Green Supply Chain Practices: Toward A Sustainable Industry Development

. As environmental consciousness is growing, organizations are required to implement environmental-friendly practices, and to develop sustainable strategies not just for the health of the environment but also for sustaining the industry for the future. Today consumers value organizations that go green and are willing to pay a price premium for sustainable goods. Then, it is an incumbent need for the industry to integrate sustain ability concepts into its traditional supply chain management. The industry is a driving force behind sustainable development, where industry 4.0 is set to be a critical enabler. Nevertheless, to foster sustainable development of the industry, there is a need for applying uniform standards in environmental management to reduce the consumption of renewable resources and develop productive ways of reusing and recycling the used / waste resources. This paper, theoretical by nature, explores the impact of Green Supply Chain Practices (GSCP) on accelerating industry-related targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9 on building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation. Based on the literature review, conceptual interlinkages between the targets of SDG 9 and those SDGs that address issues of social, economic, and environmental goals, are studied in the context of GSCP. This work provides an understanding of the impact of green practices on the achievement of the SDGs.


Introduction
The role of inclusive and sustainable industrial development is one of the goals of the 2030 Agenda. The industry is a key motor of the economy but is often a major emitter of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, a promoter of degraded land and inequitable growth. The COVID-19 pandemic causing disruptions to global supply chains highlights the need for resilient infrastructure and sustainable industrialization that can withstand natural shocks. Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9), built on three interconnected pillars-infrastructures, industry, and innovation , aims to offer a systematic and effective approach to achieving socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic development. Despite the remarkable progress achieved over the past decades, achieving Goal 9 by 2030 will require addressing a range of resource constraints, processes, types of governance, and sources of finance, and encouraging collaboration and cooperation across stakeholders, sectors, and regions. Unlike previous development agendas that put an emphasis on economic growth, the SDGs constitute a global framework where some goals and targets interact with others more strongly than others. Some targets reinforce each other (synergies). Others may conflict with one another (trade-offs). The achievement of the agenda crucially depends on whether we will be able to maximize such synergies and resolve the existing trade-offs. Green supply chain practices (GSCP) incorporate sustainability concepts into traditional supply chain management and in such a context they can support SDG 9 on building resilient infrastructure promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation. Based on the literature review, this paper aims to analyse green practices that can be implemented within supply chains and explore how some of that GSCPs can help and support the goal 9. This work assists managers to understand which green practices can incorporate into their businesses to achieve sustainable industry and to drive progress in SDG 9.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: in section 2, the literature selection process is mentioned; in section 3, a review of GSCP is presented; in section 4, the role of SDG 9 relative to its targets and indicators, and its categorization are compiled; in section 5, a conceptual relationship between SDG 9 targets and GSCP is developed; Finally, some concluding remarks are drawn.

Literature Review: Objectives and Method
The purpose of the literature review is to understand the objective of research development. The literature review was organized into two different concepts: the first provides an overview of the literature related to green supply chain practices, and the second considers sustainable industry development in the context of the SDG 9 targets. These concepts were studied in the literature review, and so, two different approaches to the review of literature were conducted.
A search in the publisher's electronic databases Scopus and Web of Science was used to find out relevant documentation. The search process was based on the choice of the most convenient electronic databases and keywords used in searches. Also, other documents were identified through the snowball technique. The literature selection process used to find out the articles is shown in table 1.

