Reducing the dose of mineral fertilizers using organomineral bionutrients

. The results of work on the creation of a line of complex bionutrients mainly of organomineral synthesis and biological origin, based on physical methods of activation of known and long-used in agricultural practice products of metabolism of living organisms (animals- microorganisms-annelids), which, due to the activation of metabolic processes in plants, would enhance the immune status of plants and improve metabolic processes, thereby reducing the need for chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of a bionutrient based on a combination of activated humates and organo-mineral compounds in a field experiment on winter wheat at various levels of mineral nutrition. It was found that the combined use of mineral fertilizers and bionutrients increased the yield of winter wheat by 22-23%. According to the impact on the yield of winter wheat, the use of bionutrients in the dry year of 2022 guaranteed and more effectively replaced the use of mineral fertilizers. With an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat grain, the content of gluten and protein increased. A similar increase in the content of gluten and protein was noted in winter wheat grain treated with a bionutrient preparation. The combined use of NPK and bionutrient caused the highest content of gluten and protein in winter wheat grain. The use of the bionutrients contributed to an increase in ear productivity, improved overwintering and plant survival during the growing season, and increased plant resistance to Swedish fly infestation.


Introduction
The traditional way to increase the productivity of fields is intensive chemicalization of agriculture.However, not everything is so simple here.Russia already had an experience of intensive chemicalization of agriculture in the 1980s, which led to an aggravation of the medical and environmental situation in the country [1,2].
The long-term use of pesticides in huge agricultural and forest areas, often with the use of aviation, has led to large-scale environmental pollution.Moreover, the molecules of pesticides (especially this applies to persistent compounds) are included in the natural processes of migration and circulation of substances and are carried along with atmospheric flows over long distances.But the most important thing is that they are included in ecological food chains: from the soil they get into water and plants, then into the organisms of animals and birds, and ultimately -with food and water -into the human body.And at every stage of migration, they cause harm and damage [3][4][5] In this regard, in all advanced European countries, it is legally stipulated that from 45 to 65% of fertilizers in the soil should be applied in biological form.And only 30-35% -in mineral water.This is due to the fact that the chemicalization of agriculture in Europe has taken on even more threatening dimensions.It is obvious that the rational way of further movement of agriculture and Russia is a biologized system of agriculture.
Based on the above, we are working to create a line of complex preparations mainly of organomineral synthesis and biological origin, based on physical methods of activating known and long-used in agricultural practice products of metabolism of living organisms (animal microorganisms-annelids), which by activating metabolic processes in plants would enhance the immune status of plants and improve metabolic processes, thereby reducing the need for chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers.[5][6][7].
We have drawn attention to the fact that among organic fertilizers, a group of substances of organic nature with natural origin stands out, called humic fertilizers, whose action is based on humic substances (GW).Humic substances have been used for a long time and their properties have been studied and confirmed by the practice of application in all zones and on most agricultural crops.In the course of numerous laboratory and field experiments with humic substances of different origin on different soils and various agricultural plants, it was shown that humic substances have a stimulating and adaptogenic effect at the cellular and subcellular levels.
