A Study of Factors Affecting College Students' Perception of Temporary Campus Landscape Environment for Asian Games

: Campus temporary landscapes have great potential to promote sustainability, student well-being, and campus engagement. The article presents a field survey, questionnaire design, and SPSS software analysis of the temporary Asian Games landscape at the Zhejiang University of Technology. An attempt was made to investigate the environmental perception impacts of the Asian Games' temporary campus landscape on university students and whether these impacts differed by individual differences (e.g., gender or academic major). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to explain college students' specific perceptions of the temporary Asian Games landscape. The analysis results show: 1) individual variables of college students had significant effects on the differences in environmental perceptions of the Asian Games temporary campus landscape, and gender and academic major factors had direct effects on them; 2) college students had different perceptual outcomes for different types of Asian Games temporary campus landscapes, and they preferred figurative temporary landscapes, followed by abstract and information transfer landscapes, and finally signage landscapes; 3) Asian Games There is a close connection between different features of the temporary campus landscape and college students' environmental perceptions, and aesthetic features become the key features affecting college students' environmental perceptions. The study reveals the mechanism of the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games affecting the environmental perception of college students, and based on the results of the study, relevant planning suggestions are proposed, which have certain implications for improving the design of the temporary campus landscape space.


Introduction
The temporary landscape has no clear definition at present but is a concept relative to traditional permanent landscape, relatively flexible in terms of the time of existence, materials used, and design forms [1], which provides a changeable, appropriate, and beautiful landscape for the space site to meet the current function, and can bring new life and vitality to the underutilized space [2]. With the 19th Asian Games held in Hangzhou in 2023, the Pingfeng Campus of Zhejiang University of Technology provided venue support for cricket matches and undertook the promotion of the Asian Games, and then the Asian Games' temporary landscapes were placed on the campus once after another. The current situation of campus temporary landscape research at home and abroad shows that in recent years, more and more scholars have started to pay attention to the study of campus temporary landscape to explore its role in the design of campus space. It is found that temporary landscapes can improve the functionality and aesthetics of campus space, increase the usability of campus space, improve the campus environment, enhance students' learning experience, and promote the development of campus social culture. However, there are still many shortcomings in the current research, such as limited research scope, weak theoretical foundation, single research object, and research method. Therefore, this article addresses the above-mentioned contents, raises questions, digs into the logic, drills into the methods, develops ideas, and finally solves problems.
First of all, the current research on temporary landscape mainly focuses on the more basic content, for the temporary landscape itself, the characteristics of the temporary landscape, the types of temporary landscape and the properties of temporary landscape, etc., and the research is concentrated on urban temporary landscape, and less research on the temporary landscape in other fields, and focuses on some common temporary landscape, and the impact of temporary landscape on human or There are few studies on the effects of temporary landscapes on human beings or human perception. Therefore, the first question posed by the authors in this article focuses on temporary campus landscapes and discusses whether there are significant differences in the perception of temporary campus landscape environments by individual college students' variables (e.g., gender or major).
Secondly, when many scholars study temporary campus landscapes, they talk about different types of temporary landscapes in general, they stay the level of elaborating on the concept, characteristics, use value, use occasions, and material cost of a certain type of temporary landscape, and concentrate on design strategies and design ideas. The original purpose of campus landscape design is for the participants of the campus, and many studies now lack the exploration of the differences in environmental perceptions of campus participants in different types of temporary landscapes. Therefore, the second issue raised by the authors in this article is the study of the impact of different types of landscapes on the environmental perceptions of college students in the Asian Games' thematic temporary landscapes.
Finally, many authors describe the characteristics of campus temporary landscapes at the level of conceptualization and lack research on how a specific feature affects college students and what kind of campus temporary landscapes college students prefer. The last research question of the authors in this article is to investigate which characteristics of Asian Gamesthemed temporary landscapes have a greater impact on college students' environmental perceptions.
The ultimate research purpose of this article is to provide implications for the temporary landscape construction of various types of universities. Since different types of universities such as polytechnic universities, comprehensive universities, language universities, teacher training universities, and art universities have different professional structures and different gender ratios, they also have different design ideas for temporary landscapes. For example, polytechnic universities have more male students and fewer female students, polytechnic majors account for most of the temporary landscape design concepts that should be in line with the temperament of this type of university, the overall simplicity, square, quiet, so that students establish a sense of rigor and develop a good learning attitude. Art universities have many male and female students with distinct personalities and artistic atmospheres, so the design concept of the temporary landscape should be personalized and artistic, with rich colors, unique shapes, and high recognition and artistic display of campus characteristics, to inspire students to develop more creative inspiration [3]. In conclusion, landscape architects should consider the design needs of different types of colleges and universities to design temporary, presentable, and flexible landscapes [4].

