Technological process of emergency rescue operations in conditions of destruction: fundamental peculiarities

. In the article authors are considering the peculiarities of determining amount of work by victims rescue in the conditions of mass destruction. The connection between the amount of emergency rescue operations (ERO) and the applicable technology is proved. The expediency of using a universal unit of measurement - standard unit volume (measurers) – for the estimating of the amount of ERO, for determining of the rational technologies and for controlling the rate of rescuing the victims has been substantiated. The dependence of the complexity of work on the volume of their implementation has been determined. The dependence in the increase of labor costs and in the decrease of the works intensity with the increasing process of their performance is manifested. The possibility of the mentioned features application has practical value for developing of methodological approaches for the purpose of optimization of the rescue operations processes and justification of the rational technologies of their realization.


Introduction
Emergency response related to destruction of the buildings is a complex problem with many scientific and practical aspects.Some of them are: planning, preparation and conducting of rescue operations, which are carried out mostly in extremely adverse conditions within a short period, with high intensity and with involvement of significant forces and resources.

Relevance, scientific significance of the issue with a brief review of the literature
The effectiveness of ERO depends mainly on the applicable technologies as evidenced by the experience of their implementation.
The analysis of the research has shown that some issues have been solved in development and determination of the rational technology of ERO in the conditions of the destructed buildings.
In particular, in [1-10] general regularities of rescue operations organization and conducting have been studied, some peculiarities of solving typical organizational and technological tasks have been determined.
In [11] doctor of Engineering Sciences Ovchinnikov V. V. presented the relevant features of determining the work volume, and he developed a methodology which allows to correlate the operational parameters of technical assets complexes and parameters of the technological process of ERO in general.Also importance of accounting the unit volume in the total volume of performed work by complexes is noted, the need of considering the operational speed of main and auxiliary assets movement is justified.
For the purpose to improve the efficiency of ERO candidate of Engineering Sciences Chirikov A.G. in [12] recommended a choice of the rescue operation proceeding, actions procedure for rescuers at their workplace and suggested to determine direction of debris removal taking into account the structure of debris, ones location, specifics of victims position and the rescuers estimated energy consumption.However, along with conducting of ERO it is necessary to consider how impact of increase of labor costs by increasing of works volume is performed, and how it can be expressed in quantitative form and how this factor impacts on the effectiveness of the ERO process.
However at the present time no methodological approaches have been developed which can be useful by account the bond between the work volume and applicable technology.One fact is not taken into account: when victims are trapped in debris (blockage), at each workplace (object) should be determined the amount of debris removal not amount of debris.
Furthermore, influence of the works intensity (or works pace) on implementations efficiency of has not been studied.

Statement of the problem
By rescue operations proceeding in the conditions of collapsed buildings and structures, there is an interaction between rescuers, victims, objects of work, applicable technical assets and natural environment.The interaction is a process which has its own regularities and is divided into phases.Thus each stage assumes performance of necessary kinds of works which are realized through technologies (ways) of their manufacture.
By determining and selecting a rational technology for victims rescue in the conditions of collapsed buildings and structures, it is necessary to correctly assess the volume of rescue work.
It is important to take into account the fact that the volumes of rescue work are related to applicable technology and vary in the same conditions [7,11,[13][14][15].
Depending on the chosen technology the volumes of work can be expressed in m 3 , in linear meter, amount of rescued victims, time of rescue operation conducting, number of pierced openings, etc.The specified circumstance complicates the comparison of different technologies among themselves and acceptance of rational decisions on their application.
Therefore there is a necessary to implement a universal unit of work volume measurement, use of which will make possible an assessment of technological processes rationality of victims rescue and on this basis it will allow choosing the most effective way of work performance.
The analysis of the experience by rescue operations conducting has shown that there is an interdependence between the complexity of the work and volume of its performance [7,15].
In this regard, by planning large-scale rescue operations associated with the implementation of labor-intensive types of ERO, there is necessity to develop and apply a methodical approach that allows to consider the relationship of the works volume and the applicable technology, as well as the specifics of the works complexity influence on the works intensity (or works pace).

