The effectiveness of use of water-saving technologies against erosion in hilly areas land

. Reducing irrigation erosion is one of the major challenges in the world today. Particular attention is paid to the development and maintenance of soil fertility and the development of irrigation water-saving technologies. Soil erosion due to over-irrigation of arable land on farms leads to increased fertilizer consumption and decreased productivity. The washing of the fertile layer of soil not only affects the yield of crops but also affects the mechanical composition of the soil. Erosion destroys the natural topsoil, and a reduction in organic matter accompanies this. When erosion occurs, soil particles are lost, and organisms, mineral fertilizers, and nutrients are lost along with them. Currently, the average soil washing before irrigation in such an area is 51 t/ha per year, of which nutrients are: humus 590 kg/ha, nitrogen, and phosphorus -50 and 82 kg/ha, potassium 140 kg/ha, and small elements 33 kg/ha. e. Of these, 600 thousand are currently strongly washed soils - 39 thousand, average washed - 215 thousand, and weakly washed soils - 346 thousand. As a result of soil washing and lowering the quality of wetting of sloping lands, the gross yield of 28-47 % decreases in crop areas. Resolutions decree of the President-4919 of December 11, 2020, "On measures to further accelerate the introduction of water-saving technologies in agriculture", as well as Resolution No. PF-6024 of July 10, 2020, of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan The program of decrees "Concept for 2030" is being implemented. With economic irrigation technology using K-9 polymer in furrow irrigation, the water use coefficient in irrigation changed from 0.78 to 0.87 in furrows, from 0.7 to 0.76 under control. The water economy during the irrigation season is 400-878 m3/ha. Fuel economy in plowing was 3-4 liters per hectare. The number of swimmers has halved. K-9 polymer using furrow irrigation increased yields from 28.4 to 68.4 and 70 quintals per hectare.


Introduction
Currently, several water-saving technologies are used to prevent erosion.Preservation of the fertile layer of the soil is necessary to prevent the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other mineral nutrients on the surface of the soil due to excessive water district includes irrigated lands of Uzbekistan on the border of hilly lands and agriculture.The 477 m and 751 m markings between Umid Farm and Tashkent Station showed that the average annual temperature was 14.3 0 C, 21 0 C at high temperatures, and 8.6 0 C at low temperatures.It is hot in summer and cold in winter.The average temperature is 35.4-34 0C in July-August and -1.8 0 C in January.The main precipitation is up to 80 % rainfall, with snow falling from November to May.The thickness of the snow layer is 7.0-11 cm.The duration of non-cold days was 215-217 days.The amount of precipitation was 448 mm (437 mm according to the Tashkent meteorological station).A positive sum of temperature +10 0 C and high-24-47 0 C, heat-loving crop cultivation does not apply to this region; a temperature of at least 3630 0 C is necessary for wheat in this region.The farm specializes in grain and vegetable growing.Geomorphology of the area of the farm "Umid" Zangiota district Geomorphology of the farm "Umid" A total of 17 farms geomorphology of the area do not differ from each other.The typical class location of the slope for the "Umid" farm shows that the total land area in Zangiota District consists of shallow areas and low-altitude areas with accumulative erosion and accumulative denudation, as well as dry and semi-arid waterways, lowlands, and waterless valleys.Depths of erosion are 5-10 m.Height is classified into 5 types: 1) up to 0.02 slopes of an equal valley, slope, strong and moderately separated (1,5 0 ) 2) medium and strong-split, wavy-slopes with a slope of 0.02-0.1 (1.5 0 -6 0 ) 3) separated height, with slopes of specified height 0.1-0.2 on a slope (6-10 0 ) with slopes 4) strong hilly soils, with a slope of 0,2-0,5 ( more than10 0 ) on a sloping slope 5) The hill consists of 0.5 steep slopes.When studying the hydrogeological conditions of the massif and the farm, groundwater lies at a depth of more than 10-27 m.Groundwater is fed from water springs in the upper reaches of the upper reaches.It is important that the actual slopes and elevations are located deep in the soil, and the area is drained.The permeable elements are rocky.Groundwater mineralization fluctuations are of 0.5-3 g/l sodium-magnesium sulfate-hydrocarbon type, the minimum groundwater level in the farm in February and May, and the maximum September-October is close to 1-2 m.When studying the soil and reclamation conditions of the farm and the region, the description of the experimental field research points of soils on the territory of the region gives us comparative instructions of the soil on the farm "Umid" and its territory, typical gray soil type, more lyoss (healthy soil) in the area.According to the mechanical composition, the soil categories consist mainly of light and heavy sandy soils.When studying the indicators of the experimental area in Zangiota district of Tashkent region, the indicators of the mathematical model of the soil under development and the first order P6 in P1 dependence in the first order sign P1 and the second order from R7 to P9, the minimum moisture transfer volume of P1-soil %% mass, P2-volumetric weight of soils, g/sm 3 , P3-permeability of soils, P4-soils mechanical, %% -by weight fraction, P5humus content, %% by mass, P6-porosity % by volume of soil by weight %, P7-plant (wheat) thickness, thousand pieces per hectare, P8-mineral fertilizer rate, kg/ha; chemical composition of P9-soils (salt content) Extraction of an aqueous solution of solid salt by aqueous solution of solid salt, in g/l.