2.1Study area
The Zhejiang University of Technology Pingfeng Campus is located in West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, with excellent geographical conditions [5]; as the Asian Games cricket match was held in the university, the facilities around the school are complete one after another and the transportation is convenient; the basic quality of university students is high, the number is large and the mobility of personnel is high, which makes it easy to carry out questionnaire surveys and provides strong data support for the followup study.
"A" is the Asian Games countdown sign, located on the lawn at the intersection of the university's feeder road and Ancient Canal Road, 5 meters long, 0.81 meters wide, and 2.5 meters high, shaped like the Asian Games emblem and containing all the Asian Games theme colors: rainbow rhyme purple, sun-reflecting red, ink white, laurel yellow, watery blue and lake mountain green [6]; "B" is the Asian Games-themed sculpture, located on the lawn west of the university's southwest gate, 3.6 meters long, 0.3 meters wide and 0.6 meters high and 0.6 m high; "C" is one of the Asian Games mascots-Lian Lian, located on the lawn directly south of the university's gymnasium, presenting the shape of being playing cricket.

2.2Questionnaire design
The questionnaire was divided into three parts: basic information of college students, preference test for temporary Asian Games campus landscape, tendency test for temporary Asian Games campus landscape, and scale design of college student's perception of temporary Asian Games campus landscape environment. The first part included age, gender, education, major, and length of schooling; the second part required college students to rank the four Asian Games temporary campus landscapes according to their subjective will; the third part required college students to rate the qualities and elements of the Asian Games temporary campus landscapes in the pictures (Likert 5-point scale); the fourth part involved three levels of evaluation in Table 1: aesthetic, psychological, and formal, with 18 variables.
Participants were asked to select as many adjectives with opposite meanings as possible, and then seven responses were set between each pair of adjectives, and participants were to select the response that best matched their perception. From left to right, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (Likert 7-level scale method) were used for numerical processing in the quantitative analysis, which was also used as the basis for obtaining a semantic difference scale (i.e., SD curve).

2.3Research Methodology
SPSS statistical analysis software operates, data mining, predictive analysis, and decision support tasks [7].SPSS is powerful and easy to learn and use for all fields of natural and social sciences and is the most used and widely used professional analysis and statistical software in the world [8].SPSS 25 includes several algorithms such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, analysis of variance, etc. In this study, questionnaires were distributed using the Tencent questionnaire, 210 questionnaires collected were used for the study, and different analysis methods were adopted for different data.
(1) Multiple reliability and validity tests were conducted on all questionnaire items to verify the scientificity and accuracy of the questionnaire; (2) Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the basic information of the research subjects to verify whether the research subjects were representative; (3) In exploring the relationship between gender factors of college students and satisfaction with the temporary campus landscape of Asian Games, independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data to obtain the results of the tendency of different genders on satisfaction; (4) in exploring the relationship between professional factors of college students and satisfaction with the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games, one-way ANOVA was used to obtain significance values; (5) given that the adjectives used in the questionnaire to describe college students' perception of the overall environment of the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games were divided into seven levels, which met the scoring requirements of the SD method, the SD method was used for Data analysis.

3.1Reliability Analysis
Reliability refers to the degree of consistency and stability of the data obtained during repeated testing of the questionnaire. Reliability is estimated in the range of 0 to 1; the higher the value, the higher the reliability. Cronbach alpha (abbreviated alpha) is used to test reliability. In SPSS, this test is performed as follows, Analysis -Scale -Reliability Analysis, under "Items" select the variables to be analyzed and analyze the data. The output results of Table 2 show that the alpha reliability coefficient is 0.927, which indicates that the questionnaire data have good reliability.

