Ults entropy in the structure of natural and technical systems "natural environment – object of activity – population"

. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the categorical concept of entropy in the structure of natural and technical systems related to the use of water resources, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of which are formed within the spatial limits of river basin geosystems. Using fundamental basic concepts as a universal measure of the forms of motion of matter – energy, time, system, system approach and important concepts – irreversibility, ecological state, environmental safety, as well as fundamental laws of thermodynamics – conservation and changes in the zones of influence of the "Object of Activity" in the form of a complex of hydraulic structures and associated buildings as part of natural-technical system "Natural Environment – Object of Activity – Population" (NTS "NE-OA-P") on the use of water resources in economic and other activities, to give a detailed understanding of Entropy.


Introduction
The world around us is one and harmonious. The Earth's biosphere (Earth biosph.= 1010 km 3) has existed for more than three billion years as a self-sufficient, self-regulating system that includes a variety of living organisms interacting with abiotic elements as part of the "Natural Environment" component [3].
The paradigm of the development of human civilization from the moment of its birth to the modern stage of development was characterized by the consumer principleto take from nature all available resources in increasing quantities. Diverse economic and other activities are inherently connected with the processes of human and social life, as well as with the processes of subjective transformation of forms of energy and substances that have a direct impact on the processes of formation of the ecological state in natural environments the surface layers of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere in the catchment area of the river hydrographic network, the upper layers of the lithosphere and the soil cover with underlying rocks [2].
"Natural environment", as a natural component with biotic and abiotic elements included in it in the river basin geosystems under consideration, where quantitative and qualitative indicators of water resources used in economic and other activities are formed at any hierarchical level of the Earth's biosphere, are the most important component in the human environment and the basis of life on Earth [4].
The problems of exhaustion of natural resources, greenhouse effect, thermal pollution of the natural environment cover all spheres of life of modern society and are systemic, both at the level of the global system "Nature-Society-Man" and at the level of the created and operating local natural-technical systems "Natural Environment-Object of Activity-Population", related to the use of water resources and protection from the negative impact of natural waters in the catchment area of river basin geosystems [3]. The solution of these important problems necessitates the search for new methodological approaches to the use of accumulated knowledge about nature and the creation of new and improvement of existing technologies for the use of water resources in various spheres of economic and other activities of society [19].
The existing and created NTS "NE-OA-P" in the spatial limits of river basin geosystems, where quantitative and qualitative indicators of water runoff (surface and underground) are formed as an integral element in the global moisture turnover of the Earth's biosphere (577 thousand km3) under the influence of energy flows (35.6 TW) coming from space from the Sun, occupy the lowest levels in the hierarchy of natural basin geosystems and are in interrelation, interaction and relationship with natural basin geosystems of a higher hierarchical level [7,9]. NTS "NE-OA-P" belong to the class of complex open systems in which the natural processes of interrelation, interaction and relationship between biotic and abiotic elements in the composition of the natural component "NE" are dominant over the processes of interaction of the technogenic component "OA" with the natural "NE" and social "P" components [5]. It should be noted that the functioning NTS "NE-OA-P" in the spatial limits of the river basin geosystem forms a special unity with the environment of the natural component "NE" in space and time and acts as an important concept of "ecological state" as a factor of "ecological safety" in the zones of "OA" influence.
To ensure environmental safety within the spatial limits of the zones of influence of "OA", it is important to assess the role of interaction, interrelation and relationship of "OA" with the natural component of "NE" with the biotic and abiotic elements of the considered NTS "NE-OA-P" [6].
The interrelation, interaction and relationship with natural biotic and abiotic elements in the composition of the natural component "NE" in a generalized sense is caused by the processes of transformation of forms of energy and substances that form the "ecological state" within the spatial limits of the zones of "OA" influence ( Fig. 1) [7,18].

Research methodology
The concept of entropy, introduced by Rudolf Clausius (1865), plays a universal role in natural systems and, accordingly, in the NTS "NE-OA-P" and defines the basic laws both at the global level of the Earth's biosphere and at the local level of river basin geosystems. For the class of NTS "NE-OA-P", as established by the results of research, entropy reflects the thermodynamic properties characterizing the intra-system processes of interconnection, interaction and relationship between the natural ("NE"), technogenic ("OA") and social ("P") components in the NTS "NE-OA-P", which function in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics [5]. The technogenic component "OA" with its structural elements includes various types of structures of hydraulic structures, buildings, mechanisms, devices, etc., the functional task of which is to transform forms of energy in the processes of interaction with elements of the natural component "NE" (channel water flow, river ichthyofauna, river floodplain, surface water regime and underground water runoff, etc.), which is characterized by a balance ratio of the free part of energy (E free), the ability to perform work and the bound part of energy (E bnd), which is not able to perform work and eventually turns into a stable form of energy heat [14].