Theoretical part
Analysis of the specifics of emergency response, connected with the destruction of buildings, demonstrated that the volume of rescue and recovery operations is often associated with the volume of the caused damage.As well as the works volume, it is expressed in m 3 of blockage which need to be handled, total of victims, which need assistance area of flooded basements, volume of the spilled sewage, length of blocked streets, passages and so on [7,15].
At the same time, the performance of emergency operation is connected with applicable technologies which correlate the current situation.In view of this, volume of emergency rescue works is not identical to the volume of the caused damage.It is determined according to the applied technology and depends quantitatively on it [7,15].
So during the victims rescue from collapsed structures, at each workplace (object) workplace (object) should be determined the amount of debris removal not the amount of debris.
Analysis of the rescue operations experience, in particular, explosions of residential buildings in Moscow: Shcherbakovskaya Street, 34, Guryanova Street, 31, Kashirskoye highway, 19, showed that during planning, preparation and rescue operations conducting, forecasting results of their performance it is necessary to use such a unit of measurement of works volume, which would consider the features of the technological process, composition of the applied forces and resources, complexity and repeatability of technological operations, their diversity, cyclicity of work processes [7,15].
In fact, the unit of measurement should be the expression of the large amount of work in miniature, which is to be provided, at a particular workplace or facility under consideration.Practically, it should make a possibility to model different types of technological process.
In [16] such unit of measurement is used in the development of technological charts for conducting of certain types of ERO, and it is called "standard unit volume (measurer) of work".A standard unit volume is described as a volume of work, conducting of which requires at least single conducting of all operations of the technological process.
During realization of easy types of ERO, when it is possible to clearly establish the repeatability of technological operations and the "boundaries" of their complete cycle can be determined, as standard unit volume is described an amount of work, minimally required to perform a complete (complete) cycle of technological operations.
During realization of complicated types of ERO, for example, victims release from collapsed buildings, the full (complete) cycle of technological operations corresponds to a various volume of performed works.
Under these conditions, in order to take into account the worst-case scenario during predicting the duration of ERO processes, as a standard unit volume should be determined the maximum possible amount of work, required to conduct a full cycle of technological operations.
So the standard unit volume corresponds to the amount of work required to conduct a complete (completed) cycle of technological operations, organized at a separate workplace (site) of a typical technological process and is rigidly linked to the working cycle (cycle of function) of the applied complexes of technical assets.

The dependence of the works complexity on the volume of their execution
The dependence of the works complexity on the works volume is manifested in an increase in labor costs and a decrease in the intensity of work, as the volume of their implementation increases.It happens during conducting the most complex types of ERO and engineering works for saving and extracting victims by using emergency rescue units of permanent personnel, consistently carrying out work at individual workplaces with a lack of the forces and assets [7].
This dependence is due to the fact that by emergency operations conducting the fatigue of rescuers increases gradually, length of the ways of bringing emergency rescue equipment, technological equipment, devices and tools increases, the distance of the applicable technical assets from energy supplies increases.In these conditions, the process of managing the work of emergency rescue teams becomes more difficult, connection with seniors at the workplace deteriorates.In addition, the working conditions become more complicated (dustiness, smoke, tightness, illumination of the work site), ability to control the action of dangerous and harmful factors of the situation decreases, which entails a violation of safety requirements.It may become difficult to provide rescuers to the work site due to the limited space in the place where they conduct emergency operation [7].
The maximum manifestation of that problem appears by victims release from the debris of collapsed building structures or in blocked rooms and that problem can be solved by making punching openings in walls and ceilings [3].
In this regard, during planning and organizing the ERO, it is necessary to take into account the impact of these features on duration of victims rescue operation.

