Study of vegetable beans collection in climatic conditions and selection of promising sources for breeding

. During the span of 2018 to 2021, a comprehensive investigation was conducted encompassing the morphobiological and economically significant attributes of 20 distinct samples of vegetable beans. These samples were meticulously gathered through collaborative expeditionary ventures spanning the landscapes of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The interdisciplinary efforts of scientists hailing from the Scientific Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources and the Rural Development Administration of the Republic of Korea (RDA) culminated in an in-depth analysis of these plant varieties. The outcome of this thorough exploration yielded noteworthy results, highlighting the identification and isolation of four early maturing and five high-yielding samples of vegetable beans. The amalgamation of expertise, fieldwork, and scientific scrutiny brought forth the delineation of these promising bean varieties with traits poised to contribute significantly to agricultural productivity and resilience across the studied regions. The collaborative nature of this endeavor underscores the significance of international cooperation in advancing agricultural innovation and enhancing the cultivation of vital crops.


Introduction
Today, when we talk about food safety in developed countries, we mean not only the amount of products grown, but also its variety, ecological purity, and the richness of minerals useful for the human body and health [1,2].In this regard , mutual integration of the processes of production, processing, storage, service and sale (export), development of clusters (cooperation), ensuring food safety and increasing the volume of export is of great importance in Uzbekistan . is being given.
Therefore, along with expanding the range of vegetable and fruit crops, radical improvement of scientifically based seed breeding systems of their created varieties, wide use in production, development of resource-saving technologies of seed cultivation remain one of the important tasks of today [3].
Every year in Uzbekistan, more than one million fields freed from grain crops are cultivated with vegetables, sugarcane, legumes, corn for livestock and sunflower products.Among these products, mash, beans and groundnuts are mainly exported [4].However, due to the lack of early, high-yielding and exportable varieties suitable for the climate of Uzbekistan, the average yield is 12-15 t/ha in mash, 10-14 t/ha in beans, and 25-30 t/ha in groundnut [5].
One of the urgent tasks of today is to create and introduce into production new early, high-yielding, exportable varieties for the main and repeated planting periods suitable for the local climatic conditions in growing a high yield of vegetable beans in Uzbekistan [6].
The purpose of the research is to study the varieties and samples of vegetable beans introduced from abroad in the climatic conditions of the Tashkent region according to valuable economic characteristics, to select primary sources for different directions of selection.
Tasks of the research are to study the morpho-biological characteristics and valuable economic characteristics of the collected variety samples of vegetable beans in the climatic conditions of the Tashkent region and to select primary sources for different directions of selection.

Materials and methods
This research was carried out in open field conditions, in which "Methodology of conducting experiments in vegetable growing, potato growing and potat o growing" [7][8][9] conducted on the basis of methodological manuals.The statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the Microsoft Excel program according to the "Metodika polevogo opyta" method by B. A. Dospehov.
These studies were carried out in the cultivated fields of the "Educational-consultative center" of the Tashkent State Agrarian University, located in the Qibrai district of the Tashkent region in Uzbekistan.According to the information provided by the Agrochemical Analysis Center of the Tashkent region, in the arable layer (0-30 cm) of soils where field experiments are conducted from the beginning of the growing season, humus is 1.6-1.87%,nitrogen-0.135%,phosphorus-0.37%,potassium-1 , was 10%.
Tashkent region is located in the north-east of Uzbekistan, bordering the Republic of Kazakhstan to the north-west, Kyrgyzstan to the north-east, Namangan region to the east, Republic of Tajikistan to the south and Syrdarya regions to the south-west.The climate of the region is characterized by a sharp continentality, its winters are mild and wet, and summers are hot and dry.
Tashkent region has strong sunlight, the duration of sunny days during the year is 2800-2900 hours, 360-400 hours in summer months and 90-100 hours in winter months.Cloudy days occur in rare periods, they are observed mainly in the winter months, that is, from 10 to 25 days in December and January [10].
According to the data of the Qibray district "Aq Zukuk" weather station, the average annual air temperature of the region is 14-17 0 C in March-April, May, June-August, September 28.2-32.4 0C, respectively and starting from September, the air temperature drops to 18.4 0 C .Qibray district is located in the arid region, where a total of 250-500 years of rainfall is observed.The main part of precipitation periods corresponds to the winter-spring months.March is the busiest month.In these areas, snow piles are kept for 25-35 days.