Green Supply Chain Practices
Global environmental concern is a reality and has a strong influence on supply chain management in different industries. Supply chain management consists of several entities that involve upstream, focal company, and downstream relations with various activities [1] that involve producers (manufacturers), suppliers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers [2].
It is important that the supply chain activities are value-added activities to respond to the customer needs and deliver the products or services at the right time, in the right place, and in the right quantity. Also, different paradigms can be applied to supply chain management [3]. Adapting green is getting one of the most important objectives that companies, nowadays, want to include in their businesses [4].
Green supply chain management (GSCM) is based on an environmental context and could be an innovative way in implementing supply chain strategies. It helps companies to achieve organizational profits and market share goals through the reduction of environmental risks and effects along with the improvement of the environmental effectiveness of their business and the relationship with their partners [5]. However, some authors [6] state that "since the introduction of the GSCM concept there is no universal definition for it". According to [1], the GSCM integrates environmental concepts into different supply chain operations, including product design, material sourcing and selection, logistics, manufacturing procedures, transportation to the end users, management of expired products, and management of the green product's end-of-life. These operations applied practices such as reduction, recycling, reuse, material substitution, eco-materials, or green packaging [1,7]. According to several authors [2,8] the practices can be defined through four main areas: a) green procurement, b) green manufacturing, c) green distribution, or d) reverse logistics.
However, the implementation of GSCM practices is only possible when there are several internal changes that encourage companies to adopt those practices. The term drivers of GSCM refers to the factors that motivate and allow organizations to adopt green practices in their SCM [2,8]. Several drivers are compiled in table 2 as internal and external drivers. The internal drivers are related to the focal company and the external drivers are related to the upstream and downstream supply chain. An example mentioned by [9] is that customers are externally oriented drivers of the application of green supply chain practices.  [10] Reusing and recycling materials and packaging [10] Reducing energy consumption [10] Integrating quality environmental management into the planning and operation process [10] Employee demands [2] Collaboration between product designers and suppliers to reduce and eliminate product environmental impacts [6,10] the quest to improve performance [6] External Drivers Certification of suppliers' environmental management system [10] Environmental collaboration with suppliers [6,10] Environmental collaboration with customers [10] Customer's environmental awareness [2,6] Satisfy the customer's needs [6] Some issues related to environmental management have required companies to manage their supply chains to be in line with the GSCM. This concept is based on the perspective of how to reduce waste and the impact on the environment caused by the supply chain activities of industrial companies [2]. In the same vein, several authors [11] refer to green waste as energy, water, material, garbage, transportation, emissions, and biodiversity. In addition, other authors [12] consider green waste as excessive resource usage, excessive power usage, excessive water usage, greenhouse effects, rubbish, pollution, and eutrophication. The reduction of green waste is made through green practices. These practices can be classified as tangible (technical practices) and intangible (social practices) [13]. Examples of technical practices are eco-design, green manufacturing, and reverse logistics; and social or behavioral practices such as top management support, supplier involvement, and customer involvement [13]. Also, the authors [7] distinguish hard from soft green practices: hard practices have a severe implication on operations while soft practices have a slight implication on operations [7].
Green practices are applied according to the area of operation of each entity in the supply chain. Different practices are divided into different issues. For example, [14] identify different practices for product innovation as a) design for reduction or elimination of environmentally hazardous materials, b) design for remanufacturing, c) design for recycling, d) design for reuse, e) design for resource efficiency and f) quality improvement; and for process innovation as a) pollution prevention practices, b) environment-friendly technologies, c) effective & efficient manufacturing process, and d) remanufacturing. Other different practices were used by [15] such as a) green waste management, b) green training, c) green cooperating with suppliers, d) green cooperating with customers and e) green stakeholder commitment. Several green practices are also provided by [9] as internal practices as follows: a) reducing waste, b) life-cycle analysis of the "cradle to grave" environmental impact of materials/products, c) environmental improvements in the disposition of the organization's scrap or excess material (re-use, recycling, etc.), and d) environmental improvements in the disposition of companies' equipment. As external practices, some authors [9] emphasize: a) encouraging suppliers to improve the environmental performance of their processes, b) incorporating environmental considerations in evaluating and selecting suppliers, c) providing design specifications to suppliers in line with environmental requirements (e.g., green purchasing, blacklist of raw materials), d) co-development with suppliers to reduce the environmental impact of the product (e.g., ecobdesign, green packaging, recyclability, and e) involvement of suppliers in the redesign of internal processes (e.g., remanufacturing, reduction of by-products). More recently, some authors [16] studied how supply chain collaboration can contribute to the achievement of broader Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and found that collaborative innovation, collaborative inventory management, and collaborative information sharing could enhance industry, innovation, and infrastructure (SDG 9). Table 3 considers several GSCM practices found in the literature (reference authors). These references were selected for being works referring to green practices in the supply chain and for being recent publications. The practices are divided into internal and external where internal practices are considered the practices used by the focal company and external practices are the practices applied in the upstream and downstream supply chain relations.
Companies recognize that there is a need to implement GSCM practices as a part of the green strategy, due to the benefits that they achieve with the implementation of such practices [18]. The types of benefits that organizations want to gain are universal to all kinds of industries across the globe and the objective is to achieve a sustainable business in a way to drive progress in SDG 9.

