Current problem of environmental pollution of enterprises of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 2023

. The richness of nature and resources of the region are considered the basis of life support for the multinational people who now reside in the territories of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). These resources are protected as the natural environment for successful socio-economic development. Environmental measures implemented in Yakutia are carried out under the supervision and following a number of laws, in particular, the main environmental law. It was developed within the framework of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" and is necessary for effective protection of constitutional human rights to a comfortable and healthy environment for life. Also, this law promotes the creation of economic, legal, and social bases of ecology protection in the interests of the present and future generations, acts as a guarantor of ecological safety, and the possibility to provide rational consumption of local natural resources.


Introduction
It is known that the Republic of Sakha has a wealth of natural resources.These include mineral resources, biodiversity, and an abundance of other inexhaustible recreational opportunities.It is important to understand that nature conservation is a state responsibility and an obligation of each and every local resident without exception.Since March 7, 1996, the State Environmental Policy is in effect in the Republic [1].Yakutia has an abundance of valuable natural locations in need of permanent protection (Figure 1):  Ust-Lensky and Olekminsky reserves. 26 unique lakes. 4 national nature parks -Momsky, Lena Pillars, Ust-Vilyuysky, Siyine.
To date, among the fundamental tasks of the environmental legislation in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are the regulation of relations in the sphere of environmental protection for its preservation, guarantee of environmental safety, protection of the rights of residents, ensuring rational use of natural resources of Yakutia, improvement, and enhancement of the environment.All these measures are implemented to the fullest extent and aim to protect the interests of the present and all future generations [2].

Materials and methods
Materials for this report were based on official legislative acts, functioning on the territory of modern Yakutia, in particular, the Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from December 25, 2003, 104-З N 211-III "On the protection of the environment of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)".The report was also based on the reporting data on the work of several companies in the territory of the Republic, including JSC Sakhatransneftegaz, SURGUTNEFTEGAZ, and ALROSA.The method used was the tactic of studying the information presented in news articles on the environmental situation in the Republic, scientific reports, presentations, and reviews by scientific experts.

Findings
At the moment there are a lot of infrastructure facilities and production lines that produce a lot of trash in Yakutia.It can affect the environment and the overall environmental situation.So, on average, each year there are about 200 million tons of waste, 92 million tons of little or no treated sewage, 182 thousand tons of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in the Republic.
To date, environmental monitoring controls about 30% of Yakutia's territories, which is still not enough to maintain a healthy environment and preserve the existing natural resources on these lands.The most dangerous year for ecology in Yakutia was 2007.That was the time when experts detected 25 cases of severe environmental pollution in Yakutia (15 in air and 10 in water) as well as 5 cases of extremely hazardous water pollution [3].
Due to well-planned work and joint actions of leading specialists in the environmental protection sphere, as well as institutions of environmental protection in the republic, business entities, local authorities, and the public a number of successes in environmental protection and competent environmental management are achieved each year.