The existing and created NTS "NE-OA-P" within the boundaries of the catchment area of the river basin geosystem in functional terms for the regulation and use of water runoff (surface, underground) in technological processes of economic and other activities are considered within the framework of fundamental energy indicators, which are the laws of thermodynamicsconservation and changes in the zones of "OA" influence [12].
Along with all the achievements of the development of science from the second half of the XIX century to the present, the most important is the second law of thermodynamics, which states that our universe is becoming more and more disordered and this process cannot be changed. At the global level, the processes of vital activity of living matter, its interaction with inert matter and the technosphere created by man make a certain contribution to the tendency of disorder growth, both within the biosphere of the Earth and in higher hierarchical systems of the Universe [11].
For a small Universe, the concept of entropy will proceed from the thermodynamic specifics that in any Universe, with natural changes, entropy increases, and with "unnatural" changes, it decreases. This concept should express the second principle of thermodynamics in the formulations of Kelvin and Clausius, where both of these formulations can be reflected in one simple statement: natural processes are accompanied by an increase in entropy, and with unnatural processes there is a decrease in the rate of entropy growth [13].
By the middle of the XIX century, famous physicists Rudolf Clausius, Nicolas Sadi Carnot, James Joule and Lord Kelwick laid the foundations of modern thermodynamics as the most important scientific direction in physics and technology. Thermodynamics, as a general theory of collective properties of complex systems, describes not only the work of various machines, bacterial colonies, computer memory devices, but it can also be fully assumed that it can be used to describe the processes of interaction of natural "NE" (biotic, abiotic), technogenic "OA" and social "P" as part of the NTS "NE-OA-P" components in the boundary within the river basin geosystems, where water resources are formed and used [16].
The concept of entropy, originally introduced by Rudolf Clausius in 1865, plays a universal role in systems and, accordingly, in the NTS "NE-OA-P". Entropy in the considered natural systems and in the NTS "NE-OA-P" determines many patterns in the processes of evolution, both at the global level of the Earth's biosphere and at the local level of river basin geosystems that cause a small Universe.
Entropy, as it is established, is one of the fundamental basic concepts standing next to the concept of Energy as its figurative shadow, as a universal measure of various forms of motion of matter. It should be noted that the concept of entropy in the considered class of NTS "NE-OA-P" reflects the thermodynamic properties characterizing the intra-system processes of interconnection, interaction and relationship (IIR) between natural "NE", technogenic "OA" and social "P" components with their elements in in the considered space of the river basin geosystem, having a statistical (probabilistic nature), as well as evolutionary phenomena in the processes between the components. Entropy in the considered class of NTS "NE-OA-P" determines the intensity (speed) of the processes of transformation of intra-system forms of energy. Monitoring observations of the speed of these processes make it possible to judge the direction of evolutionary changes in the natural "NE" and social "P" components in the zones of influence of "OA" as part of the NTS "NE-OA-P". Based on the results of monitoring observations in the zones of influence of the technogenic component "OA" as part of the NTS "NE-OA-P" in the form of a complex of hydraulic structures (CHS) (reservoir waterworks, water supply, coupling and other types of HS [17].
In a generalized sense, all complex systems, which include the NTS "NE-OA-P" behave the same way and function in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics in the processes of interaction between components in the NTS "NE-OA-P" as a result of which the transformation of forms of energy with an integral the production of a low-quality part of the energy -bound E bnd, which determines entropy [5,15]. But the statement that any system steadily degrades can be refuted by such an example as the fact that selforganization processes and, accordingly, the growth of orderliness are observed in nature. This is confirmed by the theoretical studies of Lars Onsager, Ilya Prigozhin [5,15] and others, which confirmed the universality of the second law of thermodynamics. In a strict sense, the second law of thermodynamics applies only to systems that are in a state of equilibrium when the mass, energy and configuration of the system do not change or have ceased to change. But in reality, as applied to the considered NTS "NE-OA-P", we observe changes both in natural environmentsthe atmosphere, hydrosphere, geological environment, soil cover, and in "OA", which have been operated for more than a dozen years. Consequently, time plays an important role both in natural environments and for "OA".
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy in the considered NTS "NE-OA-P" is inevitable. On the one hand, the surrounding "OA" natural environment "NE" in the spatial limits of the river basin geosystem and the complex of hydraulic structures and associated buildings and roads being created as part of the "OA" form a mess, but on the other hand, processes of self-organization (ordering) due to regulation are observed on the existing "OA" and the management of river flow in the boundary of the catchment area, which necessitates a very cautious approach in assessing the resulting certain disorder (chaos) and the formation of a controlled order in the processes of regulating river flow [6].
If the second law of thermodynamics is universal, as it is claimed by modern research in the theory of thermodynamics, therefore, it can be used in the study of NTS "NE-OA-P", which are local spatial limits of the natural environment, the boundaries of which are determined by the laws of the influence of "OA" on natural environments [1,2]. The question arises, how does the second law of thermodynamics work as part of the NTS "NE-OA-P" [15,16]?
