Global processes and their impact on the development of the macro-regional economy

. Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political and cultural integration and unification. The authors determined that the processes of globalization are due to economic feasibility. But, at the same time, since the effects of globalization are distributed, as a rule, unevenly and cause contradictions in the financial sector, the excessive integration and interdependence of countries exacerbate the crisis in social development. It is noted that, due to the evolution of social development, all states must to participate in the processes of globalization, however, one should adhere to a policy to reduce the impact of global problems at the level of an individual country and around the world. It is possible to avoid the negative impact of global processes by systematizing them and analyzing in detail the causes of problems. A study was made of the causes of global problems and their systematization was carried out according to the main features. It is concluded that states face the difficult task of finding new forms of interaction or transforming and improving existing elements of interaction between various international institutions and finding mutually beneficial compromises.


Introduction
At present, integration in the field of socio-economic development is increasingly being carried out at the world level. Economic and social interactions are transforming into global processes. As a result, at the same time, inevitably, new technologies and ways of organizing production are created and developed within the framework of new technological models. The process of globalization from the point of view of the evolution of the socio-economic development of society is natural and inevitable [1].
The growth in the volume of high-tech products leads to the need to accelerate the processes of building up innovative potential, which becomes possible as part of the creation of global chains that combine the capabilities of various participants in the innovation process, both at the national and international levels. The high share of research and development costs in the cost of innovative products leads to the need to increase production volumes, the value of which, as a rule, exceeds the capacity of one or even several countries. Therefore, globalization solves the issues of not only the formation of the necessary innovative potential for the creation and production of a product, but also the market that ensures the payback of investment costs. Along with this, globalization can act as a tool for solving global environmental problems by pooling resources and creating international institutions that ensure the development and implementation of common environmental standards.
At the same time, globalization also carries risks of a political, social and environmental nature, influencing all spheres of society. Globalization has a very strong impact on the world economy. At present, countries cannot protect themselves from certain problems, since they will not be able to bypass them anyway. All states, one way or another, are involved in this process [2,3].

Problem statement
Along with economic expediency, excessive integration and interdependence often exacerbate crisis phenomena in social development, since the effects of globalization are distributed, as a rule, unevenly and cause contradictions in the financial sector. The increase in risks in the global financial market causes periodic global financial crises.
At the International Economic Forum in Davos (Switzerland), the countries of the United Nations considered the next phase transition of the world economy in 2016. The main issues in the field of sustainable development were the protection of the environment and the fight against climate change. At the same time, goals were formulated that ensure economic growth and the elimination of poverty, increasing prosperity while protecting the planet from the negative impact of the consequences of economic activity [4,5].
The level of social organization, political and environmental consciousness often does not correspond to the active transforming activity of man. The formation of a single sociocultural space has led to the fact that local contradictions and conflicts have acquired a global scale [6]. Global problems are generated by the contradictions of social development, the sharply increased scale of the impact of human activity on the world around us and are also associated with the uneven socio-economic and scientific and technological development of countries and regions. The solution of global problems requires the development of international cooperation [7].

Research questions
The globalization of social development is a combination of various types of global processes: technospheric, socio-natural, biospheric, economic, etc. From the point of view of economic feasibility, globalization simplifies the access of participating countries to the world market.
Thanks to the introduction of comprehensive standards and information at the global level, available to all participants in the world market, the activities of world financial institutions and governments of the leading countries become transparent. Accordingly, globalization increases the accessibility for all market participants to financial information, foreign resources, managerial and technological experience [5,8].
At the same time, globalization can act as an instrument of neo-colonial policy on the part of the leading countries, as well as an instrument of economic and political pressure on individual countries, turning globalization into a way of redistributing resources and income in their interests. Under these conditions, addressing the issues of protecting the interests of the countries participating in the processes of globalization requires studying the factors that cause the corresponding risks. The creation of mechanisms and institutions for protecting their interests should be based on taking into account the identified factors, which will make it possible to resolve issues not only of emerging contradictions between individual countries, but also to ensure the global stability of the world economic system.

Research purpose
The purpose of the study is to study the causes and systematize the problems of global processes, as well as to identify ways to reduce their negative impact, both on the world community and on an individual state.

Research methods
The interdependent activities of world market participants in various fields (especially in the technosphere and socio-natural) can have a negative impact on the environment, create natural and climatic challenges and the threat of man-made disasters [9].
Challenges and problems of global processes are considered as a planetary set of interrelated problems covering all countries and all aspects of people's lives. Global problems are dynamic; their occurrence is due to the objective processes of integration of international cooperation of countries, both at the economic level and at the civilizational level. The effectiveness of solving global problems is due to the need to unite the efforts of all mankind.
Global processes have both positive and negative features and they do not always pose a threat to humanity, as they ensure its dynamic development in all areas. However, the desire to maximize the income of the leading countries in the economic sphere and, as mentioned above, the uneven distribution of income between the countries participating in the world market contributes to the emergence of global problems [3].
At present, the countries participating in global processes are under the influence of global political, socio-economic and environmental risks, as they are forced to accept global challenges. It can be said that global processes affect the development of all states at the same time and each state separately. Not a single state can stop the process of globalization, since the leading countries that have the greatest influence on world global processes are always interested in strengthening their leading positions and influencing the development of other less developed countries [10].

Findings
Due to the evolution of social development, all states should participate in the processes of globalization, but one should adhere to a policy to reduce the impact of global problems at the level of an individual country and around the world. To avoid, to some extent, the negative impact of global processes, it is possible with their systematization and detailed analysis of the causes of problems [11,12]. According to theoretical provisions, global problems are classified according to the following main features, shown in Table 1.
The study of the causes and problems systematization of global processes will reduce their negative impact on society. The study shows that the global problems of our time cover many areas of the development of society and concern the vital interests of all people on the planet [13,14]. Their solution is possible only if the efforts of all countries are combined.
A consequence of the growth in recent years of military-political problems and the inability of the world community to reach agreement on key security issues due to differences in political and religious views and the formation of extremist values was the adoption in Russia of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2020. This Decree defines the following main military threats and dangers:  build-up by a potential adversary in the territories adjacent to Russia of groupings of general-purpose forces, which include means of delivering nuclear weapons;  deployment by countries that consider Russia a potential adversary, ballistic missiles, hypersonic weapons;  creation and placement in space of anti-missile defense and strike systems;  the state has nuclear weapons or other types of weapons of mass destruction that can be used against Russia and its allies;  uncontrolled proliferation of nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles and equipment for their manufacture;  deployment of nuclear weapons on the territories of non-nuclear states. The threat of nuclear war made it necessary to limit nuclear tests and armaments at the international level. At the present stage of human development, it has become clear that war cannot be a way to solve international problems. Military actions not only lead to mass destruction and loss of life, but also generate retaliatory aggression.