natural reserves 90 natural monuments
The main specialists responsible for the nature preserve, as the national wealth and health of all people, are ecologists.Every day they face many tasks, which require coordinated, united action and, in general, cohesion.Only by joint efforts, it is possible to save nature, to preserve it for future generations in its original form, because by saving the benefits of nature, we make a serious contribution to the future of generations, to the future of the entire planet as a whole [4].
Works on environmental protection are carried out both at the general level, and locally, in each of the districts that make up the designated republic.For example, under the official "Agreement on Cooperation on Environmental Protection" between the Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the municipal formation of the Neryungri District, extensive work is now being implemented.For example, the local district administration, as a team with the Committee for Nature Protection, regularly organizes various practical and educational activities, plans, and provides solutions to a number of issues aimed at the participation of the local population in mass environmental and ecological actions carried out in the area.Also, specialists of the region administration carry out several activities included in the program of municipal ideas on environmental protection and preservation of the environmental safety of the region [5].
Environmental issues in Yakutia today concern every resident of this republic.A serious contribution to the development of environmental protection in Yakutia was made by the People's Deputies of the Republic.In recent years the popularity and demand for environmentally responsible behavior of citizens, environmental ideas, and programs have increased significantly.The modern generation treats nature responsibly, perceiving it as an eternal and unchangeable value.
To a large extent, residents are interested in the issues of creating a favorable environmental atmosphere in their native settlements of the republic.The State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) regularly considers on its agenda various issues and troubles related to serious water pollution, illegal logging, protecting areas, and so on.
The Standing Committee of the Il Tumen, which deals with land relations, natural resources, and the environmental sphere, is working hard to maintain a balance of environmental protection and competent, careful use of natural resources.Especially for this purpose in Yakutia a legal framework was created, also in these territories the Law "On responsible subsoil use in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)" operates, under the norms of which the responsible behavior of the subsoil user is understood as the conclusion of an agreement on interaction in the sphere of social and economic development of the region.Today there are 31 agreements with 21 companies engaged in the field of socioeconomic development in Yakutia.In order to fix a direct norm on the issue of conclusion of agreements on public-economic development between those who actively use local resources of the region and the rest subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments in the Law of Russia "On Subsoil" the State Assembly made a number of amendments, considered and approved later by the State Duma.
In 2021 the State Assembly approved the Ecological Doctrine of the Republic.Today all issues related to environmental protection in Yakutia are based precisely on the principles and provisions of this doctrine.At the same time, the Parliament of Yakutia raises the issue of organizing a national-level project called "Ecology".It aims to protect ecosystems of the Lena River, Lake Baikal, Lake Teletskoye, Onega, Ob, Don, Ladoga, Amur, Ural, Pechora, and Yenisei.The Lena River is in the top 10 largest rivers on the planet.It is also the 3rd longest in Russia (after the Ob and Yenisei).The Lena River ranks 8th among the largest full-flowing rivers in terms of average flow volume [6].
Mentioned earlier dangerous process of environmental pollution in Yakutia is directly related to the following factors (Figure 2) [7,8]: Any large enterprise operating today in Yakutia tries to adhere to the environmental policy.Thus, in addition to production goals, they try in every possible way to support the ecology of the region, especially taking into account the fact of the high toxicity of a number of their production processes.For example, the basic goal of the environmental policy, broadcast and organized by Sakhatransneftegaz JSC, is the constant reduction of the negative impact on the environment of the region, which occurs due to the regular production, processing, and transportation of natural gas.Today, the pace of improvement of the production lines of this company allows Sakhatransneftegas JSC to minimize specific emissions of hazardous, toxic substances, while adhering to the necessary requirements of both Russian and international legislation [9].
Another enterprise represented by PAO "Surgutneftegas" also pays a lot of attention to environmental issues.All its structural divisions strictly adhere to the approved ecological policy providing both careful use of natural resources and control of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.For example, the company has developed the "Ecology" program, the basic task of which is to continuously reduce the negative impact of production on the environment.The key areas of this program are considered to be (Figure 3):  Erection of environmental protection facilities, including those that are supposed to protect the purity of atmospheric air, control the processes of proper waste disposal, neutralization of waste. Protect and guarantee the rational use of the land of the Republic. Protect the purity of atmospheric air, climate change control, and climate change preservation. Protection of water bodies and rational use of water resources of the region. Proper neutralization and disposal of industrial waste.
Pollution of the environment by pollutants, which inevitably causes pollution of the entire ecosystem of the region (water, air, vegetation) The operation of mining enterprises (in the process of mining a mass of toxic elements, including heavy metals, is released into the environment).All this in combination with untreatedindustrial effluents can inevitably enter the environment.
Environmental pollution also occurs as a result of pollutants entering the atmosphere from local technogenic points of pollution (settlements, villages, factories, industrial plants).It is from these sites that Yakutia's environment suffers the most.For example, the western part of the Sakha Republic, in particular -the Vilyui River basin, is regularly negatively affected by the atmospheric transfer of heavy metals and sulfur from the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine.ALROSA, another company in Yakutia, also sees environmental protection as one of its strategic activities.This company has its own environmental center whose specialists are constantly engaged in industrial environmental control.A number of measures and measures to protect the ecology and environment of the region cover all existing ecosystems -air, water, land, fauna, and flora.This diamond company is always mindful of the need to restore and protect the ecological systems of the land.The enterprise's employees promote the correct and careful use of forest resources, combat desertification, reverse land use, and stop the loss of biodiversity through their activities.All this is confirmed by the company's old non-functioning dredge pits, which start to be covered with vegetation after only one year (after the cessation of gold-bearing sands mining).

Conclusion
Having studied the environmental protection measures implemented in the territory of the modern Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), we can conclude that almost all residents of the region take part in the struggle to preserve natural resources and the entire ecosystem.In particular, a significant contribution to the solution and prevention of environmental problems in the region is made by large holdings.Small companies, scientists, members of the public, deputies, and, of course, the government (we are talking about various actions, initiatives, and government programs).Also, local youth movements and organizations are becoming more and more active in the field of environmental protection in the region.All this serves as further evidence that society is the main driving force in the preservation, conservation, and maintenance of the nature of the region.Now many environmental protection agencies are operating in the Republic, and their specialists are also actively engaged in the conservation of the local natural treasures.Huge work is done every year on the initiative of local authorities and business entities.All of this allows us to be confident in the good Erection of environmental protection facilities, including those that are supposed to protect the purity of atmospheric air, control the processes of proper waste disposal, neutralization of waste Protect and guarantee the rational use of the land of the Republic Protect the purity of atmospheric air, climate change control, and climate change preservation Protection of water bodies and rational use of water resources of the region.
Proper neutralization and disposal of industrial waste.
environmental prospects of the region, competent nature management, and, in general, the achievement of success in the difficult, but so important and meaningful cause of environmental protection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Valuable natural places of Yakutia in need of constant protection.