Humic substances are a specific group of organic compounds whose origin is associated with the processes of biochemical decomposition and transformation of plant litter (leaves, roots, branches, trunks), animal remains, and protein bodies of microorganisms.But humic substances are not just waste products of vital processes, they are natural and the most important products of the joint evolution of mineral substances and the flora of the Earth.They contain humic acids, fulvic acids, salts of these acids -humates and fulvates, as well as humins -strong compounds of humic acids and fulvic acids with soil minerals [8][9][10].
However, if we proceed from the known pore sizes in the cell wall of plant roots and leaves, which vary from 3.5 to 5.2 nm., then we can assume that with a molecular length of 5.3-6.4nm for fulvic acids and 9.4-10.7 nm for humic acids, the transfer of these compounds in the cell walls is very difficult.As a result, too small a part of humic molecules gets into the cell -only a spontaneous amount of low-molecular fragments, since it is necessary for them to pass such barriers as the cell wall and plasma membrane.The consequence of this, most likely, is the instability of the properties of known fertilizers containing GW: they cease their effect in dry climates, at elevated temperatures.Namely, in such conditions, plants especially need stimulation and support of metabolic processes.
In order to eliminate this problem and ensure the guaranteed passage of most of the GW through the cell membrane, we have developed and implemented in the production of a new type of organomineralbionutrients --a method of crushing GW into low-molecular fragments by physical action on it simultaneously with ultrasonic vibrations and pulsating ultrahigh pressure [11][12][13].
This allowed more than 40% of GW to be converted into sizes available for passage through cell membranes (less than 3 nm) -Fig. 1, which made it possible to stably stimulate metabolic processes, and by preserving 60% of GW in the state of high-molecular groups, to preserve the effect of protecting the cell from xenobiotics and heavy metals.
The general result of the described interactions of the fertilizer with living cells is both the stimulation of competent genes responsible for growth processes and the release of energy, which, instead of being spent on compensating for the adverse effects of the external environment, can be spent by the cell on growth and reproduction, which ultimately leads to an increase in the competitiveness of this organism.
The effect of preserving yields during the de-chemization of crop production and increasing the safety of plants in conditions of drought and high temperatures is achieved by including organomineralbionutrients in the technological chain.These drugs, penetrating into plant cells, change the activity of physiological processes (the intensity of photosynthesis and respiration, the accumulation of chlorophyll, the activity of enzymes) and significantly increase the immunity of plants to diseases and adverse climatic factors.
To enhance the effect, we add a number of well-known organomineralbionutrients to the activated organic GW, such as natural auxins and gibberlins or their chemical analogues and microelements that are key for this culture.As a result, a new type of liquid organomineralbionutrients with the conditional name ABT-Plant was obtained.Complexes of activated humic substances in symbiosis with other biologically active substances of "organomineralbionutrients stimulate biochemical processes during seed germination and root formation, which allows plants to form a powerful root system which, extending into the deep layers of the soil, provides plants with additional moisture and nutrients.. Due to the use of organomineralbionutrients, crop losses from drought are reduced, yields are guaranteed to increase, fruit ripening times are accelerated, and their quality improves, increasing the content of proteins, sugars, vitamins and reducing the amount of nitrates [ ].
The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of a bionutrients based on a combination of activated humates and organo-mineral compounds in a field experiment on winter wheat at various levels of mineral nutrition.

