The role of the calculated cutting area in ensuring the principle of continuity and sustainable management of forests on the example of the Nurimanov forestry of the Republic of Bashkortostan

. The article provides an analysis of the use of a calculated cutting area in the Nurimanov forestry of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the course of the work, the dynamics of the number and areas allocated for timber harvesting, for care cutting were studied, a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legal support for the organization of the use of the calculated cutting area in the Nurimanovsky district was carried out. The purpose of the study was to study and analyze the types of cleaning cutting, to determine the volume of wood harvesting per year. The results of the research have scientific novelty, practical significance and can be used in the management of forestry on the territory of forestry.


Introduction
The idea of sustainable management of forests is not new and in one form or another appears almost simultaneously with the idea of forestry [8]. A popular definition of sustainable forest management in the world is considered to be adopted by the UN in translation means -a concept designed to ensure the maintenance and increase of economic, social and environmental values of all types of forests in the interests of present and future generations. Almost an indispensable part of it was the concept of the need to ensure the continuity and sustainability of the use of forests. The most important mechanism designed to ensure the resistance and sustainability of the use of forests as a wood resource in the modern forest regulatory framework of Russia is the estimated cutting area. This is the value of the annual volume of wood harvesting, which should not be exceeded, which is fixed by part 4 of Article 29 of the Forest Code. The standard according to which the calculated cutting area is calculated is the Procedure for calculating the calculated cutting area (Order of the Federal Agency for Forestry [5] and defines it as "the annual volume of wood removal in operational and protective forests, ensuring multipurpose, rational, continuous, sustainable use of forests, based on the established ages of cutting, conservation of biological diversity, water conservation, protective and other useful properties of forests".
The object of research work is the analysis of the use of the calculated cutting area in the Nurimanovsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the course of the work, the dynamics of the number and areas allocated for timber harvesting, for felling cuttings, a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legal support for the organization of the use of the calculated cutting area in the Nurimanov forest management was carried out.
The purpose of the research work was to study and analyze the types of cleaning cutting to determine the volume of wood harvesting per year. The analysis of the use of the calculated cutting area in the Nurimanovsky District has scientific novelty and practical significance. The results of the research can be applied in the management of forestry on the territory of forestry. Nurimanovsky District belongs to the forest-steppe forest-growing zone of the South Ural forest-steppe forest area and is located in the north-eastern part of the republic with a total area of 210748 hectares. Protective forests occupy 36,811 hectares, operational forests -173937 hectares. Reserve forests in the Nurimanovsky District have not been allocated. The forest-growing zone is forest-steppe. The forest district is the South Ural forest-steppe. The climate in the area is moderately continental. The seasons of the year are clearly defined. The climate is changeable and inconstant. By the nature of the relief, the territory of the forestry belongs to the hilly terrain steeply sloping. Gray forest soils prevail in the Nurimanovsky District. Coniferous and broad-leaved forests grow in the area. The forest cover is 76.3%. The total land area is 210,748 hectares (100%). Of these, forest lands -205,366 hectares (97.4%). Forested -203147 hectares (96.4%), not covered -2219 hectares (1%). Non-forest lands -5382 hectares (2.6%). The total area of protective forests is 36,811 hectares, the area of operational forests is 173937 hectares [6].
The main goal of forestry is the implementation of state forest control and supervision, use of forests, protection, reforestation and protective afforestation [1;6]. In accordance with the statutory goals and objectives, the forest management also carries out business activities. The majority of the population in Nurimanovsky District is engaged in harvesting and processing of wood. And currently, this activity is the main one in the economy of the district.
Information on the economic efficiency of the Nurimanov forest management from 2019 to 2021 shows that revenue from sales of products, compared with 2019, increased by 12.5%, compared with 2020 -decreased by 10.8%. The cost of production, compared with 2020, decreased by 10.2%, and compared with 2019, it increased by 12.4%. The profit from the sale of products increased to 32.9%, and the income tax decreased by 8.8%.
Forestry, reforestation works and measures for the protection of forests are carried out in the Nurimanovsky District. In 2021, increased:  Carrying out forestry works (thinning by 3.3%, accretion cutting by 2.2%, selective sanitary cutting by 13.7%).  Reforestation, except for the care of forest crops (compared to 2019, it decreased by 33.3%). The distance of fire barriers and their maintenance decreased by 35.5 and 37.9 km.

