Research on the Accurate Measurement and Analysis of Carbon Emissions by Carbon Real Measurement

— T he practice of carbon emission accurate measurement system application scenario of carbon electricity coupling and carbon real measurement is carried out, based on the carbon constraint background, the whole process of carbon production and emission is accurately pictured, and the carbon measurement real measurement and carbon electricity factor measurement model adapted to multiple industries is constructed in this way. The carbon measurement is carried out by collecting data from power plants in the field and automatically matching various carbon emission parameters with the calculation model to calculate the carbon emissions of the group in real time. Carbon electricity factor measurement for energy data that cannot be directly obtained, build an industry-wide carbon emission measurement and monitoring mechanism driven by electricity ties, and combine with third-party accounting agencies to certify the measurement results to indirectly display carbon emission data by electricity.


INTRODUCTION
In order to deeply implement the central government's decision and deployment on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality and promote green and low-carbon transformation, State Grid accelerates the construction of a new power system, promotes the innovation of "double carbon" work with digital reform, and responds to the requirements of the 14th Five-Year Plan of Science and Technology Innovation in the Energy Sector In response to the requirements of the 14th Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology Innovation in the Energy Sector: "Deepen the application and promotion of New Energy Cloud, fully access coal, oil, gas, electricity and other energy data, and build a new energy digital economy platform" [1] .State Grid New Energy Cloud Carbon Neutral Innovation Center actively responded to the call and carried out practical exploration in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province on "carbon monitoring, carbon code, carbon benefit, carbon measurement and carbon finance". "The related application results were presented at the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference, and were praised by Xin Guobin, Vice Minister of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Yuan Jiajun, Executive Vice Governor Chen Jinbiao, and Lu Shan, Vice Governor of the province, and reported by CCTV and other mainstream media.
At present, there are four main types of carbon emission measurement methods: IPCC inventory method, actual measurement method, material balance method and model factor decomposition method [2][3][4] . The IPCC Inventory Method is a top-down carbon accounting system, which is internationally recognized as the most authoritative method for carbon emission accounting at present. The actual measurement method is to calculate the total amount of gas emissions through the data of flow rate, flow rate and concentration of emitted gas collected by environmental monitoring stations. The data is highly accurate, but the actual measurement process requires more labor and material resources. At present, the actual measurement method is generally used to account for the exhaust pollutants in the boiler combustion process. The material balance method refers to the quantitative analysis of the material used in the production process. The material balance method is also known as the mass conservation method, which means that the mass of material input to a system or equipment must be equal to the mass of the material output from the system, and the principle is the law of mass conservation. This method requires less human and material resources, is less expensive, and is the basis for current carbon source emissions estimation and basic data acquisition. Factor decomposition method is commonly used to study the various factors affecting carbon emissions. By decomposing the possible factors affecting carbon emissions, the relationship between carbon emissions and each influencing factor is quantitatively analyzed. Many scholars at home and abroad have constructed various models using the factor decomposition method, such as IPAT model, STIRPAT model, KAYA model, LMDI model and LEAP model [5][6][7] .

Fast and Accurate, Automatic Measurement Of Carbon Emissions
Carbon real measurement is connected to infrared measurement module, which expands the data measurement scope to cover 20 parameters of all aspects of thermal power generation including boiler, turbine and desulfurization system; through the Internet of Things, it is able to conduct online automatic measurement of carbon and flue gas data directly from the working units of power plants, and the measurement frequency of the previous irregular manual measurement is shortened to 1 minute, helping to achieve cost reduction and efficiency.

Technology-Enabled, Revitalize The Stock Of Computing Power
In order to realize real-time monitoring of key data such as flow rate, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration of carbon emission flue gas in the whole process of power generation, the technical team researches and develops the platform based on the State Grid New Energy Cloud, and through the use of cloud computing and artificial intelligence technology, it can realize real-time processing of carbon data of thousands of units, and the data collection is accurate to every second, and the daily average of data collection of single unit is over one million, and the daily average of analysis and verification of key parameters and calculation comparison is completed. 100,000 times.

Accurate and Safe, Providing Key Data Support
By developing mathematical models and using big data and other means, it realizes automatic matching between various carbon emission parameters of power plants and calculation models, automatically and accurately accounting for the emissions of the whole power plant, and the data results can be displayed intuitively and timely, with an average error within 10% compared with the traditional accounting system. In the design and implementation of the platform, the data collection and confidentiality mechanism is established in collaboration, and the encryption and desensitization of the data are strictly implemented to fully guarantee the data security and help build the service system of government services, verification and accounting, green finance and scheduling and trading based on accurate carbon emission data.

the configuration of monitoring points to achieve the actual data collection
Through on-site field research, the unit capacity and the method of desulfurization and denitrification of the unit were established, a model was built to scientifically plan the configuration of the monitoring points, and the measuring points were configured with digital and analog transmission methods to keep track of the flow rate and flow rate of 8 conventional monitoring factors such as SO 2 , NO, O 2 , etc. at the points. In order to meet the installation requirements of the new meters, the zero-gas pretreatment upgrade of the dilution system is carried out simultaneously, and the CO 2 remover device (VCD4-21M) is installed in the zero-gas system, which will effectively remove the CO 2 and water contained in the instrument gas, ensure that the instrument gas does not contain CO 2 and reduce the dew point of the instrument gas after zero-gas pretreatment, and eliminate the interference to the sample gas.