Materials and methods
The effectiveness of the use of ABT-Plant on winter wheat was studied in a field experiment in areas with different levels of mineral nutrition.Doses of mineral fertilizers were calculated for low, medium and high yield levels.
The regulations for the use of the drug provided for the following treatments: 1) pre-sowing seed treatment, 1 l/t; 2) processing of plants in the tillering phase / the beginning of the exit into the tube, 1.5 l / ha; 3) pre-sowing seed treatment (1 l / ha) and treatment of plants in the tillering phase / the beginning of the exit into the tube (1.5 l / ha).
Background I -a low level of nutrient availability.From mineral fertilizers, only nitrogen fertilizers were added to the spring top dressing -N30.Based on the yield of 20 c/ha.
Background II -an average level of nutrient availability.The main application of fertilizers is N60 P60 K60 + N30 spring fertilizing.Based on the yield of 30 c/ha.
Background III -a high level of nutrient availability.The main application of fertilizers is N90 P90 K90 + N30 spring fertilizing.Based on the yield of 40 kg /ha.The predecessor is spring grains for a green mass.The object of research is winter wheat, the Zarya variety.Sowing characteristics of wheat seeds: germination -94%, weight of 1000 grains -36 g.

Scheme of experience
Sowing was carried out by a mounted tractor seeder.The seeding rate is 6 million .germinating seeds/ ha.
The area of plots in the experiment is 20 m2, the repetition is 4 times.Before sowing, the seeds were etched with fundazole.During the period of the mass appearance of weeds, the crops were sprayed with the herbicide "Cowboy" -300 ml/ ha.
During the growing season, field germination, overwintering, harvesting density of standing plants, as well as phenological observations on the phases of development, resistance to lodging, diseases and drought, crop accounting and its structural analysis were carried out.
Field research was carried out on an experimental field.The soil of the site is sodpodzolic sandy loam, characterized by a low humus content (1.1%), acidic reaction of the medium (pHsol.5.4), weak saturation with bases (Ca + Md -4.3 mg-eq/100 g of soil), average availability of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium (respectively, 12.4 and 10.7 mg/ 100 g soil).
The weather conditions of the growing season of 2021-2022 were generally unfavorable for winter wheat, the yield level is significantly lower than the calculated one.In the autumn-winter growing season, the air temperature exceeded the average long-term indicators (except February), the winter was relatively warm, with almost no snow, high temperatures in the spring and summer months were accompanied by prolonged drought.The amount of precipitation from March to June inclusive was only 52-77% of the longterm norm.Extremely unfavorable weather conditions developed during the regrowthearing period.

Outcomes
Winter wheat seeds sown on September 13 formed full shoots on September 25.Tillering began on October 13 and continued until the onset of persistent cold weather.
The first snow fell on November 4, and on November 30 it had completely melted.A stable snow cover was formed only in the second decade of January.The air temperature from November 22 to January 7 varied from -2o to +5oC.Frequent thaws with rainfall in the autumn-winter period repeatedly led to the flooding of plants and the formation of an ice crust.Despite natural disasters, winter wheat overwintered, by mid-March it began to grow.The preservation of plants was 70-80%.
From the third decade of March until the end of June, the drought continued.52-77% of the long-term norm of precipitation fell monthly.Extremely unfavorable weather conditions developed during the regrowth-earing period.The meager amount of precipitation over the decades (0-13 mm) and high air temperatures in May and June led to a significant loss of plants -up to 60%, the laying and formation of a small ear and low productive bushiness, but thanks to the more comfortable conditions of the I-II decades of July, grain filling was successful, the seeds with good physical and biochemical qualities.
Despite adverse weather conditions, epiphytotic diseases (rust, dusty smut, septoria) were not observed.The damage to plants by root rot was extremely low (8-12%).The damage to the plants by the larvae of the Swedish fly and the striped bread flea was insignificant.Thrips, bedbugs, aphids and turtle beetles [ Eurygasterintergriceps ] were not observed.
The growing season of winter wheat of the Zarya variety on all backgrounds was a total of 300 days, from germination to ripening, and 111 days, from spring regrowth to ripening.On fertilized backgrounds, the duration of the growing season increased by 3 days during the processing of ABT-Plant.

Analysis of outcomes 4.1 The influence of the growth regulator ABT-Plant on the productivity and quality of winter wheat grain during its cultivation against the background of I (N30) -a low level of mineral nutrition
The survival rate of winter wheat plants after overwintering with a low level of mineral nutrition was 71%, the safety for harvesting after a prolonged drought did not exceed 35% (Table 1 and Fig. 1).Pre-sowing seed treatment with ABT-Plant (1L/t) increased the survival rate of plants: after overwintering up to 80%, safety for harvesting -up to 38 %.
A more intensive use of the drug (spraying, 1.5 l / ha) in the phase of the beginning of the exit into the tube ensured the safety of plants for harvesting up to 43%.
Pre-sowing treatment of ABT-Plant seeds increased the yield of winter wheat by 16% (in comparison with the control variant).Pre-sowing seed treatment, combined with subsequent spraying of plants with the preparation in the beginning of tubulation phase, significantly increased the productivity of winter wheat by 29%.* -the recommended consumption rate of ABT-Plant on grain crops when processing plants is 1.0-1.5 l/ha.Due to extreme weather conditions, the consumption of the drug was increased to 1.5-1.8l/ ha.As practice shows, 1.0l/ha also works.The analysis of qualitative indicators shows that the growth regulator against the background of low doses of mineral fertilizers (N30) did not affect the size of seeds.Weather conditions affected this.Grain filling took place in a short time, using the precipitation that fell after the drought.The yield level was determined by the productive bushiness of the plants and the lake-like ear.These indicators were higher when treated with ABT-Plant.
According to the gluten content in the grain, the best option was with spraying plants (24.8%) and with seed treatment (24%).According to the protein content in the grain (12.9%), a variant with spraying plants was distinguished.
Consequently, against the background of extremely low doses of fertilizers (N30), the best options for a set of indicators are seed treatment + plant spraying and seed treatment with ABT-Plant.According to the qualitative indicators of grain, the best option was with plant treatment (spraying plants).

