Evaluation and Analysis of the Status Quo and Impact Degree of Mine Geological Environment in Heilongjiang Province

. To identify the geological and environmental problems and hazards of significant mines in Heilongjiang Province and put forward specific countermeasures for mine geological environmental protection and treatment and restoration, the issue of the unclear geological environment due to mine mining was solved. Through data collection, remote sensing interpretation, on-site investigation, and other working methods, the causes and impacts of mine geological and environmental problems were analyzed, and the results were achieved: ① the production status of critical mines in the province was investigated; ② Find out the impact of mine production on the geological environment; ③ The degree of the geological, environmental impact of the mine was analyzed, and specific prevention and control measures were proposed.


Introduction
Heilongjiang Province has abundant mineral resources and a relatively complete range of mineral resources. A total of 135 types of minerals (including sub-minerals) have been discovered, and 84 types of minerals with identified resource reserves (including sub-minerals) are classified into nine categories based on industrial use, including six types of energy minerals; Three types of black metal minerals; 11 types of non-ferrous metal minerals; 6 types of precious metal minerals; 8 types of rare, rare earth, and dispersed element minerals; 6 types of non-metallic minerals as metallurgical auxiliary raw materials; 7 types of non-metallic minerals for chemical raw materials; 35 types of building materials and other non-metallic minerals; There are two types of water and gas minerals [1] . Heilongjiang Province has a vast territory and a wide variety of mineral resources, which are widely distributed and relatively concentrated [2] . For example, oil and natural gas are mainly concentrated in the Daqing area of the Songliao Basin; Coal is distributed in the eastern regions of Shuangyashan, Jixi, Hegang, and Qitaihe; Black and non-ferrous metal minerals are mainly distributed in the areas of Shuangyashan, Yichun, Nenjiang, and Harbin; Precious metal minerals are distributed in Heihe, Daxing'anling, Yichun, Mudanjiang, and other places; Non-metallic minerals are mainly distributed in the eastern and central regions. And it has good geological conditions for mineralization, significant status as an energy mineral, and massive potential for mineral exploration. The distribution of essential minerals is relatively concentrated [3] . There are many small mines, few large mines, many lean mines, and few rich mines, many co associated mines, and few single mines [4] .
Due to a series of geological environment issues caused by the development of mineral resources over the years, this article, based on the collection of data and the use of the survey results of the mining geological environment in Heilongjiang Province, evaluates the current situation of mining geological environment issues, as well as the impact of mining activities on the geological environment. This provides a basis for the rational development and utilization of mineral resources and the protection and governance of the mining geological environment.

Types and distribution characteristics of mine geological environment issues
Heilongjiang Province is rich in mineral resources and has a long mining history. ( As shown in Figure 1) And after years of mining development and construction have led to geological environment issues. The main geological and ecological issues are: ①Mine geological disasters; ②Aquifer damage; ③Topographic landscape damage and land resources destruction; ④Water and soil pollution; ⑤Other issues.
The distribution of mine geological environment issues is closely related to mining activities and geological background conditions, mining activities are the leading role and inducing factors for their production, and their impact scope is the mining area and its surrounding capacity building impact area.

Distribution characteristics of aquifer impacts and damage
Underground mining has a significant impact on water resources, and the forced pumping of groundwater during the construction and mining process of mines, as well as the collapse and cracking of the upper part of the goaf area [5] , cause groundwater and surface water to leak, which seriously destroys the balance of water resources and the conditions of replenishment [6] . The impact and damage of aquifers are mainly distributed in drainage mining areas, especially the four major coal cities of Hegang, Shuangyashan, Qitaihe, and Jixi, which lead to a decline in the groundwater level in the mining area and its surroundings, a reduction or even dry up of spring flow, and a decrease or failure of surface water flow. As shown in Table 1.