Validity analysis
Validity is the ability of the selected items to represent the subject; it reflects the accuracy of the measurement results. The validity of questionnaires is more important than the reliability. In this study, KMO and Bartlett's spherical test were conducted for each variable based on the valid data of the questionnaire using SPSS 25.0, and the output results of Table 3 show that the KMO value was 0.919 (reference value > 0.7) and Bartlett's spherical test sig value was 0.000 (reference value < 0.05), indicating that the variables are suitable for factor analysis.

4.1.1Descriptive analysis of the sample
The valid sample of the survey was statistically analyzed, and several personal variables were measured, including gender and age, education, major, and time spent at the campus, considering the potential influence of personal factors on the perceived environment of college students. Male respondents accounted for 46.7% of the respondents and female respondents accounted for 53.9%. Respondents were mostly 21-25 years old, with a majority of undergraduate education, followed by master's and doctoral degrees, and a professional background focused on engineering, followed by other majors such as art and science. In addition, the survey shows that the largest number of college students have been in school for more than one year, and the composition of the 210 questionnaire samples shows that the ratio of male to female respondents is close to 1:1, and the data of attributes such as age structure, education level, and major are normally distributed, so the sample data have good representativeness. The overview of the variables is shown in Table 4. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze the effect of gender on satisfaction with the temporary campus landscape for the Asian Games. Table 5 shows the results of the independent samples t-test, including the results of mean ± standard deviation, t-test results, significance P-value, and effect size Cohen's d-value. The mean values for males and females in terms of satisfaction are: 1.755/1.982, respectively, and the pvalue of significance result is 0.044**, thus the statistical results are significant, indicating that there is a significant difference between males and females in terms of satisfaction, and the magnitude of their difference Cohen's d value is: 0.281, which is small (0.20, 0.50 and 0.80 correspond to small, medium and large thresholds, respectively ). The relationship between gender and satisfaction was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Firstly, the histogram of normality test shows that the normal graph shows a bell shape (high in the middle and low at both ends), then it indicates that the data, although not normal, is acceptable as a normal distribution; the data show ( Table  6) that the Eta square (η² value) of gender satisfaction with the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games is 0.019, indicating that the difference of The Cohen's f value is an indication of the effect size, and the threshold points for differentiation of small, medium and large effect sizes are: 0.1, 0.25 and 0.40, respectively. the results of the quantitative analysis of the effect show that Cohen's f value is 0.141, indicating that the degree of difference in the quantification of the effect of the data is a small degree of difference.  One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the relationship between major and temporary landscape satisfaction. The data were normally distributed, and the results of the chi-square test showed a significant p-value of 0.001*** at the level of significance for a major temporary campus landscape for the Asian Games. The mean values of satisfied, average, dissatisfied, very satisfied, and very dissatisfied on professional satisfaction with the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games are 1.754*/2.000*/1.900*/1.765*/2.222* respectively; the ANOVA results in a P-value of 0.020**≤0.05, so the statistical results are significant, indicating that different professional satisfaction with the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games There is a significant difference on the details are shown in Table 7. The results of the quantitative analysis of the effect showed ( Table 8) that the Eta-square (η² value) was 0.055 based on the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games, indicating that 5.5% of the variation in the data was derived from differences between groups.
Cohen's f value was 0.242, indicating that the degree of variation in the quantification of the effect of the data was small degree of variation. On the issue of the benefits of the Asian Games temporary campus landscape, 187, 89% of college students think that these Asian Games temporary landscapes can provide and promote information about the Asian Games; 185, 88.1% of college students think that this Asian Games temporary landscape can spread the Asian Games culture and promote the sports spirit [9]; 153, 72.9% of college students think that this Asian Games temporary landscape can enrich the campus landscape level; 134, 63.8% of college students think that the Asian Games temporary landscape can stimulate campus vitality. The data results also show that students of science and technology are more concerned with the transmission of Asian Games information, students of arts have higher concern in sports culture output and campus vitality in addition to the campus landscape, and students of arts have a higher sensitivity to campus landscape space layout, type, volume size, and landscape level; college students pay more attention to aesthetics and function in the qualities of Asian Games temporary campus landscape, accounting for 86.2% and 70%, followed by 53.8% and 41% for landscape accessibility and environmental protection, respectively. Among them, male students pay more attention to the function and environmental protection of temporary landscape, while female students pay more attention to aesthetics; in terms of design elements of temporary campus landscape for Asian Games, 97.6% of college students pay attention to the styling design of temporary landscape, 79.5% pay attention to the color matching of temporary landscape, 44.3% pay attention to the choice of materials, in addition, the data show that male and female students account for 98% and 97.3% of each in the choice of styling elements. 98% and 97.3% of the total number of students, indicating that regardless of gender and major, the overall importance of college students on modeling elements in the temporary campus landscape of the Asian Games is consistent.

