A Preliminary Study on the Research and Development of Digital Soil and Water Conservation Intelligent Management Platform --Taking Anji County as an example

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Introduction
Soil and water conservation is an inevitable requirement for the construction of ecological civilization, covering multi-business scenarios such as soil erosion control and supervision of production and construction projects. [1] .The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to accelerate the construction of digital China, cultivate new dynamic energy with information technology, and promote new development with new driving forces. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized promoting green development and promoting harmonious coexistence between human and nature. In the context of digital transformation and ecological civilization construction, the Ministry of Water Resources and provinces, cities and counties actively promote digital reform [2][3][4] , with information technology as technical support, integrate a variety of soil and water conservation resources to supervise soil and water conservation situation in production and construction projects, improve regional soil and water erosion forecasting and early warning capabilities, and tap the potential of soil and water conservation carbon sinks, so as to realize intelligent simulation and accurate decision-making for soil and water conservation, and promote the construction of ecological civilization of soil and water conservation [5][6] .
Digital soil and water conservation is mainly oriented to the data management of soil and water conservation, using digital technology to collect, analyze, store and transmit and share soil and water conservation related information data, build a soil and water conservation information management platform, supervise the soil and water conservation measures of production and construction projects, monitor the regional soil and water erosion situation, to realize real-time forecasts and warnings, and comprehensively improve the decisionmaking ability of soil and water conservation [7][8] .
Anji County, as China's first ecological county, national soil and water conservation ecological civilization county, the birthplace of the "two mountains" theory. In order to improve the digital level of soil and water conservation, further release the "magnetic effect" of the "Two Mountains Bank" and create a county digital ecology, Anji County Water Conservancy Bureau in accordance with the general requirements of "demand traction, application first, digital empowerment, and lifting power ", closely focus on the core requirements of digital transformation of water conservancy and intelligent management of soil and water conservation in Zhejiang Province, to digitally empower soil and water conservation matters, and implement ecological civilization thought, accelerate the construction of a smart management platform for digital soil and water conservation.
Based on a new generation of information technology such as big data, digital twin, artificial intelligence and virtual reality, we dock the basic data of the information platform of Development and Reform Commission, Bureau of Planning and Natural Resources, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development to build a data warehouse for soil and water conservation, break the "data barriers" among multiple government departments and realize the "one map management of whole life cycle of production and construction projects.
Supply with modern means such as remote sensing interpretation, aerial filming drone, and mobile terminal inspection, master the changes in soil erosion, and realize the precise governance mode of "map spot-small basinproject region -county -province" as the main line to create Anji model of soil erosion control digitalization.
Innovatively add the carbon sink module to achieve the monitoring, accounting and trading of soil and water conservation carbon sink.
Building a smart management platform that meets the multi-business scenarios of the supervision of production and construction projects; dynamic monitoring and comprehensive management of soil erosion; smart decision making and application, industry publicity services, so as to achieve long-term and healthy "one map management" of soil and water conservation.

Construction foundation
(1)Anji County pre-digital reform is effective Anji County actively promotes the digital reform of soil and water conservation, and has achieved remarkable results. In 2021, Anji County has focused on the construction of two multi-application scenario digital reform projects, namely, urban and rural water supply security risk identification and management control and small watershed flash flood warning and emergency linkage, which are included in the first batch of water conservancy digital reform pilots in the province.
(2)Water conservancy digital reform related policies and application support Anji County digital soil and water conservation wisdom management platform construction is benching on the digital reform of Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang Province innovatively launched "Zheli Jiulong linkage water management" application ( Fig.1), which accelerates the construction of digital twin watersheds, and integrated to create a shared water conservancy brain for the whole industry. (3)Data Support Anji County has built a soil and water conservation research and technology demonstration garden. At the same time, At the same time, thanks to the unique natural geographical advantages, it has a typical soil erosion observation test basin, which provides basic data support for platform construction.
(4)Technology Assurance At present, the maturity of new generation information technologies such as big data, digital twin, artificial intelligence and virtual reality provides technical support for the construction of digital soil and water conservation intelligent platform in Anji County.
(5)Organizational and financial security The construction of the platform is led by Anji County Water Resources Bureau, and the construction is carried out with local special funds.