Materials and methods
Characteristics of the geological structure, geomorphology of the area and geographical network -according to the forest management report and literary sources. The analysis of economic activity, the characteristics of the forest fund are given according to the forest management and annual reports of the Nurimanovsky District. Information on the scope and effectiveness of the measures carried out is given on the basis of accounting documentation conducted in forestry, data from continuous forest management and fullscale marks of taxers performed by them during field forest management work on the basis of available documentation. The estimated cutting area is established on the basis of the Order of the Federal Agency for Forestry (Rosleskhoz) No. 191 dated 27.05.2011 "On approval of the Procedure for calculating the estimated cutting area". According to this document, the estimated cutting area determines the permissible annual volume of wood removal in operational and protective forests, ensuring multi-purpose, rational, continuous, sustainable use of forests, based on the established ages of cutting, conservation of biological diversity, water protection, protective and other useful properties of forests. Calculation and establishment of the estimated cutting area is carried out during the development and approval of forestry regulations of forestry and forest parks.
One of the documents regulating the method of determining the estimated cutting area in terms of the possibility of its adjustment during the audit period (the period of validity of the forestry regulations) is the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation dated September 13, 2016 No. 474 "On approval of the Rules of timber harvesting and the features of timber harvesting in forestry, forest parks specified in Article 23 of the Forestry the Code of the Russian Federation". In accordance with these "Rules ..." timber harvesting is carried out within the estimated cutting area of the forestry, forest park by types of target forests, farms and prevailing breeds.

Results
Harvesting of wood in ripe and overgrown stands in the forest fund of the forestry is one of the main activities. All the main forestry activities depend on the quality of their implementation and rational use of forest resources. Analysis of data on the use of the estimated cutting area over the past inter-accounting period showed that the actual average annual release of the forest as a whole over the past audit period amounted to 71% of the stock and 63% of the area of the average current estimated cutting area. At the same time, it was underutilized for coniferous farming by 6% (-1.0 thousand m 3 ), soft-leaved -by 36% (-18.2 thousand m 3 ), hard-leaved -by 78% (-0.7 thousand m 3 ).
The volume of partial cutting of mature plantings and old-growth timber stand was exceeded in area by 28%, in reserve -by 24%. In the total volume of actually harvested wood, the share of incomplete cutting was 12.7%.
Plantings that had not reached the age of ripeness were not involved in the cutting of clear cutting. During the audit period, no noticeable violations of the ecological state of forest ecosystems after logging were detected. During the field work, the forest management of the abandoned and left on the root of the wood was not revealed.
To analyze the cutting in the order of cleaning cutting in middle-aged mature and oldgrowth stands, the forestry reporting data, materials of the previous and present forest management, as well as information on the economic activities carried out over the past three years were used, for each of which the taxators assessed the quality of their implementation (Table 1). In the table, the projected volume of cutting is calculated for the period from 2019 to 2021, based on their annual volume determined by the previous forest management.
The over-fulfillment of the scope of work on the admitting light, in excess of the design installations of the previous forest management, was due to the need for them to be carried out in young trees, additionally formed during the past inter-accounting period in the places of continuous sanitary cutting.
Non-fulfillment of the scope of work on thinning and accretion cutting was due to the fact that in some years of the past period, due to the forestry holding of large amount of work on the elimination of the consequences of windfalls and windbreaks. The deviation of the average annual amount of selective sanitary cutting carried out during the past interaccounting period is due to the fact that the project task for their conduct was completed in the first three years, and in the future the fund for their conduct was selected by the forestry independently, based on the state of the plantings that were exposed to various negative environmental factors during this period.