Carry out calibration calculations and guarantee data transmission
After data sampling is completed, 17 auxiliary monitoring points are set up to further strengthen data accuracy and obtain corresponding measurement points, mainly monitoring 33 auxiliary monitoring factors such as feed water temperature and heating flow, and accurately calibrating the CO2 emissions of monitoring factors and carbon emission calculation through flow model and system operation to achieve double-check type calibration of data, eliminate the error nature and meet the accuracy of data. The CO2 collection and transmission device is established simultaneously, and the data collection and transmission terminal is used to collect the corresponding signals, supporting 48 analog inputs and 8 switching inputs to ensure real-time data transmission.

Analysis of online monitoring platform based on new energy cloud configuration
Construction and new energy cloud configuration online monitoring platform analysis model, according to realtime monitoring of carbon dioxide concentration and flow and other parameters to calculate carbon dioxide emissions monitoring data to achieve daily and hourly carbon dioxide emissions. Simultaneous reference to the "Enterprise Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting Methodology and Reporting Guide for Power Generation Facilities" for carbon dioxide emissions data accounting comparison and analysis,as shown in the figure1-4.Through visualization means of comparison, from the overall trend, the change trend of monitoring data and accounting data is highly consistent based on the carbon power factor model using load data calibration, the daily deviation fluctuation of data and monthly carbon dioxide emissions deviation for model calibration, to achieve the The error is gradually reduced and is basically in line with the analysis of monitoring results and traditional accounting results. In order to achieve real-time monitoring of key data such as flow rate, humidity and CO2 concentration of carbon emission flue gas in the whole process of power generation, the technical team conducts platform research and development based on the State Grid New Energy Cloud. By developing a mathematical model of differentiated carbon and electricity factors and using big data and other means, it realizes automatic matching of various carbon emission parameters of power plants with the calculation model, automatically and accurately accounting for the emissions of the whole power plant, and the data results can be displayed intuitively and timely The average error between the two does not exceed 10% when compared with the traditional accounting system. In the design and implementation of the platform, a data collection and confidentiality mechanism has been established in collaboration, and data encryption and desensitization are strictly implemented to fully guarantee data security and help build a service system based on accurate carbon emission data for government services, verification and accounting, green finance and scheduling and trading.

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE
The carbon measurement is not only a true reflection of the actual carbon emissions of enterprises, which helps enterprises understand their own energy consumption and provide guidance for their carbon emission reduction efforts, but also supports government regulators in setting carbon emission budgets and formulating annual carbon emission reduction plans for specific areas and enterprises, further promoting the fair and effective operation of the carbon trading market. The application and promotion of the carbon measurement data intelligence platform based on the State Grid New Energy Cloud will help improve the data accounting system based on carbon emissions trading.
An online detection model for carbon emission monitoring data of thermal power enterprises was established to dynamically identify the abnormal states of carbon emission monitoring data that do not conform to the data change pattern and the coupling relationship between parameters, and to calibrate the monitoring data to achieve online data quality assessment and early warning, and the agreement between the collected data and carbon emission field data reached 99.5%. The report shows that it has not been described in the reviewed literature at home and abroad.
proposed the carbon emission accounting method for thermal power enterprises by real measurement method, using the continuous online monitoring data of pressure, temperature, humidity, flow rate, carbon dioxide concentration and other parameters of flue gas emission from units, and calculating carbon dioxide emission of thermal power enterprises by real measurement method, realizing the real-time online accounting of carbon emission data of thermal power enterprises, reducing the time granularity of carbon emission accounting data of thermal power enterprises from annual to hourly, and improving the It reduces the time granularity of carbon emission data from annual to hourly, and improves the timeliness of carbon emission accounting data of thermal power enterprises.
Based on the research results of carbon emission real measurement method, the first provincial thermal power enterprise carbon emission chemical monitoring and evaluation system has been built, realizing the real-time online monitoring of carbon emission of typical coal-fired and gas-fired units of different capacity levels in the province, and completing the historical accumulation of carbon emission data of typical thermal power units. In the process of pilot application, a large amount of on-site transformation experience has been summarized, and a scientific transformation plan with small transformation workload and low cost has been proposed, and a standardized workflow has been formed, which can ensure the quality and high efficiency of the transformation project and lay a foundation for the subsequent research and promotion application of realtime online monitoring of carbon dioxide emissions.
At present, domestic power generation enterprises uniformly adopt the emission factor method for carbon emission accounting, which requires power generation enterprises to report data on unit production activities, fuel consumption and coal quality analysis, and the data collection workload is cumbersome. At the same time, the reliability of the estimation results can be further improved considering the differences in coal quality in different regions and coal combustion efficiency of the units.
Carbon measurement is not only a true reflection of the actual carbon emissions of enterprises, which helps enterprises understand their own energy consumption and provide guidance for their carbon emission reduction efforts, but also supports government regulators in setting carbon emission budgets and making annual carbon emission reduction plans for specific areas and enterprises, further promoting the fair and effective operation of the carbon trading market. The application and promotion of the carbon measurement data intelligence platform based on the State Grid New Energy Cloud will help improve the data accounting system based on carbon emissions trading.