Economic security of industrial companies in conditions of energy transition

. Effective management of industrial companies in the conditions of modern challenges contributes to the achievement of tactical and strategic goals of technological development of enterprises. In the theory and practice of industrial economics, a special place is given to environmental management, which includes operational environmental management, investment environmental management, risk management, etc. The concentration of efforts in a certain direction depends on the specifics of the activities of the subjects and the problems that they are facing. In this regard, the system of ensuring the economic security of industrial companies that faces the need to solve the tasks of a planned energy transition is of particular importance. Industrial companies of the energy sector of the world economy were selected as the object of the study. As measures to ensure economic security, the article considers a unique risk management policy, including strategic planning, systematization and risk assessment, as well as managerial control over financial, economic, scientific and technological types of risk. The study revealed that over the past five years, industrial companies have been thoroughly approaching the development of an environmental strategy. The authors identify trends in the technological transformation of the global energy complex, which determine promising areas of technological integration for the development of carbon-neutral energy. The most important direction is the development and implementation of innovations that improve environmental safety, including new technologies for the production of pure hydrogen from natural gas and recycling processes. The conducted research made it possible to identify the scientific and institutional prerequisites for risk management of technological integration and to link them with tools for ensuring economic security.


Introduction
agree that there is a close relationship between environmental, social and corporate factors and financial and company´s economic performance indicators (Kim and Li 2021). In this aspect, economic security is approaching the limits of control over financial stability and solvency. From our point of view, these parameters can be supplemented with technological integration as a process combining economic and production-technological parameters of the development of industrial companies in the conditions of energy transition (Kuznetsov et al. 2019). The organization of step-by-step work on the path of ecological improvement of production is directly determined by the innovation policy of the company's management to solve the problems of the fourth industrial revolution. Scientists propose options for strengthening innovation activity, which lie in the field of environmental innovation, the formation of new competencies in the field of innovation while considering options for the development of industrial complexes with the inclusion of small innovative companies in the current chain ; Podshivalova et al. 2021). We can agree with the opinion that the transformation in the field of environmental management is determined by the factors of intellectualization of production systems concerning regions and the territorial location of related business entities. Scientists propose development trajectories of the main elements of 3D modeling of a "smart" company at the level of meso-economic research in the following areas: "smart" personnel, "smart" environment, "smart" innovations and solutions (Chursin et al. 2021). Digital production allows the use of unified models for tracking emissions into the atmosphere to reduce the "carbon footprint". The energy transition should be based on a risk-based approach to quality management in the implementation of innovative projects. It will allow achieving high efficiency and ensure the strategic development of the company (Ilyina and Sanovich 2021). Along with financial and economic risks, there are also scientific and technological ones, since technologies will determine the speed of transition to a "green" economy. "Green" technologies form the basis of production processes and logistics, which makes it possible to produce and sell products with the least harm to the environment. Research in the field of formation and development of innovative organizational culture are the fundamental values of a modern organization (Bayhan and Korkmaz 2021).
The works of scientists describe the experience of transformation of the human resource management system. There is revealed an influence of corporate reputation and social identity on innovative labor productivity through the participation of the organization (Frare and Beuren 2021; Iqbal et al. 2020). We can agree with these conclusions, because ecological culture is an important indicator of the readiness of society and individual companies to decarbonize by switching to energy-saving circular-type technologies (Chkalova et al. 2020).
Specialists offer methodological approaches to the organization of scientific research in the field of safe and "clean" production, as well as real steps for their practical implementation. The most important factors for guaranteeing economic security are the security of global financial markets in the digital economy in terms of the dominance of new cyber risks, as well as public administration tools. (Karanina et al. 2021;Bunnell et al. 2021). In our opinion, it is worth considering preferential "green" credit lines as a measure of support and encouragement of "clean" production. It becomes especially relevant at the current level of investment in R&D in the oil and gas sector. Today global oil companies find themselves in difficult conditions, as their breakthrough technologies should provide an effect in the lowhydrocarbon energy of the future, including the formation and development of the oil and gas industry 4.0 and marketing strategic management of industrial companies (Matkovskaya and Vechkinzova 2020). Solving the problems of financing R&D will minimize scientific and technological risks in manufacturing companies, accelerate the process of obtaining the necessary knowledge for innovation and activate the transition to innovative technologies (Carvache-Franco et al. 2020). An important direction in the implementation of the energy transition is a combination of commercial and state interests. Therefore, the participation and role of the state in measures to promote "clean" technologies is one of the priorities for the managerial decision-making process (Penate-Valentin et al. 2021). The deepening of the technological chain is subject to special control, since all stages represent a set of economic and environmental indicators of the "purity" of production and high-tech products (Bondarenko et al. 2020).