Construction goals
The goal of the platform construction is to build an intelligent management platform that meets the multibusiness scenarios of soil and water conservation, and to realize the intelligent and accurate decision-making of soil and water conservation in Anji County. The specific construction objectives are: (1) Data sharing of soil and water conservation. By constructing the underlying data warehouse of soil and water conservation, the information barriers among multiple government departments.
(2) The whole life cycle of production and construction projects "one map management". By building a soil and water conservation prevention and supervision system, it realizes the whole process integrated management of soil and water conservation information collection, administrative approval, process supervision and acceptance report of production construction projects.
(3) The transformation of soil and water erosion management from subjective to precise. Through the construction of soil erosion precision management system, we use basic data such as dynamic monitoring data of soil erosion, land use types and remote sensing images to wisely select areas in urgent need of treatment. The project construction is supervised by means of UAV tilt photography, on-site supervision and inspection.
(4) Prediction and early warning of soil erosion. With the help of deep learning algorithms, digital twin and virtual reality, we simulate soil erosion scenarios and build a soil erosion monitoring and forecasting system.
(5) Tapping the potential of soil and water conservation carbon sinks to help ecological civilization construction. By constructing a soil and water conservation carbon sink management system, the dynamic carbon sink data with unified coordinate system, data content and data form are connected to the digital soil and water conservation wisdom management platform, and the carbon sink data and soil and water conservation information are dynamically monitored to timely adjust soil and water conservation measures and increase the amount of soil and water conservation carbon sink.

Platform design 4.1 General framework
To comprehensively improve the digital level of water and soil conservation work in Anji County, open the information sharing and interaction channels among multiple government departments, The Anji County determined to use the ' 11143 ' construction framework as a digital system framework for soil and water conservation, that is, a unified work portal platform, a set of regulatory system, a underlying data warehouse, four core business application systems and three soil and water conservation service modules (Fig.2). The platform is built with a stable, simple and safe governmental website framework, and a regulatory system is adopted to ensure its safe operation.

Standardization of soil and water conservation matters
The digital platform is suitable for multiple business scenarios of soil and water conservation. Soil and water conservation work in Anji County can be divided into three major categories:1) Production construction projects category;2) ecological governance category;3) Environmental monitoring category.
Among them, for the production and construction project category, the platform covers the work scenarios of soil and water conservation approval, monitoring and supervision, and special acceptance during the whole life cycle of the project; for ecological governance issues, it includes pre-management, construction management, benefit evaluation and other work scenarios.

Construction of the underlying data warehouse
Data is the basis for the construction of intelligent management platform, and the underlying data warehouse is mainly composed of operational data storage area and data warehouse area.
The operational data storage area is composed of basic database, construction project database, ecological management project database and monitoring database. The basic database includes digital elevation data, land use data, ecological protection red line, permanent basic farmland, ecological public welfare forest, drinking water source protection area, vector data of key soil erosion prevention and treatment areas, etc. The database of construction projects includes program approval information such as the project's land area, earth-rock, soil erosion prevention and control index, start and completion time; project monitoring, supervision and inspection of soil and water conservation and other regulatory information; soil and water conservation acceptance information of projects to be accepted and accepted projects, and remote sensing disturbance map spot information. The ecological management project database includes county-wide standard small watershed vector data, dynamic soil erosion monitoring data, historical management project information, and information related to projects under construction. The monitoring database includes meteorological data, soil data, vegetation data, runoff sediment data, carbon emission monitoring data, carbon adsorption data, etc. Data warehouse area is mainly used to store and manage the historical data and current situation data with analysis value after integration.

