself running low on natural gas in any process, biogas is an excellent substitute.Sugar factories generate several waste materials, including bagasse, wastewater, and vinasse.While bagasse can be utilized for biogas production, vinasse is a liquid remainder that is produced during the fermentation of sugarcane juice for making ethanol.However, this residue does not go to waste as it can serve as feedstock for anaerobic digestion processes that produce biogas.Industrial waste can do more than negatively impact landfills.Biogas produced from it is a win-win: reducing waste and providing renewable energy that curtails fossil fuel dependence.Methane -green havoc garnisher -engendered during organic matter decomposition, harms our environment but the use of biogas diminishes such emissions, assisting our efforts towards sustainability.

Poultry Waste as Feedstock
Poultry waste, which includes litter, manure, and other organic materials generated from poultry farms, is rich in organic matter and can be used as a feedstock in anaerobic digesters to produce biogas.In addition to producing biogas, using poultry waste as a feedstock in biogas production can also have environmental benefits.It can help reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfills or open pits, where it can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and pollute air and water.Biogas production can also reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to the transition to a low-carbon economy.However, there are also challenges associated with using poultry waste as a feedstock in biogas production.The composition and quality of process.Moreover, the use of poultry waste as a feedstock can raise concerns related to odor, pathogens, and nutrient management.thewaste can vary depending on factors such as the type of poultry, feed, and management practices, which can affect the efficiency of the biogas production Overall, using poultry waste as a feedstock in biogas production has the potential to be a sustainable and economically viable solution for managing organic waste and generating renewable energy.However, it requires careful consideration of various factors and the implementation of appropriate technology and management practices.

Biogas production from cowdung
Cow dung (CD) has been the traditional feedstock for production of biogas which is utilized for domestic cooking in rural areas.Cattle dung is rich in methanogens like Methanobacterium which are normally found in rumen of cattle for helping in digestion of cellulose.These methanogens anaerobically help in decomposition of organic matter and release.The following study involves a comparative analysis of two waste substrates; cow dung and poultry droppings.The purpose of this study was to ascertain which of the waste substrates produces a greater yield of biogas, their individual retention period as well as the percentage of the methane content in the gas generated.Substrate I-Cow Dung.
As seen from the graph the daily gas production rapidly increases and then peaks on the fourth day, after which the volume of gas produced steadily declines.It is observed that the total volume of biogas produced from cow slurry after 7 days is about 200 ml, while the average quantity of biogas produced is 28.7 ml/day.Similarly, from a study the amount of biogas production in 6 days was studied.The results are as follows.The feedstock used was cowdung, food waste and organic waste.

Fig. 3. Data of Gas Generation
Cow dung produced 0.35 m 3 of biogas, Food waste produced 0.32m 3 of biogas and Fresh Organic waste produced 0.27 m 3 of biogas.The complete observation was carried out at room temperature in the absence of sunlight.The volume of Biogas generated was less compared with the past studies conducted under sunlight (outdoor).Hence, this result proves that temperature is a major factor which influences the generation of Biogas.

Gas generation -Time duration of 2days
must be made to utilize these organic waste in most appropriate form.A detailed analysis and comparison will guide us for further studies and improvement especially in rural areas.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Daily gas production from cowdung Substrate II-Poultry Droppings: The amount of biogas produced from poultry waste slurry is almost 415 ml with an average biogas production of about 68.1 ml/day.

Table 1 .
[7]t has been estimated by MNRE India that at national level the capacity of power generation by bagasee is about 3500 MW and according to Maharashtra Development Agency (MEDA) the individual capacity of Maharashtra is 1250 MW.Availability of biogas from agricultural residue[7]

Table 3 .
Comparison It has been observed that different types of biodegradable waste can be utilized for generation of power.It involves forest waste, agricultural waste, cowdung, poultry waste and organic waste from industries.Though the time and conditions required for the conversion processes are different yet it ensures waste to energy and a cleaner surrounding for people to live.Modern technologies are enhancing the conversion process and making it simpler to work upon.Accumulation of such waste leads to harmful surroundings.Efforts