Sustainable Industry Development: The Role of SDG 9
Sustainable Development (SD), is described by the 1987 Brundtland Commission Report (also known as Our Common Future Report, as a systemic concept towards a "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to  [13] meet their own needs." It is considered a "global agenda for change" that calls for concerted efforts toward building an inclusive, sustainable, and resilient future for people and the planet. Based on the European Treaties, sustainable development is anchored on the idea of a global development framework that promotes a high level of economic development, social cohesion, and environmental protection [19]. The concept of sustainable development is rooted in three interconnected main pillars-economy, society, and environment-comprising the goals of economic growth, social well-being, and environmental preservation. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations Member States in 2015 [20], define to all 193 United Nations member states the global priorities up to 2030 in response to the economic, social, and environmental challenges faced by our world. The industry takes a vital role in achieving SDGs, with Agenda 2030 emphasizing the relevance of sustainable industrial development as the basis for sustainable economic growth. Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9) is about "industry, innovation, and infrastructure that aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation". This SDG integrates three key drivers of sustainable development: infrastructure, industrialization, and innovation. Infrastructure provides the basic physical systems and structures to supply chains, transporting goods and services. Industrialization is the engine of economic growth and employment, reducing poverty. Innovation advances the technological capabilities of the industry and the development of new skills.  Industry, innovation, and infrastructure are key factors of economic progress with a huge impact on employment, social cohesion, and environmental protection. Adopting different approaches, some studies from diverse geographical contexts and industries [21][22][23][24][25][26] investigate the inter-linkages among SDGs. These authors conclude that the achievement of the SDG 9 targets invariably contributes to the achievement of other SDG targets.
Resilient and sustainable infrastructure means adequate engineering design, through targeted knowledge,tools, and operational support to absorb the impacts of natural adverse shocks and climate change. The World Bank starts its report [27] by emphasizing that "resilient infrastructure is about people, the households, and communities for whom infrastructure is a lifeline to better health, better education, and a better livelihood. It affects people's well-being, their economic prospects, and their quality of life". The World Bank Group provides a framework for understanding infrastructure resilience, by analyzing four essential infrastructure systems: energy, water and sanitation, transport, and telecommunications, essential areas for raising people's quality of life. The report finds that the extra cost of building resilience into infrastructure systems is only 3% of overall investment needs and can provide tremendous benefits over the lifetime of new infrastructures. The experts leave five recommendations to address the five obstacles to resilient infrastructures: 1) Get the basics right; 2) Build institutions for resilience; 3) Include resilience in regulations and incentives; 4) Improve decision-making, and 5) Provide appropriate financing. Resilient and sustainable infrastructure is a key feature to support targets 9.1, 9.4, and 9a.
Technological innovation is underpinned by technology and has a problem-solving origin. In this sense, it is understood as an outcome of a problem-solving activity in a specific research/technological field to achieve and/or sustain goals [28]. Technological innovation is a source of opportunity for entrepreneurs and a truly transformative vehicle in the SDG timeline. The private sector plays a pivotal role in harnessing technology innovations to achieve the SDGs. In the context of SDG 9, technological innovation namely supports targets 9.5 and 9b.
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has great potential to accelerate human progress and develop knowledge societies. ICT is a support structure to attain all the 17 SDGs, playing an essential role in achieving many targets, namely in the areas of health, education, finance, and energy. ICT offers access to information and knowledge, reducing inequality (SDG 10 -reduce inequality) within and among countries, which facilitates social and economic progress. ICT facilitates cities' innovative infrastructure and applications, such as smart buildings, intelligent transport systems, energy efficiency, and resource waste management (SDG 11 -make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable). ICT enables progress on increased dematerialization and smart technologies for agriculture, transportation, energy, supply chain management, and smart buildings (SDG 12 -sustainable consumption and production patterns) and provides the means to foster resilience helping to meet the challenge of responding timely too climate change (SDG 13 urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts). In the scope of SDG 9, we rely on the importance of ICT to understand target 9. c.
Sustainable industrialization plays a key role in introducing and developing new technologies, facilitating international trade, and enabling the efficient use of resources [29]. The least developed countries represent an immense potential for the development of manufacturing sectors, calling for financial support to increase industrialization and the introduction of new technologies. Inclusive and sustainable industrialization and financial services are fundamental elements in achieving targets 9.2 and 9.3. Summing up, we can categorize SDG 9 targets into intervention areas, as depicted in figure 1. international trade, and enabling the efficient use of resources [30]. The least developed countries represent

Green Supply Chain Practices and SDG 9
Initiatives carried out by businesses in terms of sustainable development should be in line with the expectations of the United Nations and policymakers. From the literature review, it was possible to identify a significant number of contributions focusing on the impact of green practices on the achievement of the SDGs. Table 5 establishes the relationships between SDG 9 targets and Green Supply Chain Practices (GSCP) in driving progress toward the achievement of Goal 9.