Correlation of conditions following the indicator conditions of soil analysis in the area of the experimental farm "Umid" in the territory of "Navruz" Water Consumers Association, in Zangiota district: The soil condition of the Umid farm in Zangiota massif is 64 %.

Methods
The composition of the soil for tillage, the use of K-9 polymer was prepared from waste from the production of viscose (synthetic fiber and cellophane) in Navoi, Uzbekistan, after planting winter cereals in 2019-2021 in the experimental field on the territory of the Water Consumers Association "Navruz", studies using K-9 polymer.Furrow was processed by hand using a flowerpot (watering can).The formation of water-resistant aggregates along the surface of the ridges and the rapid flow of water along the stagnant soils in the irrigated ridges prevent the soil from being washed away.In heavy rains, the water consumption in the fields is not allowed to increase by 2-3 times, and the temporary irrigation inside the field was reduced by 2.0-2.5 times at a slope along the length of the fields without any cuts.The use of water-resistant aggregates in the soil showed an increase in soil moisture absorption by 1.2-1.3times, which increased the volume of soil moisture retention, and reduced evaporation of soil moisture after soil moistening.The water permeability of the soil increased by 0.012-0.0017.It is convenient to control water consumption at any boundary using K-9 polymer because water use coefficient in irrigation techniques was higher than in the normal field.The method of studying the zigzag field for autumn cereals was studied, and the rule of cutting in the zigzag field was based on the horizontal field (cutting) in the field.Then 2 in field fields on a slope; 2.5 at a distance of 3 m, the row spacing on the branches was made using a hoe, making the distance between them 1.4 m.After that, wheat is planted in late November, and no additional irrigation is required for mowing.Still, it has been used to a high degree in autumn-winter precipitation to produce a stream of water before precipitation at a maximum slope of 0.07-0.12,as cut in the branches.Due to the horizontal ridge's area, the water flow from precipitation completely absorbs the moisture in the ridge ridges.Irrigation was carried out after determining the indicators of water absorption by soil moisture and the size of the elements of irrigation techniques in the elements due to atmospheric precipitation from weeding and flowering.(№ DGU10352) The indicators in the "Determination of parameters of irrigation techniques for winter wheat in dry conditions" were determined.Following the Russian variety of wheat "Kroshka" water requirements, the soil was sampled for inter-row moisture control in the furrows with pre-irrigation moisture control [8,9].Irrigation schemes at the developmental stage after irrigation were identified.As recorded in our previous experiment, irrigation at the greatest slope was studied, and the soil moisture content was monitored after sowing and seed quality analysis of wheat starch and protein content, as well as the ratio of wheat grain weight to wheat stalk weight by controlling soil moisture for favorable plant growth studied.The sizes of technical elements suitable for different slopes and farm soils have been developed for high use and irrigation norms for crop types at a slope of 0.07-0.13 to evenly moisten the soils and autumn cereal crops.Conditions of torque storage for particles suspended along the flow K.M.Latipov, When studying the expression of A.M. Arifjanov "Questions of the movement of the rising stream in the open Russian" [5].
Where n is the number of suspended particles per unit volume.
Here R is hydraulic radius; i is slope; C is shezi coefficient; V is the flow rate in the channel.