Discussion
The analysis of forestry activities is carried out in order to identify the positive and negative sides in forestry management over the past audit period and develop recommendations and measures to improve its future activities. The conformity of methods and technology of forest management measures with forest legislation, current rules and guidelines, basic provisions on the organization and management of forestry, the project of the previous forest management is assessed, the reasons and validity of deviations sets out from them [10][11].
The cutting area of logging inherently determines the value of the forest area as a source of resources. From the point of view of intensive forestry, not only the possible volume of wood cut down is important, but also the qualitative characteristics, the suitability of the forest for obtaining valuable grades, an unlimited period of time. From the point of view of intensive forestry, not only the possible volume of wood cut down is important, but also the qualitative characteristics, the suitability of the forest for obtaining valuable assortments, an unlimited period of time.
In practice, the methods and approaches existing in the Russian Federation for determining the estimated cutting area are actively criticized by authoritative Russian experts. For example, specialists of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Forestry in their report "Development of technology to improve the efficiency of forestry organization based on the system of logging of forest care", indicate that the methodology from the Order of calculation of the estimated cutting area cannot be used to assess the existing efficiency of forestry and its potential increase. In opinion of the chief researcher of the SPbFRI, Professor I. V. Shutov, "today it is impossible to talk about any credible digital values of calculated cutting areas at all" due to the obsolescence of forest management data. According to the head of the forestry department of Greenpeace Russia A. Y. Yaroshenko, "the size of the estimated cutting area in our time is a purely administrative value, although calculated according to some conditional rules, but which has indirectly related to reality. It does not reflect in any way the possible long-term perspective amounts of timber harvesting for the most valuable forests -conifers and hardwoods, especially in the taiga zone". According to associate professor of the Siberian State Technological University A. S. Bolotova, when calculating the size of the estimated cutting area, the processes of reforestation occurring with a wide variety of results are not taken into account -from the change of rocks or the almost complete absence of restoration in cuttings to a sufficiently good natural (artificial) restoration on them. (The sustainable forest management., 2022) The estimated cutting area for timber harvesting during the logging of ripe and overmature forest plantations in Nurimanov forestry is determined in accordance with art. On the basis of lease agreements for forest plots, timber harvesting is carried out by citizens and legal entities in accordance with the Forest Plan of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Forestry Regulations of Forestry, as well as a Forest development Project on a forest plot provided for rent.
The evaluation of the effectiveness of forestry measures showed that the average annual actual implementation of cleaning cuttings by the forest management of the total deforested stock exceeded the design settings of the previous forest management during clarification by 42%, clearing -by 2%. At the same time, due to the reduction of planned tasks for thinning and accretion cutting for forestry, due to the occurrence of the large additional amount of work on other logging, the average annual volume of wood cutting during thinning amounted to 84%, accretion cutting -91%, from the project of the previous forest management.
In the plantings affected by cleaning cuttings, areas with unsatisfactory quality of their implementation were identified in the following proportion of their total area: lightening -4.7%; cleaning -2.2%; thinning -1.3%; accretion cutting -0.9%; selective sanitary cutting -0.7%.
During the cutting of care, there was an increase in the share of economically valuable species in the composition of plantings on an area of 1704 hectares, which is 51% of the total area of their implementation. Of this area 196 ha were transferred to a more valuable farm, including coniferous -155 ha; hardwood -41 ha. The share of plantings transferred to valuable farming amounted to 5.9% of the total area of cutting care. In addition, as a result of selective sanitary cutting, the overall sanitary condition of plantings on an area of 3388 ha has improved, which is 99.3% of the total area of their implementation.
In accordance with the criteria for assessing the quality of forestry activities carried out, the proportion of unsatisfactorily completed activities is within the permissible percentage of the total area of the sites affected by economic activity.

Conclusion
The activity of the Nurimanov forestry was carried out purposefully and in accordance with the existing normative documents on forestry management and the project of the past forest management and is assessed as satisfactory overall.
The analysis of the use of the cutting area of the Nurimanovsky forestry showed: The actual average annual outturn of the forest as a whole over the past audit period amounted to 71% of the stock and 63% of the area of the average current estimated cutting area. At the same time, it was underutilized for coniferous farming by 6% (-1.0 thsd m 3 ), for soft-leaved -by 36% (-18.2 thsd m 3 ), hard-leaved -by 78% (-0.7 thsd m 3 ).
The average annual actual performance of cleaning cuttings by forestry for the total felled stock exceeded the design installations of the previous forest management during admitting light by 42%, cleaning -by 2%. At the same time, the average annual volume of wood cutting during thinning amounted to 84%, accretion cuttings -91%, from the previous forest management project.
Cleaning cuttings for the last 3 years of the audit period contributed to the qualitative improvement of plantings. Thus, there was an increase in the share of economically valuable species in the composition of plantings on an area of 1704 ha, which is 51% of the total area of their implementation.
Forestry activities for the implementation of the program of the estimated cutting area are at a satisfactory level, and the proportion of unfulfilled and unsatisfactorily completed activities is within the permissible percentage of the total area of the sites affected by economic activity.
Thus, there is a need to modernize the methods that allow us to assess the real sustainability of forest use, as well as the sustainability and continuity of this use in the long term. New approaches to determining the permissible volume of wood withdrawal based on sustainable forest management approaches will allow taking into account numerous works criticizing the forestry standards approved for calculating the estimated cutting area and proposals for optimizing them at the state level.