Green Supply Chain Practices and SDG 9
Initiatives carried out by businesses in terms of sustainable development should be in line with the expectations of the United Nations and policymakers. From the literature review, it was possible to identify a significant number of contributions focusing on the impact of green practices on the achievement of the SDGs. Table 5 establishes the relationships between SDG 9 targets and Green Supply Chain Practices (GSCP) in driving progress toward the achievement of Goal 9.

Discussion
In the face of global challenges, whether it be a pandemic, a military conflict, or disasters caused by climate change, every nation is compelled to build up the resilience of its organizations. GSCPs incorporate sustainability concepts and mindsets into traditional supply chain management. The aim is to help industries reduce their carbon emissions and other air pollutants and minimize waste while maximizing profits and managing sustainable growth. Every function of the supply chain -from raw materials to the consumer -, has room to accommodate green practices, contributing to achieving SDG9. This paper identifies and discusses how GSCPs can be implemented to achieve the targets of SDG9. The adoption of some practices, for instance, life cycle analysis, green training, or green cooperating with customers, improves efficiencies and the entire business benefits through higher-order rates, positive sentiments from customers, and lower costs. While the entire supply chain process is a very broad field, many green improvements opportunities with direct and indirect impacts on the environment can be adopted by industries, such as: i) actively working to switch to biofuels, incorporating recycling materials into the manufacturing process, or reducing waste and energy use (green manufacturing); ii) finding suppliers with environmentally sustainable products and services (green purchasing); iii) using packing materials made of postconsumer recycled material (green packing); iv) choosing a closer location of warehouses to the distributors (green warehousing); v) find transportation solutions that minimize the number of truck trips by, for instance, consolidating goods, investing in electric trucks or using alternative rail transportation (green transportation). Management practices refer to processes or working methods and innovations formally implemented by managers to improve the effectiveness of work systems. Green management practices are a set of practices that includes environmental awareness, using eco-friendly Table 5. Green supply chain practices driving for business to drive progress in SDG 9

SDG 9 Targets
GSCPs Best practices for business to drive progress in SDG 9 Resilient and sustainable Infrastructure (9.1, 9.4, 9.a) . .Establish thorough and rigorous standards to ensure industrial projects are carried out, managed properly, and do not contribute to inequities.
technologies, reuse of wastes, and recycling activities, in the entire value chain (from design and production to distribution) with a vital impact on sustainable development. Green management begins with incorporating green principles into the mission and vision of the organization and translating the same into managerial processes. It is becoming an important issue to customers and suppliers as they are increasingly demanding minimal negative impact on the environment. As GSCPs are critical to the health of the planet and the sustainability of the industry, innovation will drive supply chain sustainability in the coming years [30].

Conclusion
This paper aims at analysing green practices that can be implemented within supply chains, linking them to SDGs. Green supply chain practices were collected from the literature revision and the analysis of SDG 9 targets allows to identify a range of green practices that managers should incorporate into their businesses to achieve a sustainable industry and to provide maximum value to the stakeholders. From the literature review, it emerges that research is more concentrated on supply chain and sustainable industry but with very few references to formal linkage to SDG 9. Aligning a green supply chain with SDGs depends on the individual business attitude to extending responsibility for product and service quality into social and environmental performance. To promote sustainable development within the supply chain operations, it is important to consider aspects like the impact of climate change, urbanization, smart technologies, the social impact of the introduction of new technologies, and government regulation and compliance. To achieve sustainable development, the supply chain management should focus on the energy used in the process, the possibility of integrating eco-materials or green resources, green cooperation with suppliers and customers, and the use of environmental-friendly technologies. Industrialization is a development driver for the SDGs. Also, infrastructure is at the heart of efforts to meet the SDGs. Encompassing everything from health and education for all, to access to energy, clean water, and sanitation, infrastructure is really at the center of the delivery of the SDGs. It is indeed clear that all the goals are underpinned by infrastructure development. SDG 9 has inter linkages with many other Goals and targets, including industry-related targets associated with job creation (SDG