When studying the differential equation of turbidity along the flow length, the conditions for maintaining the soil washing for suspended particles are expressed as follows: Where n is the number of suspended particles per unit volume; sin α the angle of inclination of the flow to the horizon; ρ , ρ t are the density of the solid particle and the carrier fluid, respectively; W t is solid particle size shaped into a spherical shape;  is free fall acceleration;  is the average velocity of the flow in the cross-section.Based on these experimental studies, (7) equals the pulse tested by the solid part.
If we find n from this equation: Here: is a dimensionless indicator that depends on the state of gravity of the sediment; w-i-is hydraulic magnitude in a fraction Here: t m is body mass; t ρ is body density; t W is the volume of the body.
We solve the following differential equation: Irrigation requires a tractor on the field for plowed crops, while corn, potatoes, and fodder root crops are available to farmers and tenants on farms using one or two horse-drawn plows.
If the Use of Water Coefficient in the irrigation technique in the ordinary slopes was 0.67-0.7, in the slopes using the polymer, it was 0.73-0.75.The water economy in irrigating the fields was 30-55 m 3 /ha without the help of K-9 polymer [10][11][12][13][14][15].
When working with a K-9 polymer in a temporary ditch from the head joint, it is not allowed to wash under the influence of water flow, it is not required to irrigate with a polyethylene napkin, and irrigation using the traditional method differs from each other.Irrigation can be compared with the traditional method of irrigation in long furrows, which increases the productivity of irrigation, if the productivity of ordinary irrigation is 0.83 ha/day, using K-9 polymer -1.66 ha/day, due to the reduction of furrows and an increase in consumption in the field, as well as the irrigation area doubling the width of that field and the water in the other area, which is distributed over the total water consumption along the irrigation canals.Erosion was reduced to a seemingly insignificant amount of 0.8 tons/ha/year, so it was 3.5-4.5 t/ha per year compared to conventional irrigation.
Compared to the absence of polymer in the soil, the economy of moisture reserves in the soil is 1184 m 3 /ha due to the formation of atmospheric precipitation.The reverse was 109.3 ts/ha, and 67.9 ts/ha was achieved under silo control.27 % of the total volume of K-9 polymer precipitation in the autumn grain field retains water flow; in autumn-winter-spring, the K-9 polymer reverses the untreated field, the efficiency of moisture in the precipitation increases, fertilizer washing stops, so the yield of a pure wheat grain will be high; The range of K-9 polymer-free furrows was 54.2 ts/ha and 49.8 ts/ha in reverse.The value norm of the polymer is 60 kg/ha -25 USD.Throughout the study, when the field was irrigated with K-9 polymer, water collection was prevented, the soil was protected from erosion, and efficiency was achieved.Irrigation requires a tractor on the field for plowed crops, while corn, potatoes, and fodder root crops are available to farmers and tenants on farms using one or two plows.Experimental testing of soil composition properties using K-9 polymer was carried out using the following research methods.After the K-9 polymer was transported in a 1:10 ratio with water and sprayed on the surface of the furrows, the surface of the egats was 1: 1-0.25 by the method of G.I.Pavlova due to the lifting of waterresistant aggregates; Percentage of soil weight in fractions greater than 0.25 mm, if in the real case, it is 7-12 %, up to 32-35 % after treatment with soil polymer (absorption of water into the soil) and the humidity between the adjacent branches rises.As the costs increase in these arches, their lengths continue to lengthen between 0.07-0.12vertical sloping area in the arrow-arc arc.The experiments were carried out under the phenological observations of the wheat variety "Kroshka", as well as by harvesting and analyzing wheat's protein and starch content.To achieve positive results from the research in the production area, the study was conducted in 2019-2020-2021 on the land of the farm "Umid", on the territory of the farm "Umid" on a lease basis (Table 1).A study was conducted on the performance of irrigation techniques with a small moisture content of 70-70-60 % at the height of the soil while maintaining the pre-irrigation moisture of the soil.Calculated irrigation norms during all irrigation variants, moisture deficiency experiments in the soil layer 0-70 cm and 0-100 cm were carried out three times using the UZNIIX method on 0.546 ha of experimental area, around the average slope of 0.008.At the same time, "Kroshka" grain was planted.Calculations and studies of the following observations were made in practice.The significance of the morphological genetic structure of the soils in the experimental field was determined in the fall after planting wheat to a depth of 2 m as determined by cross-section.The mechanical composition of the soil was determined in the sample under laboratory conditions by sampling from the soil section by the method of N.A.Kachinskiy.The volumetric weight of the soil was determined annually in the spring and at the end of the irrigation period with the growth of a 10 cm layer to a depth of 1 m using a 250 cm 3 volume cylinder made of 10 cm high steel.Studies have determined that the smallest moisture capacity of soils is determined by the method of landfill buried to a depth of 1 meter.The cylindrical rotation method observed Soil water permeability at the beginning and end of each year.Soil moisture is increased by a thermostat-weighted method in all variants before each irrigation and at a depth of one meter through a layer of 10 cm at the beginning and end of each irrigation year.