Methodology
The theoretical and methodological prerequisites of this study are based on the identification of the essence and content of the categories "environmental safety", "environmental management", "carbon-neutral and carbon-free energy", scientific and institutional prerequisites for risk management of technological integration, as well as the assessment of factors determining specific features in the context of global challenges. When assessing current trends, emphasis is placed on the energy sector. For this purpose, industry indicators estimated in the global economy are used. The sources of statistical and operational information used were data from the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), the International Energy Agency, as well as corporate websites of energy companies.
Methods of economic and statistical analysis (dynamic series, structural analysis), the method of graphical illustration of data, and selective observation are used to study the trends in the development of the oil industry. As a database, there were used open sources of domestic and foreign companies in the field of mastering technological innovations to ensure "zero" emissions into the environment.

Results
The ecological and economic system of industrial enterprises is dynamic and depends on a system of external and internal factors that can influence the activities of economic entities in the direction of active environmental management. Significant internal factors that depend on the enterprise include the following: The composition and structure of "green" financial resources, the volume of costs and incomes of enterprises remain important internal factors. The optimality of these indicators is determined by the implementation of the main functions of environmental management: management of production assets, greening of the technological process, attraction of preferential sources of financing within the framework of "green" projects.
In the asset management of an industrial company there should be paid special attention to monitoring the state of the technological process, in which several related industrial facilities participate since each of them must regularly confirm compliance with high environmental standards. The statistics of environmental innovations of Russian companies indicate insufficient activity in this direction (Figure 1).   The partial recovery of industrial production after the pandemic led to an increase in atmospheric pollution in Europe from March to December 2021 by an average of The environmental sector of the world economy includes a set of environmental benefits (goods, services, intellectual property objects) that can be applied in one of three directions: − measurement and reduction of pollution; − contributing to the reduction of emissions by increasing resource efficiency and return on the raw materials and materials used; − providing the opportunity to use natural resources on the terms of a circular economy. Gross value added (GVA) in the ecological economy of the EU countries tends to increase. In particular, in 2018, the volume of GVA reached 306799 million euros, or 2.27% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of European countries (Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union 2022b). Companies in the following sectors have the largest share in the structure of the GVA: electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning; water supply; sewerage, waste management and restoration work (Figure 4). Focusing on ensuring environmental and economic security, it is important to emphasize that it is the companies of the energy complex that are at the epicenter of the "green" reform, since they often include industrial complexes integrated into the general technological chain, therefore they can be assessed by the "carbon footprint" at all stages of the production cycle. In companies of this complex, the desire to reduce environmental risks becomes part of the management strategy.
In particular, the American diversified holding company General Electric Company and the Cricket Valley Energy Center (CVEC) have started implementing a roadmap for environmentally friendly hydrogen technologies (H2 Roadmap) as part of the CVEC Combined Cycle Power Plant Carbon Reduction Project (Dover Plains, New York) ( Figure  5). The transformation of the global energy infrastructure should lead to an increase in the share of electric vehicles in annual sales from 3% to more than 50% by 2030, an increase in investments in environmentally friendly electricity from 380 billion US dollars to 1.6 trillion US dollars (Birol, 2021).
Leading energy companies recognize global environmental values and strive to find tangible and intangible sources for the implementation of the energy transition ( Table 1) An expert assessment of the payback conditions for the project is a reduction in the price of "green" hydrogen by about 50% through the use of renewable energy sources, in particular wind turbines.

Investments, in US dollars
En+ Group, International Company Public Joint Stock Company United Company RUSAL «En+ Group». Reduction of direct emissions, including fuel combustion at facilities (gas boilers, fleets, air conditioning); reduction of indirect emissions (from the distribution of energy purchased based on direct contracts). Introducing the "green" aluminum ALLOW to the market. Electricity from renewable sources is used for the production of more than 90% of aluminum, and a minimum "carbon footprint" is recorded at all stages of the technological process. The "New Energy" program for the modernization of the Angara-Yenisei Cascade hydroelectric power plant in order to increase the level of safety, reliability and quality of energy supply to consumers in the regions of Siberia Total S.A., Microsoft Corporation Digital transformation projects based on artificial intelligence to accelerate the transition to a "zero" economy, in particular, the development of liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and carbon removal technologies based on Microsoft's Power Platform cloud platforms; automation of business processes, cost reduction and simplification of data access for civilian developers.
Total. By 2025, the supply of low-carbon energy to 8 million consumers; the production of 35 GW of renewable electricity in 2025 and 100 GW in 2030. Capital investments of 1.5 -2 billion US dollars per year. Microsoft. Commitment to use 100% renewable energy sources by 2025.
Transformation of Total's corporate strategy, change of the company's name to Total Energy use in 2021. Formation of a portfolio of renewable energy/ electricity sources, which should account for up to 40% of Total sales in 2050 JSC "National Company "KazMunayGas" Implementation of an innovative project management system. Creation of a high-precision "Digital Master Plan of the refinery" obtained by laser scanning of real production facilities and 3D modeling to reduce the cost of repairs and design, increase the level of industrial safety and trouble-free operation of installations Environmental protection costs in 2019 amounted to over 50 million US dollars; they include the payment of taxes for regulatory emissions, environmental protection costs, insurance, compensation in the field of environmental protection and "green" investments Implementation of an analytical geoinformation system for gas pipeline facilities for rapid response in emergency situations The study of ties between the participants of economic relations; positive growth rates of investments in the development of intellectual base and technological solutions concerning material production; the global effect of reducing the overall level of environmental pollution can be considered as promising areas of joint scientific research in the field of "green" energy.