Impact of different types of Asian Games temporary campus landscapes on college students' environmental perceptions
In the questionnaire, the authors asked the participants to rank their favorite level of the four types of Asian Games temporary campus landscapes, and the results are as follows (Table 9): ranking first is the figurative Asian Games landscape C, the main color of Lian Lian's perimeter consists of dark blue and sky blue, holding white cricket equipment, with a lovely shape, 55.2%, 116 participants chose it as their favorite Asian Games temporary campus landscape; abstract Asian Games temporary landscape B A landscape contains many Asian Games information, including the Asian Games slogan, Asian Games theme colors and Asian Games time, and the shape fits the Asian Games emblem, each with 20.5%, 43 participants chose them as their favorite Asian Games temporary campus landscape; finally in the The fourth place is the logo-based landscape D. Although this type of landscape is dominant in terms of quantity, it still has 73.8%, and 155 participants ranked it last in the ranking of Asian Games temporary campus landscape favorites. The results are as follows: the most representative Asian Games temporary campus landscape in the participants' mind is figurative landscape C, the second is information transfer landscape A, the third is abstract landscape B, and the last is signage landscape D. The most representative Asian Games temporary campus landscape in the participants' mind is figurative landscape C, the second is information transfer landscape A, the third is abstract landscape B, and the last is signage landscape D. The two data show that college students are more inclined to the figurative and colorful campus temporary landscape, the design approach of this type of landscape is clear, using familiar objects in reality as the design object, no design knowledge of college students can also directly interpret the temporary landscape, the degree of acceptance is high, and has great appeal to college students. The attitude of college students towards abstract and information transfer-type landscapes is equal, these two types of landscape are designed to integrate many spiritual connotations of the Asian Games, and the design of the Asian Games emblem is taken into consideration, but it is difficult for college students who are not design majors to understand. Finally, college students are the least fond of logo-type landscapes, on the one hand, with this type of billboard hanging above the pole, college students' eyes can not focus for a long time and thus be ignored; on the other hand, simple shape, weak sense of volume at the same time the number of numerous, easy to produce visual fatigue. It is worth noting that from the pictures presented to college students, more than half of them put Landscape C as the first choice in both rankings. This indicates that figurative Asian Games landscape C is more attractive to college students, suggesting that humans have a natural affinity for figurative landscapes.
When the authors conducted a sample interview, college students gave these answers: "The shape is not good, the colors are too mixed", "The shape is quite like the Asian Games emblem", "This sculpture does not know what to express, I can't understand it ", "the modeling lines change beautifully", "the visual impact of this sculpture", "I usually pass by without much observation of the billboard, did not pay attention to ", etc., which coincides with the tendency of the analysis results we got with the actual survey responses.