Water was counted at the Thomson and Chipoletti aqueducts cut by Thomson 90 0 C before irrigation.Irrigation water account data determined atmospheric precipitation, soil moisture, the volume of grain demand for water, and soil structure.Wheat yield was taken into account in a sample area of 1 m 2 .The thickness measurements of plant heights were carried out according to the main developmental periods.The number of plants is repeated three times (in autumn, spring, and before harvest) in the area of 1 m 2 , 1 m 2 /pcs, and the number of stalks yields per m 2 , m 2 /pcs.Number of ears of corn, number/pieces, number of grains of wheat, number studied: -1000 grains of wheat weight, in grams.
The above research, calculations, and observations are following the methods adopted in UzNIIX: "Methods of the agrochemical, agrophysical, and microbiological research in polyvinyl xlopkovyx rayonax", 1963 "Methodology of field experiments with cotton growing conditions" 1981, 1961," Methodology of field experiments with forage cultures", 1971, Vsesoyuznogo nauchno-issledovatelskogo institute kormov.
The experimental field includes a system of agro-technical measures adopted on the farm.

Results and discussion
In all variants, the agronomic rules are implemented as uniformly as possible.After three years of pressure, wheat planting and irrigation technique were studied.In the years of the study, autumn cereals were sown in the 3 rd decade of September and the first decade of October.In the experimental field, the soil was plowed to a depth of 30 cm in August after the annual harvest.Before planting, in the second decade of September, two mulching operations were carried out with baroning.Depending on the soil, moisture was given in the variants 3 to 5 times depending on the irrigation water (Table 2).In experiment one, which was 209 meters long, 0.3 liters/sec of water was obtained, while the gross water consumption was 1200 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 950 m 3 /ha.The water utilization rate was 79 percent.While the discharge was 180 m 3 /ha to reduce water flow, the result was reduced to 80 m 3 /ha when K-9 polymer was used [14,15] In experiment two, which was 186 meters long, 0.25 liters/sec of water was obtained, and the gross water consumption was 1150 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 950 m 3 / ha.The water utilization rate was 82 percent.While the discharge was 150 m3 / gani to reduce water flow, the result was reduced to 50 m 3 /g when K-9 polymer was used.
In experiment three, which was 163 meters long, 0.28 liters/sec of water was obtained, while the gross water consumption was 1180 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 900 m 3 /ha.The water utilization rate was 76 percent.While the discharge was 100 m 3 /gani to reduce water flow, the result was reduced to 20 m 3 /gani when K-9 polymer was used.
In experiment four, which was 68 meters long, 0.44 liters/sec of water was obtained, while the gross water consumption was 1210 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 870 m 3 /ha.The water utilization rate was 72 percent.While the discharge was 100 m 3 /ha to reduce water flow, the result was reduced to 22 m 3 /ha when K-9 polymer was used.
In experiment five, which was 67 meters long, 0.47 liters/sec of water was obtained, while the gross water consumption was 1300 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 890 m 3 /ha.The water utilization rate was 69 percent.While the discharge was 150 m 3 /ha to reduce water flow, the result was reduced to 50 m 3 /ha when K-9 polymer was used.
In experiment six, which was 196 m long, 0.18 liters/sec of water was obtained, while the gross water consumption was 1150 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 900 m 3 /ha.The water utilization rate was 78 percent.While the discharge was 120 m 3 / ha to reduce water runoff, using K-9 polymer resulted in a 20 m 3 /ha decrease in soil water leaching.