Results and discussion
Samples were planted in the main crop in Kibrai district of Tashkent region in 2018-2021 and studied for morpho-biological and economic characteristics.
Bean seeds were sown on typical gray soils on April 1 at a seedling thickness of 70x15 cm (in the feeding area) and 10% of the seeds germinated on April 7 and 75% of the seeds germinated on April 10.For the studied samples of beans, the local variety "Qaraqosh", widespread in Uzbekistan, was taken as a template (St).
The stem of the local variety "Qaraqosh" is a creeper, the length of the stem is on average 40-80 cm, the technical ripening period is 45-50 days, the physiological ripening of the seeds after the formation of pods is 65-70 days, and the growing period is 120 days.did When planted for grain, the average yield is 20 ts/ha, it is also consumed during technical and biological ripening.
Important morphological characters.The inter-row irrigation method is widely used in growing beans in Uzbekistan.This, in turn, leads to a number of additional costs.The shape of the stem in bean varieties is one of the main economic characteristics, and the growth period of the creeping varieties is relatively long, and it causes certain difficulties in interrow processing and harvesting.
The seeds of the 21 samples included in the research were planted in 3.5 m 2 experimental plots with a seedling thickness of 70x15 cm.33 seeds were planted.Biometric measurements were taken on 10 plants during the harvest.7 of the studied samples: Tabletka, Chipor, Kirmizi (small) (Turkiye), Rakushka (unknown), Lapatka (Kyrgyzstan), Krasnaya shapochka (Russia) and Kirmizi (Turkiye) have a creeping stem, the growth period is 100-120 days reached, the growth period was equal to 95-100 days in samples of semi-erect growing white mai (Kyrgyzstan) and Black Pearl (Bolivia) (Table 1).Vegetative period lasted for 130-160 days, along with the stem growing upright.The pods of the white giant variety are very large, rough, and difficult to separate from the shell by hand.Black Giant is distinguished by its long flowering period compared to other bean varieties.The flowers are relatively large and bright red in color.
The shape of the stem of the plant is very important when growing high yields of beans in large areas.Creeping varieties are not suitable for inter-row cultivation during the growing season.It is recommended to grow such varieties in residential plots.
In order to harvest with the help of technology, it is necessary to grow varieties with upright stems, ripening at the same time, pods that are easily separated from the pods, and pods that are resistant to rotting.Bean seeds were sown in the collection nursery on April 1, and we observed that the germination of seeds was not the same in all samples.
In the climate of Uzbekistan, it was observed in the studies that the duration of the growth period of creeping varieties is extended by 10-15 days in accordance with the external environmental factors.However, the flowering process was not recorded in the plants during this period.
When the samples of the collection of beans were studied according to valuable farm signs, 6 varieties and samples (Tomatnaya, Black Prince, Caesar, Kirmizi, Shahika and Zolnushka) were selected for early ripening.The growth period of these varieties is 75-80 E3S Web of Conferences 421, 01008 (2023) SERBEMA-2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342101008days, and in the future, they will serve as a primary source for the creation of early bean varieties that can be ripened in the northern regions of Uzbekistan.
In Uzbekistan, bean plant is used in two ways, the first is when it is technically ripened with beans, and it is eaten with physiologically ripened grain in the fall and winter seasons (Table 2).During the growth period, when the pods were technically ripened, harvesting was carried out 3 times.The first time was 50 days after germination, the second time was 70 days after germination, and the third time was 90 days after germination.
The yield of these bean varieties is up to 120-153 percent higher than the standard variety, and will serve as a primary source for the creation of early, high-yielding new varieties for future main and repeat seasons (Figure 1).In total, 9 of the studied specimens with a yield of 20 grams per plant of the model Ravot variety were selected, including: Mahsuldor, Black Eye, Chipor, Caesar, Tomatnaya, White and Black Giant, Shahika and Zolnushka varieties.It was found that the productivity of one plant of these varieties and samples was on average 24-60 grams (Table 3).In June, when the average air temperature exceeded 25 o C, it was noted that the flowering process of Lapatka, Krasnaya shapochka and Kara marvarid varieties almost stopped, and it was observed that they could not adapt well to local conditions.
From the studied samples, the following samples according to the productivity indicator, including: Black-browed 0.30 kg from kg/m 2 , Cypress 0.26 kg, Caesar 0.27 kg, Shahika 0.29 kg, Zolnushka 0.25 kg, Black (giant) 0.47 kg and Giant (white) 0.60 kg were selected.This indicator was 0.20 kg/m 2 in the Rivot variety.
Today, the scientific research work with Gigant (white), Shahika and tomato varieties of beans is continued, and the selection process for creating early, fruitful new varieties, suitable for planting in the main and repeated periods suitable for the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Yield of bean samples selected for early ripening, kg/m 2 .

Table 1 .
Valuable farm signs of bean collection samples (April 1).

Table 2 .
Development stages of the samples of the studied collections.

Table 3 .
Valuable economic characteristics of bean collection samples during biological ripening of seeds.