Topographic and geomorphological landscape damage, land resource occupation and damage distribution characteristics
Due to mine construction and mining activities, the original topographic conditions and geomorphological characteristics are changed, resulting in land damage, mountain damage, rock exposure, vegetation destruction, and other phenomena. Open-pit mining mountains generally have topographic landscape damage and land resource destruction, manifested in the impact and destruction of land and vegetation resources, changing the status quo of land use and damage to landform landscape. The effect of underground mining on land resources is mainly manifested as ground collapse and ground cracks in the goaf area destroying the land. Solid waste dumping, occupation or destruction of land; Landslides, landslides, and mudslides damaged land (vegetation). As shown in Figure 3

Water and soil environmental pollution
Most of the wastewater and waste liquids, such as pit water and beneficiation wastewater formed by mine mining [7] , are discharged into the nearest valleys and rivers, and mining waste rock, coal gangue, tailings slag, etc., are improperly stacked, which constitutes the source of pollution of water and soil in mining areas. Water pollution in mining areas includes surface water pollution and groundwater pollution in mining areas. The most common is that during the mining process, a large amount of pit water and mining wastewater is directly discharged to the rivers, ditches, or ponds around the mining area so that the surface water body of the mining area is polluted; Because the river has become a discharge channel for mine wastewater, the shallow groundwater on both sides of the river channel is contaminated to varying degrees.

Analysis of the development trend of mine geological environment issues
Aiming at the main mine geological environment issues in Heilongjiang Province, the development trend of mine geological and ecological issues was analyzed by combining the conditions of mineral resources, mining methods, geological, environmental conditions, mining degree, and mining types.

Analysis of the development trend of ground subsidence and ground fissures
The ground subsidence and fissures in Heilongjiang Province are mainly caused by coal mining, so the ground subsidence and fissures in Heilongjiang Province are primarily distributed in coal mining areas such as Jixi, Hegang, Shuangyashan, and Qitaihe. Ground cracks and ground collapse are often associated, mainly distributed around and peripheral of collapse pits or collapse basins; with the change in the economic situation and the strengthening of the government's integration of mineral resources, its impact area is gradually decreasing, the degree of development is reducing progressively, coupled with the increase in the state and Heilongjiang Province in the treatment of ground subsidence, so the overall situation of land subsidence in Heilongjiang Province is improving year by year. Due to the improvement of awareness of mine geological disaster prevention, the strengthening of investigation work, and the adoption of engineering prevention measures, the hidden danger points of debris flow in Heilongjiang Province are basically in the scope of monitoring overall trend is declining.

Analysis of the development trend of vegetation resources occupied and destroyed by land
As long as the development and utilization of mineral resources will inevitably occupy or destroy land vegetation resources because the current situation has developed and utilized more types of mineral resources, mining methods are different (underground mining, openpit mining, underground engineering, and open-pit compound mining), mining scales are further, the occupation and destruction of land vegetation resources and the degree is not the same. Hence, the land vegetation resources occupied and destroyed points caused by mining development are wide-ranging, varying degrees, and the situation is very complex. With the strengthening of resource integration and the improvement of the standardization of resource market order, open-pit stopes within the visual range of "three districts and two lines" in the province have been closed, and the rate of destruction of land resources by open-pit stopes has decreased significantly in recent years. Due to resource integration, the number of production and mining enterprises has been declining in recent years, so the occupation and destruction of land resources by mining have been alleviated.

Analysis of the impact and damage trend of mining development on aquifers
The impact and damage of mining development on aquifers are mainly caused by long-term drainage and drainage of many pits during coal mining, pumping, and recharging during oil exploitation, primarily manifested as regional groundwater level drop, wellspring dryness, water pollution, etc. The resulting damage to aquifer structures and changes in the hydrogeological conditions of the mining area cannot be recovered in the short term, and this situation continues to develop with the development of the mining industry. As a result, the impact and damage to aquifers will not diminish but also tends to increase.