In open natural systems, where the processes of interaction of biotic and abiotic elements in the composition of the natural component in the form of "NE" occur with each other with the continuous flow of solar energy flows, there is an evolutionary formation and development of diverse ecosystems within the river basin geosystem under consideration [14]. The current "OA" as part of the NTS "NE-OA-P" makes certain changes in the natural processes of interaction of biotic and abiotic elements in the composition of the natural component "NE", which can cause both degradation and balanced interaction of "OA" with natural "NE" and social "P" components, which is characterized by dynamic equilibrium. The second law of thermodynamics explains why the sequence of equilibrium states cannot be irreversible and why the system cannot return to its original state, and also states that in the processes of transformation of energy forms in the considered NTS "NE-OA-P" their state in the space and time of the river basin geosystem of the zones of influence "OA" it is determined by the energy potential, which can rise or fall, but where there is energy, there is its shadowentropy, which determines an important systemic conceptirreversibility [15].
Entropy is a quantity whose growth rate determines the intensity of the processes of transformation of forms of energy. Observing the rate of entropy growth, it is possible to determine the direction of the evolutionary functional development of the system, which is inherently connected with the processes of change and conservation. Ensuring a decrease in the rate of entropy growth in a particular system is achieved by constant and efficient dissipation of easily used energy (solar energy, food, etc.) and its conversion into energy of the most stable formthermal [1]. Entropy is usually considered as the degree of disorder of the system, but in reality it can be misleading. Based on the results of research in the NTS "NE-OA-P" it is advisable to isolate the structure-forming elements in the composition of the natural component within the zones of influence of "OA" [16]. Thus, in complex NTS "NE-OA-P" as natural in the form of "NE", technogenic in the form of "OA" components in the form of individual elements (subsystems), the following are considered: -climatic characteristics; surface layers of the atmosphere; flora; fauna; formed hydrographic network, within which the runoff is formed (surface underground); the geological environment of the upper layers of the lithosphere; "OA" as a technogenic component of the system under consideration; "P" which lives in the zones of influence of "OA". Consequently, the considered class of NTS "NE-OA-P" is based on three basic components "NE", "OA" and "P", which include separate elements, the number of which in each component is taken depending on the tasks to be solved [6].
The resulting elements in the composition of natural "NE" and man-made "OA" components are considered as subsystems of a lower hierarchical level. The aggregate and collective properties of the components with the elements included in them as part of the NTS "NE-OA-P" for convenience are called integral or system-forming, and their quantitative assessment is the integral characteristics of the corresponding quantitative indicators [1]. An important characteristic of the NTS "NE-OA-P" is its structure, which reflects many of those connections, the interaction between the components with the elements included in them, which determine the most important value in the processes of converting forms of energy within the system, for example, the potential energy of the water flow in hydroelectric power plants.
For the considered NTS "NE-OA-P" entropy characterizes the state of structural formations in the biotic, abiotic elements of the natural component "NE" and individual structural elements in the technogenic component "OA". The degree of variability of the state of structural formations is due to the fact that the NTS "NE-OA-P" consists of a variety of structural formations in the form of a variety of plant and animal worlds, climatic indicators, soil cover, hydrographic network, air environment in the surface layers of the atmosphere, geological environment in the upper layers of the lithosphere, etc., as well as "OA" in the form of a reservoir waterworks, a complex of hydraulic structures, water supply and sanitation systems, etc. Each structural formation of the natural component "NE" "OA" affects differently and, accordingly, the energy-entropy state will be different, which causes variability [8,10].
The state of both individual structural formations and their constituent elements, as well as the NTS "NE-OA-P" as a whole is determined by the level of entropy (S) in the balance ratio of the free (E free) and bound (E bnd) part of the energy, which is expressed by the efficiency coefficient (EFFICIENCY -Ƞ) in the form of: (1) where is the total flow of energy entering the system . Consequently, the higher the entropy, the greater the number of individual elements and structural formations of the NTS "NE-OA-P" can be in a state of increasing disorderliness and, accordingly, the connected part of the energy , which causes a decrease in their functional reliability, expressed by efficiency in the use of the free part of energy , for example, the energy of a watercourse at hydroelectric power plants, etc. [13,14].
The entropy of the NTS "NE-OA-P" is characterized by the number of different microstates in the considered individual elements and structural formations of natural "NE" and man-made "OA" components that correspond to a certain macrostate of this system within the considered river basin geosystem. Mathematically, entropy is the product of the number of macrostates (m mk) by the logarithm of this number. The changes occurring in the NTS "NE-OA-P" under the influence of the processes of transformation of forms of energy is accompanied by an increase in entropy, since the efficiency is always less than one when the previous state differs from the present, that is, there is a direction of the ongoing processes, which causes the "arrow of time".