About indicators of the complexity of emergency rescue operations in conditions of destroyed buildings and structures
From analysis of experience of emergency operations conducting related to destruction of buildings and structures, it is known that during planning and conducting the most complex and time-consuming stages and types of ERO, it's necessary to take into account the peculiarities of changing the pace of performed work [7].These features are manifested in a decrease of emergency operations pace as the volume of their implementation increases.
This feature of emergency operations conducting is due to the influence of the complexity factor of the performed work.In [3,4,7,8,10,14,15] process of rescuing victims during disaster response may be represented as the interaction of rescuers, victims, applicable technical assets, rescue facilities and the environment.
Each part of this process is characterized by a certain set of state factors inherent only to itself.From the totality of these factors, those that characterize the complexity of the performed work are allocated.In fact, these are qualitative indicators that characterize impact of the complexity of the work on the intensity (pace) of their implementation.
The analysis showed that following indicators of the initial state of participants in the emergency operation process should be attributed to indicators, which reflects influence of the complexity factor on the intensity of emergency operations conducting: the initial state (fatigue) of rescuers; accessibility of victims location; the amount of required work; the complexity of the applicable technology, which is characterized by composition of rescuers and is determined through the so-called saturation of the ERO process with technical assets and energy supply; indicators that characterize the condition of object and the surrounding environment (destruction, type, height and area of the blockage, weather conditions, time of year, day, fire, smoke, gas contamination , contamination of the terrain).
The Figure 1 shows the hierarchy of indicators of the emergency works complexity, and these indicators and their main parameters are described in expanded form in the Table 1.The main indicator of complexity characterizing the condition of the participants in the emergency rescue process is the fatigue of rescuers.
In fact, the fatigue of rescuers is a physiological property (ability) of a person which can get tired by performing a certain physical activity during the ERO.
In practice, the complexity of the work depends on the initial state of the emergency operation participants, as well as on the applicable technology.The fatigue of rescuers by emergency operations conducting also depends on the condition of other participants in the rescue process, especially on accessibility of victims and applicable technologies.
Also the most important indicator is also accessibility of victims.This is due to the fact that the volume of required work and choice of standard technology depend on the accessibility of victims, because based on that point the composition and calculation of rescuers team, list of types of technical assets, necessary for standard technology application are selected, as well as the total of them are determined.In fact, this is the main initial indicator of the works complexity, which with other (secondary) indicators of complexity (e.g.amount of work) is associated.The worse is accessibility of victims, the more work needs to be done and vice versa.

Practical significance, proposals and results of implementation, results of experimental research
The application of standard unit of measurement of the works amount is reasonable at planning and preparation of emergency operations conducting, and rationality at estimation of technology in the course of their conducting too.The purpose of its application is to express numerically the total amount of forthcoming works and time of their performance in order to justify the rational technology and organization of ERO.
The expediency of unit volumes application is confirmed by the comparative assessment results of use of "traditional" and unit characteristics of work volumes measurement [15].
The practical significance of the presented results consists in the possibility of their use in planning of emergency response activities of natural and man-made character, in particular, in the organization of ERO, as well as in rescuers training in large-scale emergency response and rescue operations.

Conclusions
1. Rescue operations conducting is connected with application of technologies which are correlating to the current situation.In view of this, the volume of rescue work is not equal to the volume of caused damage.It is determined by the applicable technology and quantitatively depends on it.During the victims rescue from collapsed structures, at each workplace (object) should be determined the amount of debris removal not the amount of debris.
2. By assessing the volume of ERO and justification of rational technology, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between the volume of work and the applicable technology.For this purpose, it is necessary to use a special unit of measurement for assessing the volume of work -standard unit volumes.
3. Standard unit volume corresponds to the amount of work required to perform a complete cycle of technological operations, organized at a separate workplace of the standard technological process.Standard unit volume is associated with the work cycle (cycle of operation) of the applied complexes of technical assets.
4. The dependence of complexity on the works volume occurs in the increase of labor inputs and in the decrease of work intensity with the increase of their volume.By planning and organizing ERO it is necessary to take into account the influence of these features on duration of rescue operation.
5. By performing the most complex and time-consuming stages and types of ERO, it is necessary to take into account peculiarities in the intensity change of providing work due to the influence of the complexity factor.The indicators characterizing the influence of the complexity factor on the intensity (pace) of ERO implementation should include indicators of the initial state of the emergency operation participants -rescuers, victims, technical assets, objects of the ERO and environment.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The hierarchy of indicators of the emergency works complexity.

Table 1 .
Indicators which characterize the influence of condition of the emergency operation participants on the intensity of emergency operations conducting, and their parameters