Discussion
Ensuring economic security in the conditions of the formation of low-carbon and carbon-free energy is possible if certain steps are followed. These steps are proposed as options for industrial development.
Approachdevelopment of mechanisms to ensure the stability of the asset management system, including their assessment. In this context, it is necessary to make decisions based on ESG risk reduction factors (environmental, social and corporate governance types of risk) to quantify the vulnerability of enterprises to crises (Hubel and Scholz 2019; Nazarova and Osmanov 2021).
Approachdevelopment of systems for assessing ESG goals and their impact on the return on investment of all participants in integration processes by distributing and unifying the time spent on the integration of assets. It is necessary to take into account the types of M&A transactions, in particular, the level of identity of the goals of companies of different industry affiliation at the same stages of merger (Chipurenko and Lisitskaya. 2021;Feng 2021).
Approachoptimization of production and supply chains through logical-informational and economic-mathematical modeling of processes. In this direction, it is advisable to create a prototype of an intellectual enterprise. It should be focused on continuous monitoring of production and sales of basic products, analysis of capital changes over the shoulder of a financial lever, assessment of the dynamics of human capital, as well as the development and implementation of product and process innovations (Portna et al. 2021;Shinkevich and Barsegyan 2021).
Approachdiversification of financial products and risk models taking into account the features of a closed-cycle economy. It involves modeling the factors of digital production, taking into account financial risks and a pricing system adapted to the specifics of the circular economy (Sintsova and Voskresenskaya 2020; Tashenova et al. 2019). In the implementation of this approach, it is important to develop ESG risk management system in banking management, which takes into account the variation of credit risk by economic sectors, tightening of corporate lending programs, assessment of the level of ESG borrowers in the framework of long-term lending programs (Bidder et al. 2020;Smirnov 2021).
Practice shows that the development and promotion of these approaches in the manufacturing industry sectors is associated with the design of "green" transport infrastructure and the creation of functional zones, aesthetic improvement of logistics hubs, and transport interchanges as elements of environmental service (Melo et al. 2020). In the conditions of natural disasters and epidemics, the economic security of industrial companies acts as a stabilizer in the system of human capital management and the institution of stakeholders. The formation of entrepreneurial skills among employees and the population, maintaining a high social level in the regions where industrial companies are present can be regarded as a guarantee of geopolitical stability and sustainable development of the industrial ecosystem (Guiso et al. 2021).
It is important to emphasize that, when conducting further research, it is necessary to take into account the technological complexity of the equipment and software products used, as well as the safety of the use of digital technologies, taking into account potential threats, the increase in the number of unauthorized impacts and the risk of man-made accidents (Krasyuk et al. 2020).

Conclusions
Technological projects pursuing the goal of ecological transformation of existing technologies require special attention from all services of industrial enterprises, since transformations may be accompanied by unforeseen expenses in case of a shortage of budgeted funds and changes in the timing of implementation. The practice of developing and implementing "green" technologies in recent years has become based on a combination of traditional and digital technologies, which allows minimizing the risks associated with investment projects. In cases when industrial companies for various reasons are unable to implement certain stages of the environmental strategy independently, they can turn to specialized institutions. These institutions will assist both in the development of energy transition tools and digital support of the technological process. For this purpose, a favorable situation has developed in modern conditions. A criterion analysis of the economic security of industries shows that the level of economic security of large business structures, proven reserves, market share, R&D financing and environmental protection measures will play a primary role in planning the level of profitability and deepening the technological chain.
The development of a value-oriented approach to the management of industrial complexes provides for an increase in the level of development of financial technologies in the industrial sector. Therefore, intelligent architecture should also be based on eco-analytics.
It can be concluded that reducing carbon emissions is possible without abandoning fossil fuels and the production of petrochemical products. The authors share a progressive point of view on a planned transition to low-carbon energy, since this process is an inevitable reality and requires adequate financial and economic support mechanisms from the private sector and the state. At the same time, the formation of economic complexes of sectoral and intersectoral associations with the prospect of their transformation into ecosystems is part of the state strategy of the leading world powers. Domestic companies focus on the scale of supply chains, the development of the network structure, and the "lean" consumption of logistics services of operators. Therefore, with a high degree of confidence, it is possible to recognize the adequacy of measures to ensure economic security in the conditions of the energy transition.