The change in entropy in open equilibrium systems, respectively, and in the considered NTS "NE-OA-P" is determined by the well-known Ilya Prigozhin equation [15]: , ( 2 ) where is the total change of entropy in the system over a period of time ; the change in entropy caused by irreversible processes within the system or the production of entropy is always positive or equal to 0, i.e.
; -entropy imported from the surrounding environment and defined by the expression: and (3) where -means the exchange of entropy caused by the flows of matter coming from the catchment area of the river basin geosystem as a result of water and chemical erosion, drainage systems of urbanized territories.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, is always positive, can be both positive and negative (Fig. 2). In general, non-reversible changes within the influence zones of the "OA" spatial limits of the river basin geosystem are associated with flows in the form of solar energy or matter (water, solid, ion runoff, etc.) over time . Then the change in entropy in the system can be represented as: (4) where is the generalized (thermodynamic) force, which is expressed as functions of variablestemperature, relative humidity, concentration of substances (bottom sediments, suspended sediment, ion runoff, etc.) of the acting pressure H m on structures, etc.

deS external i diS system
In the considered class of NTS "NE-OA-P", the total irreversible processes are expressed as the sum of all changes caused by flows determined by monitoring studies at the stage of the EIA procedure during the periods of design, construction and operation of "OA" and can be represented by the expression: , (5) which in a generalized form reflects the second law of thermodynamics, where the entropy in the system in each irreversible process is determined by the product of force and flow . The methodology of studying the intrasystem processes of the NTS "NE-OA-P" is based on the theory of open systems, which was formulated in the second half of the last century by I.R. Prigozhin [5,15]. Based on the concept of irreversible processes, the theoretical foundations of nonequilibrium nonlinear thermodynamics were developed, in which the concept of closed systems was replaced by a fundamentally different basic concept of an open system that has the ability to exchange matter, energy and information with the environment (МEI).
Based on the analysis of various natural models, it can be noted that the hierarchical structure of nature is aimed at reducing the total entropy of the Universe, but the dynamics of interactions between natural components is aimed at the natural growth of entropy. The interaction of these two trends actually determines the evolutionary development of the physical world, which is observed in living organisms and in natural systems such as the river basin geosystem. Thus, in biological systems of living organisms, the processes of reproduction, mutations and recombinations are aimed at increasing entropy, and the processes of aggregationmolecules into cells, cells into organisms, organisms into communities, are aimed at reducing the level of entropy. In natural macrosystems such as river basin geosystems, similar trends can be notedthe interaction of biotic and abiotic elements in the composition of the natural component "NE" causes the tendency of entropy growth to increase the level of disorder and the production of a bound part of energy (E bnd), transformed into a stable formheat.

Results and their discussion
What is the concept of entropy in the considered class of NTS "NE-OA-P"? Entropy is the accumulated flow of the bound part of the energy E bnd, based on the balance ratio of the free E free and the bound E bnd part of the energy.
With the introduction of the technogenic component "OA" into the spatial limits of the river basin geosystem in the form of a certain complex of hydraulic structures (reservoir, water intake, derivational, water-transporting, protective, etc.), there is an ordering (management) of structural connections, interactions and relationships between the natural component "NE" with its biotic and abiotic elements and accordingly, a decrease in the growth rate of entropy and the bound part of the energy E bnd. The decrease in entropy growth rates in the NTS "NE-OA-P" is estimated in comparison with the background state of the spatial limits of the river basin geosystem, which is determined by system integrated environmental studies (SIES) at the stage of engineering and environmental surveys.
Thus, it can be noted that the ordering of connections, interactions and relationships in the structural formations of river basin geosystems occurs through the creation of the NTS "NE-OA-P", in which the control of natural processes (hydrological, channel-forming, hydraulic, ichthyofauna, transformation of solar energy, etc.) is observed, which does not contradict the second law of thermodynamics. The second law does not postulate a monotonous disorder and an increase in the bound part of the energy E bnd and quite gets along with the emergence of orderliness and the complication of system-forming connections.
In systems of any hierarchical levela living cell, a powerful ship engine, NTS "NE-OA-P" similar processes of transformation of the initial energy level in motion with a certain efficiency Ƞ<1 occur.

Conclusions
The considered definitions and the main elements of the energy-entropy approach to the study of the class of NTS "NE-OA-P" functioning within the river basin geosystems, taking into account modern scientific knowledge in the field of system research of the processes of interconnection, interaction and relationship between natural "NE", technogenic "OA" and social "P" components with elements included in them, in which the concepts of energy entropy and time occupy an important place, where entropy expresses a quantitative measure of the bound part of the energy "E bnd" according to the ordering of the components and the elements included in them, which determines the direction of the processes in the system.