Trend analysis of the influence and destruction of topographic and geomorphological landscapes
The impact and damage to the topography and landscape are mainly caused by the direct excavation of mountains or land and solid waste occupation by open-pit mining. With the closure and treatment of open-pit stops within the visual range of "three districts and two lines," the natural recovery of placer gold mining areas and the increased rate of the open-pit regions in recent years has decreased significantly. The impact and damage of open-pit mining pits and solid mine waste piling on the topography and landscape have yet to be improved considerably, and the situation is dire.

Calculation and results of trend analysis of mine geological environmental impact
Divide the cells of a certain precision in the work area, each mine point will fall into a particular cell, and the mutual influence between mine points becomes the mutual influence between neighboring cells [8] . To calculate the degree to which a cell is affected by the surrounding mine points, you can artificially determine a radius of influence, draw a circle with the center of the cell as the center and the radius of the impact range, and stipulate that all the mine points in the process have an impact on the cell, the closer to the center of the cell, the more significant the impact, and the farther away, the smaller the impact.
Let the mine point be K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , K 4 , K 5 , the impact index is I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 , I 5 , according to the principle of generating density map, within the range of search radius r, the impact index density of P cell is D p . According to the different degrees of influence of mine points in the search range on the P unit, additional weights are given respectively [9] . The importance of the mine point in the P unit is 1, and the influence weight of the other mine points is expressed by the reciprocal distance from the topic to the center point of the P unit [10][11][12] . The influence weight of the mine point K i outside the P unit is W i , and the W i calculation formula is as follows: x i ,y i represents the coordinates of the center point of the K i mine; x p , y p represents the central coordinates of the P cell.Then the impact index of K i mine points is: The impact index density D p of P units in the range of search radius r is calculated as follows: By carrying out the geological environment survey in Heilongjiang Province and referring to the evaluation standards (as shown in Table 2), the distribution, type, and scale of geological environment problems in Heilongjiang Province and the impact evaluation of mining activities on the geological environment are found. The main results are as follows (as shown in Table 3).  A total of 6,867 non-oil and gas mines of various types were investigated this time, and 72 kinds of minerals were mined; According to the production status, there are 66 mines under construction, 1624 production mines, 75 closed pits, 4312 abandoned mines, and 790 closed by the policy.  A total of 214 mine geological disasters were identified, including 23 collapse geological disasters and three landslides caused by open-pit mining; There were 204 geological disasters of ground collapse and seven ground fissures caused by underground mining; The total land area occupied by mines in the province is 3344.55km 2 , and the land area damaged by mining activities is 67914.05hm 2 , including 3823.64hm 2 of arable land, 17478.42hm 2 of forest land, 7459.34hm 2 of grassland, 10.65hm 2 of garden land, and 39142.00hm 2 of others.  The compulsory pumping of groundwater during the construction and mining process of the mine and the collapse and cracking of the upper part of the goaf cause groundwater and surface water to leak, which seriously destroys the balance of water resources and the conditions for replenishment and drainage, resulting in a decline in the groundwater level in and around the mine, a decline or even drying up of the spring flow, and a reduction or interruption of the surface water flow.  The mine pit water, mineral processing wastewater, domestic water, etc., formed by mining are mostly discharged into the nearest rivers and valleys, and the mining waste ballast, coal gangue, tailings, etc., are improperly stacked, which constitutes the source of pollution of the water body and soil in the mining area.

Conclusions
In summary, based on collecting data using the results of remote sensing interpretation, the investigation of the mine geological environment in Heilongjiang Province was investigated. The distribution, type, scale, and current situation of mine geological environment issues of mineral resources in Heilongjiang Province were basically clarified, and through the investigation of mine geological disasters, aquifer damage, topographic and geomorphological landscape damage, land resources destruction, and water and soil environment pollution, and the impact of mining activities on the geological environment was evaluated, and suggestions for mine geological environmental protection and treatment countermeasures were put forward. It provides primary data for strengthening the supervision and management of the mine geological environment while providing a basis for the rational development and utilization of mineral resources in our province and the protection and treatment of the mine geological environment.