The influence of the ABT-Plant growth regulator on the productivity and quality of winter wheat grain during its cultivation against the background of II-c ABT-Plant. Average level of mineral nutrition N60P60K60 -basic fertilizer + N30 top dressing
Long-term studies have established that on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils, the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 provides an average yield of winter wheat of 30 c /ha.In 2022, due to unfavorable conditions, it was not possible to obtain a yield of this level.The use of mineral fertilizers in a dose (N90P60K60) compared with the control variant (N30) in the conditions of the dry growing season did not have a noticeable effect on the increase in winter wheat yield (13.2 c/ha vs. 12.4,(Table 2 and Fig. 2).Mathematical processing of the research results did not show significant differences in the yield of these variants of the experiment.At the same time, the positive effect of ABT-Plant growth regulator fertilizers on this background was established (Table 2).Overwintering of plants formed from treated seeds was 81-83%, which is 8-10% higher than the control variant.The plants treated with a growth regulator endured the drought better (the safety of plants for harvesting is 44%, which is 10% higher than the control).
The yield in the variants using ABT-Plant was 15.2-16.0c/ha, exceeding the control variant (without treatment) by 2.0-2.8c/ha or by 15-21%.
Against the background of II, a significant influence of the growth regulator ABT-Plant on the quality indicators of winter wheat grain was manifested.Plants grown from treated seeds, as well as sprayed during the beginning of tubulation, formed the largest grain, the mass of 1000 grains was 43.5-44.2g versus 36.0 g at the control.In combination with high water content (24-25 grains/ear at 20 under control), a good harvest for a dry year was formed on these variants.According to the gluten content in the grain, there were variants with seed treatment (28.1%) and with spraying of vegetative plants (27.2%).More protein in the grain was in the variant with seed treatment (15.3%).Consequently, on a medium-fertilized background, a higher positive effect on the level of yield and quality indicators of grain was obtained from ABT-Plant on variants with seed treatment and seed treatment + spraying of plants.
Fig. 2. The influence of the growth regulator "ABT-Plant" on the productivity of winter wheat during its cultivation against the background of II (N90P60K60).).

The influence of the growth regulator ABT-Plant on the productivity and quality of winter wheat grain during its cultivation against the background of III -high level of mineral nutrition N90P90K90 -basic fertilizer + N30 top dressing
In the conducted studies with the introduction of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P90K90, it was assumed to obtain a yield of at least 40 c / ha.However, the drought did not allow reaching the planned level ((Table 3 and Fig. 3).).As in the previous backgrounds, the survival rate of winter wheat plants in overwintering conditions was 70-72%.On the contrary, in drought conditions, seed treatment or spraying with ABT-Plant contributed to a better survival rate of plants (exceeding the control by 5-7%).
The largest increase in yield of 18-22% was obtained in variants with seed treatment and with seed and plant treatment.That is, against the background of high doses of fertilizers, the growth regulator ABT-Plant significantly increased the yield of winter wheat by 2.1-3.0 c/ha.The quality analysis showed that larger seeds were formed on variants with seed and plant treatment (weight of 1000 grains 42.3 g).The use of ABT-Plant increased the gluten and protein content in winter wheat grain to 27-28,3 and 14.4-15.3%at 24.6 and 9.1%, respectively.
Thus, against the high background of mineral nutrition in terms of yield growth and grain quality indicators, the optimal way to use ABT-Plant turned out to be options with seed treatment and seed and plant treatment.