Extraction analysis of key features of the temporary Asian Games campus landscape
Semantic Differential (SD) analysis, or SD for short, was proposed by Osgood. It is a psychophysical school of research method that operates by using linguistic word pairs to form differential discriminations as a way of exploring the real psychological feelings of the test taker, thus forming certain discriminations about systemic problems in a quantitative way [10].SPSS 25 generated descriptive statistics of the sample data and obtained the average score for each adjective. Based on these results, SD curves were drawn for the evaluation of college students' environmental perceptions (Table 10). These scores are derived from psychology and are called psychological quantities, and the dashes represent nine sets of psychological quantities in the four sample areas.
According to the environmental perception results of college students, the scores of information transfer landscape A and figurative Asian Games landscape C both lie to the left of the "0" value, while the scores of abstract landscape B and signage landscape D, for various reasons, span a larger range for the two temporary landscapes and lie to the right of the "0" value for some environmental perception adjectives. the right side of the "0" value. From the aesthetic characteristics, the scores of information transfer type landscape and figurative Asian Games landscape are higher, and college students think they have beautiful shapes and bright colors, logo type landscape has the lowest score in this classification (see Table 1 for details), and abstract type landscape has simple design and plain colors; from the psychological characteristics, all four types of landscape scores are on the left side, indicating that when college students see these landscapes they will feel positive emotions, especially in The score of landscape C in the perception option of "negative-positive" is significantly higher than the other three types of landscapes, indicating that this type of landscape has a higher positive impact on college students' environmental perception and there is a close connection between the two, followed by landscape D, which is too simple in design and has a less positive effect on college students' environmental perception [11]. While they consider the four types of temporary landscapes as interesting, lively, and energetic; from the formal characteristics, college students generally consider the four types of temporary landscapes as more harmonious and introverted, and landscape B is the most abstract compared to the other three types of landscapes.
The nine sets of adjective scores for the four types of temporary landscapes all lie around the value of "0", which indicates that college students generally think that these landscapes are beautiful and atmospheric, with harmonious overall tones, and fit the theme and spiritual connotation of the Asian Games. The average scores of the four types of temporary landscapes are located near the "0" value, indicating that college students' perceptions are positive when they see these four types of temporary Asian Games landscapes: calm, comfortable, free, reflective, and energetic. In general, aesthetic features are more important than quantity share in the temporary campus landscape design of the Asian Games, and good aesthetic design captures the eyes and draws people to stay in the residence, and also improves negative emotions.

Conclusion
The temporary campus landscape is an important category of the campus landscape, which is significant to college students' environmental perception and psychological health. In the authors' study, most college students were satisfied with the existing temporary Asian Games landscape. Through the analysis, the following conclusions are obtained: 1) Gender and major are important factors affecting college students' environmental perception of the Asian Games temporary campus landscape, male students' concern about the temporary landscape is mainly focused on the shape and function, female college students are more focused on the color and shape, of course, there is also a cross section between the two, and students majoring in science and technology and students majoring in arts and crafts also have deviations in their concerns, both are more; 2) college students are significantly more concerned about the figurative temporary landscape than the other three temporary landscape, this type of landscape is close to the concrete objects in life because of the shape, easy to understand, people accept it to a higher degree; 3) the different characteristics of the Asian Games temporary campus landscape on college students' environmental perception is also different, the Asian Games temporary landscape has strong artistic attributes, excellent Modeling design and positive color matching are conducive to eliminating the negative effects of personal stress, while increasing the attractiveness and visual impact, thus aesthetics is a key factor influencing college students' perception of the Asian Games temporary campus landscape environment.

Discussion
The limitations of this study include the limitations of questionnaire participants, sample size, research sites, and the type and number of temporary landscapes in the Asian Games. The uneven distribution and the small number of questionnaire participants in this study's majors limit the generalizability of the findings. The study was based on the subjective consciousness of the college student participants, and therefore, the recruited college students may have shown bias in their selfselection when they expected to gain benefits from participating in the questionnaire study. The college student participants in the sample interviews indicated their preference for certain types of temporary campus landscapes and their preconceived ideas about them. Secondly, the research site of this study is limited to comprehensive colleges and universities, and other types of colleges and universities are not researched. The lack of data in this regard will lead to inherent limitations in comparing temporary Asian Games landscapes in different types of colleges and universities. In addition, the types of Asian Games temporary campus landscapes in the researched colleges and universities now are limited, and the number is also limited, and it is impossible to make horizontal comparisons in terms of types. Therefore, the following contents can be added in the subsequent study: the duration of each college student passing through each type of landscape, the different feelings of passing through for the first time and multiple times, increasing the psychological volume from more angles, researching different types of colleges and universities, collecting more types of temporary landscapes, etc., and studying temporary campus landscapes with a larger sample size to improve the generality for the next exploration and analysis.
Finally, college students are an important population on college campuses. Understanding their perceptions of temporary campus landscapes has significant implications for designing inclusive and sustainable environments that meet their needs and foster a sense of belonging. The Asian Games' temporary campus landscape aims to create a visually appealing and engaging spatial environment that enhances students' aesthetic appreciation of the campus environment. In the future, landscape architects should propose different temporary landscape design solutions for different types of colleges and universities, different majors, and different genders of college students' needs.