System of Core business application
(1) Soil and water conservation preventive supervision system The system is applied to the whole life cycle of production and construction projects, including project approval, monitoring and supervision and special acceptance of the three modules. Among them, project approval has early warning, system automatic preliminary examination, modular review, approval information interaction, compliance comparison, change management and other functions (Fig.3); monitoring and supervision with monitoring information reporting, intelligent research and analysis, supervision and inspection management, soil and water conservation integration dynamic monitoring and other functions (Fig.4); special acceptance with acceptance reporting, online public, reporting verification and other functions (Fig.5). (2) Precise soil erosion management system The precise soil erosion management system includes three modules: pre-management, construction management and benefit assessment. 1) Preliminary management By using 3S technology, based on the dynamic monitoring data of soil erosion in the monitoring database, the small watersheds with a large proportion of soil erosion and high erosion intensity are initially screened out, and then combined with the information of digital elevation topography, land use type, remote sensing images, map data and the scope of the two areas in the basic data warehouse, as well as the information of soil and water conservation planning at all levels and the scope of projects implemented in previous years, the areas in urgent need of treatment are wisely selected.
2)Construction management: Through technical means such as high-definition remote sensing images, uav tilt photography and on-site supervision and inspection, the supervision of project construction is realized. Among them, remote sensing supervision of soil and water conservation in the whole project construction process can realize information, fine and intelligent supervision of soil and water conservation.
For key areas, we can use UAV tilt photography technology to generate real projection images, and formulate targeted measures for soil and water conservation through intelligent discrimination and accurate measurement. By comparing and analyzing the soil erosion data before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation measures, the soil erosion change data can be improved and the implementation effect of different soil and water conservation measures can be analyzed. 3

)Benefit evaluation:
With the distributed hydrological model, the benefit evaluation of the completed project is carried out, including the evaluation of the implementation effect and the benefit evaluation of the treatment measures. The project implementation effect evaluation mainly refers to the assessment of the use of funds, project completion, project quality, progress control and implementation benefits after the implementation of the project according to the dynamic database data, and the results can be used as an important reference for the next year's county-level project funds subsidies and implementation township selection. Comprehensive management benefit evaluation refers to the on-site verification of the project area's management measures map, and the study and judgment of the compliance and effectiveness of the map by comparing the data of the measure map type, soil erosion situation, land use situation and remote sensing images. At the same time, the distributed hydrological model is used to conduct intelligent scenario simulation of soil erosion conditions before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation, and quantify the soil and water conservation benefits generated by the comprehensive soil erosion management measures.
(3) Soil erosion monitoring and forecasting early warning system Soil erosion monitoring and forecasting system includes data management module and soil erosion forecasting and warning module.
1) Data management module. Anji County has built soil erosion slope runoff fields and test sub-basins, which are equipped with automatic observation and sensing equipment to monitor basic data such as rainfall, soil vegetation, soil and water conservation measures and runoff sediment, and transmit them to the bottom data warehouse.
2) Soil erosion forecasting and and warning module. Based on the data warehouse data and soil erosion model with the help of deep learning algorithm and virtual reality technology, it can make intelligent simulation and forecast of soil erosion. Through deep mining and analysis of data warehouse data, soil erosion risk evaluation is carried out and soil erosion early warning is realized. With the help of intelligent management platform, the risk of soil erosion is studied and judged through data perception, and the risk control of soil erosion in Anji County is strengthened.
(4) Soil and water conservation carbon sink management system Soil and water conservation carbon sink management system includes carbon sink monitoring, accounting and trading modules [9] . 1)Carbon sink monitoring module: Digital collection, storage and analysis of soil, crops, forests and other environmental elements to achieve comprehensive monitoring of carbon emissions and carbon uptake; threedimensional monitoring means such as satellite remote sensing and ground equipment observation to achieve high-frequency and accurate data collection; all-round observation of plant growth through an integrated system to achieve monitoring of changes in the carbon sink potential of natural ecosystems. 2)Carbon sink accounting Module: Carbon sink accounting is carried out on the basis of observation and experimental data. At present, the carbon sink accounting methods in Zhejiang Province mainly include vegetation net ecosystem exchange and water carbon sequestration. [] The net vegetation ecosystem mainly includes forests, grasslands and urban green areas; carbon sequestration in waters mainly includes carbon sequestration in waters and mudflats. The carbon sink capacity of different soil and water conservation measures is different, and the assessment results of carbon sinks often vary greatly due to differences in data bases, accounting methods, etc. Big data technology is used to solve the problems of the current carbon sink data platform system, such as the coordinate system, data content, data form, etc., so as to unify the carbon sink standard and accurately reflect the contribution of soil and water erosion management to carbon neutrality. 3) Carbon sink trading module: By creating a carbon sink digital platform trading, it can solve many problems such as the overall small scale of carbon sink market, irregular operation, difficulty in docking various markets, and single form of carbon sink trading, etc. It can also increase the ability of risk assessment, product innovation, and development of green financial derivatives, and promote the realization of carbon sink value and the formation of price mechanism.