The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of winter wheat with ABT-Plant growth regulator treatment
The conducted studies have shown that in arid conditions mineral fertilizers do not have a significant effect on increasing the yield of winter wheat (Table 4).
The use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N90P60K60 did not provide reliable yield increases.The introduction of high doses of mineral fertilizers N120P90K90 allowed an extremely insignificant increase in the yield of winter wheat by 1.1 c/ha (+8.8%).At the same time, under the prevailing extreme weather conditions of the growing season, a significant increase in yield by 2.1-3.6 c/ha (+15-29%) was obtained from the use of the plant growth regulator ABT-Plant.Pre-sowing seed treatment (1 l/t) allowed to increase the yield of winter wheat by 16% (+2.0 kg/ha).With an increase in the intensity of treatment of plants with the preparation (pre-sowing seed treatment + spraying of vegetative plants in the phase of the beginning of the tube), the yield of winter wheat increased by 3.6 c/ha (+29%).The quality indicators of grain were significantly improved.The gluten content increased by 0.9-2.2%against a low background of mineral nutrition and by 3.2-4.1 and 2.4-3.7% at an average and high level of fertilizer application, respectively.Protein rose by 1.6-4.3%against the background without the main application of fertilizers and by 4.9-6.8 and 5.3-6.2% when applying medium and high doses of mineral fertilizers.The yield of winter wheat and grain quality when applying medium and high doses of mineral fertilizers are almost the same, the difference in yield is +0.3 c/ha within the error of the experiment (NSR05 = 0.89 c/ha).The inclusion of ABT-Plant in the chain of agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of winter wheat made it possible to increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers in the extreme conditions of the growing season 2021-2022, and to obtain a significant increase in yield, although this technique in itself did not give the expected results in conditions of prolonged drought.

Conclusion
1.The use of mineral fertilizers in conditions unfavorable for the growth and development of winter wheat is ineffective.
The use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N90P60K60 did not provide reliable yield increases.The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P90K90 allowed an extremely insignificant increase in the yield of winter wheat by 1.1 c/ha (+8.8%).Under these conditions, more significant crop gains were obtained from the use of the ABT-Plant regulator.Pre-sowing seed treatment (1 l/t) resulted in an increase in the yield of winter wheat by 16% (+2.0 kg/ha).With an increase in the intensity of treatment of plants with the preparation (pre-sowing seed treatment + spraying of vegetative plants in the phase of the beginning of the tube), the yield of winter wheat increased (+29%, + 3.6 c /ha).
2. The combined use of mineral fertilizers and the preparation ABT-Plant increased the yield of winter wheat by 22-23%, which is similar to the yield increases in the variants of the experiment with intensive use of ABT-Plant (pre-sowing seed treatment + spraying of plants).
In terms of the impact on the yield of winter wheat, the use of ABT-Plant in the dry year 2022 guaranteed and more effectively replaced the use of mineral fertilizers.
3. With an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat grain, the content of gluten and protein increased.A similar increase in gluten and protein content was noted in winter wheat grain treated with ABT-Plant.The combined use of NPK and ABT-Plant caused the highest content of gluten and protein in winter wheat grain.
4. The use of the drug ABT-Plant contributed to an increase in the productivity of the ear, improved overwintering and survival of plants during the growing season, and increased plant resistance to Swedish fly infestation Scheme of experienceBackground I -low dose of fertilizers (spring fertilizing N30, without the main fertilizer)1.Control -without the use of growth regulators 2. ABT-Plant.Seed treatment together with protectants

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The influence of the growth regulator "ABT-Plant" on the productivity of winter wheat during its cultivation against the background of I (N30).

Fig. 3 .
Fig.3.The influence of the growth regulator "ABT-Plant" on the productivity of winter wheat during its cultivation against the background of III (N120P90K90).

Table 1 .
Productivity and quality of winter wheat graintreated with ABT-Plant growth regulat

Table 2 .
Influence of ABT-Plant growth regulator on productivity and quality of winter wheat grain

Table 3 .
Influence of the ABT-Plant growth regulator on the productivity and quality of winter wheat grain

Table 4 .
The effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield and stability of winter wheat treated with the growth regulator ABT-Plant %Control (