In experiment seven, which was 100 m long, 0.33 liters/sec of water was obtained, and the gross water consumption was 1160 m 3 /ha, while the net water consumption was 900 m 3 /ha.The water utilization rate was 78 percent.While the discharge was 150 m 3 /gani to reduce water runoff, using K-9 polymer resulted in a 50 m 3 /ha reduction in soil water leaching.
To save water in the case of moisture deficit in the experimental field, the amount of water discharged during irrigation was studied, and at the end of the experiment, after the use of K-9 polymer, the water use coefficient increased by 20 %, yield from 28.4 quintals to 68.4-70 quintals.If K-9 polymer is used on farms, the water consumption economy is observed to increase by 15-20 % per hectare [6,7].

Conclusion
Irrigation of autumn cereal crops (zigzags) In summary, studies have been established on irrigation of furrows with different road widths, in which most of the water was used for maximum efficiency.Use of Water Coefficient 2.8-3, A ditch with a road width of 0 m was calculated.Still, experience has shown that in terms of water management difficulty, the width of the road in ditches depends on the degree of intersection in the relief, the width of the road should not be less than 2 m.Strongly intersected slopes must be cut from 2.0 m. 2.5-3.0 m furrows were cut and irrigated with parallel and parallel horizontals.Tractors in the existing heavy-duty section should be cut using an end harrow cutter at a distance of -2.8 m between vegetable crop paths before cutting the furrow.In rows between crops, with a transverse slope of 0.7-1.4m, water use coefficient in irrigation techniques in the furrows ranged from 0.78 to 0.87, under control 0.7-0.76.The water economy during the irrigation season was 400-878 m 3 /ha.Soil water permeability in winter wheat irrigation: 2 m in furrows 0.0011-0.0039m/h; 0.0018-0.0045m/h in a 2.5 m ditch; Increased by 0.0027-0.0048m/h at 3 m.In furrow irrigation, the water permeability increased by 0.008-0.0023m/h.Soil erosion ranged from 0 to 0.52 t/ha per year, controlling 3.48 tons per year.In this case, the speed of the rows in the grooves is conditionally 0.12-0.14m/h, in control -0.22-0.23 m/sec, as well as the drop in height at the end of the groove, is 2.0-2.35times less.Water economy ranges from 103.3 m 3 /ts to 184.3 m 3 /ts, with controlled 211.3-253.2m 3 /ts.The intervals between irrigations were 4-5 days shorter than in controlled irrigation.The labor productivity of irrigators varied from 1.78 ha/ day to 2.86 ha/day in irrigated irrigation and 0.83 ha/day under control.The length of the grooved edges, which are cut at the largest slope and on this slope, is 2 to 5 times longer than the traditional slope.Water consumption is 2.5-4 times higher in the grooved slope than in the slope of the slope.Irrigation by atmospheric precipitation was also used efficiently.In the experiments, discharge effluent (ice water) and rainfall accounted for 27 % at the highest slope in the ridges and 2-4 % in the ridges.During the harvest, the field's surface is leveled, the combine does not encounter obstacles to wheat harvesting, and the depth is reduced.Throughout the entire study of fallow irrigation of autumn cereal crops, it was shown that the soils were protected against water accumulation and erosion, and high efficiency was achieved.When K-9 polymer was used on farms, the number and service of watermen were reduced by 2 times.The grain yield increased from 28.4 quintals to 68-70 quintals.Fuel savings were also achieved by reducing the number of vehicles to 3-4 liters per hectare.A water economy of 0.025 m 3 /sec from each furrow was achieved when furrow irrigation was carried out after applying K-9 polymer.Experiments on hilly lands have shown that the studied field soil is washed away by irrigation erosion due to its low supply of nutrients in mobile forms, despite being a typical gray soil that is often irrigated.The eroded part of the experimental field soils is low in nitrogen, moderately supplied with phosphorus, and insufficient in potassium.

Table 1 .
Elements of irrigation techniques for agricultural crops.

Table 2 .
Moisture deficiency required for irrigation technique elements in the soil of the experimental field of autumn cereals (irrigation during the 1st autumn irrigation period) 19.09.2019 (depth of field 25 cm)