Service module of Soil and water conservation process
The main body of investment projects, especially private sectors, often lack project construction experience and are not familiar with the requirements of soil and water conservation work for production and construction projects. By the construction unit through inputting parameters such as land area, earth and rock, opening and finishing time, the system will automatically form a notification list for the whole process of soil and water conservation work, clarify when and what soil and water conservation work is carried out, and what the requirements are, while docking the provincial soil and water conservation intermediary service platform, to provide the construction unit with a list of intermediary consulting units (Fig.6).

Intelligent supply and demand module for soil and rock
Through the implementation of intelligent supply and demand transfer of earth-rock, intelligent matching of supply and demand of earthrock can improve the utilization rate of earth-rock during the project construction, increase the comprehensive utilization of earth-rock in the county, and reduce the total amount of dumping in the county. The module initially envisages to provide two information entry modules, one is for construction units to release information by themselves, and the other is to extract key parameters such as "borrower, remainder and generation time" from the report after approval, and after the parameters are obtained, the system will automatically match them according to material, quantity and transportation distance through an intelligent program and send relevant information to the supplier and demander (Fig.7).

Digital science museum of soil and water conservation
Digital technology is used to process and store soil and water conservation knowledge, forming s popular science works with pictures and texts and audio-visual combination, and transmitting popular science knowledge to the public in a more vivid and imaginative way.
1) Soil and water conservation 3D display function: Based on digital elevation data, land use data, remote sensing image data and other basic data, 3D modeling software is used to generate 3D digital models and fine processing is carried out. Finally, the 3D models are imported into Unity3D according to the geographical coordinates, and the virtual technology is developed. The real scene is restored 1:1 to show soil erosion process., the comprehensive management of soil erosion in small watersheds, and the intuitiveness and authenticity of the soil erosion process.
2) Interactive function of soil and water conservation games: anime games are embedded in the threedimensional virtual display, covering soil erosion type identification, soil erosion disaster prevention and control, soil erosion observation and other soil and water conservation knowledges, and interactive games in the form of animation combined with graphics and text to improve the fun of learning soil and water conservation knowledge and to intertwine the amusing with the educational.

Formation of a new model of integrated soil and water conservation services
Clarify the specific matters of water and soil conservation work in Anji County, and use the data warehouse as the data base to complete the closed-loop management of water and soil conservation of production and construction projects before, during and afterwards, and realize the "machine instead of man" of soil and water conservation supervision. The water administration department's behavior is restricted, and a "ruler" is set for administrative approval to reduce the discretion in approval and law enforcement. Complete the reform of soil and water conservation service model, improve the level of soil and water conservation service in Anji County, simplify the workflow of soil and water conservation, and form an integrated soil and water conservation intelligent management platform in line with the spirit of digital reform of water conservancy.

Shaping a new paradigm for digital transformation of soil and water conservation
Anji County, as a national soil and water conservation demonstration county and the birthplace of the "Two Mountains" theory, under the guidance of the pilot work plan of intelligent water conservancy of the the Ministry of Water Resources, takes the digital transformation of Zhejiang Province as an important hand, focuses on the pain and difficulty of soil and water conservation management, plays the role of intelligent empowerment of digitalization in the construction of soil and water erosion management, and comprehensively supervises the soil and water loss problems in the implementation of projects under construction within the county, so as to make the soil and water loss management change from subjectivity to precision.
Anji County has perfect basic monitoring data of soil and water conservation and typical experimental watershed of soil and water loss observation. Coupled with the maturing of emerging technologies such as virtual reality, deep learning and digital twin, the platform can provide a scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation work, with a view to shaping the platform into a new model for digital transformation of soil and water conservation.

Conclusion
The platform is constructed with the help of digital technology to integrate information resources, build the underlying data warehouse to realize information sharing; build four core application systems to realize integrated management of soil and water conservation work; and briefly elaborate the application services of the platform. Among them, digital modules including scenarios of soil erosion law analysis, small watershed soil erosion simulation analysis, and soil and water conservation carbon sink are constructed, which reflect strong innovation in terms of mechanism mode and technical methods. The construction of this platform is an important part of the construction and application of intelligent water conservancy in Anji County, which is of great significance to both accurate decision-making and ecological civilization construction in Anji County.