Utilization of Calathea Lutea Stem as Part Material

. Calathea Lutea is a plant that is often found in Indonesia. Calathea Lutea is usually only used as an exterior plant because it has a wide leaf shape and a strong stem structure. If further investigated, the strength of the stem structure of the Calathea plant has the potential to be used as a material for interior parts. The research aims to find the best method for utilizing Calathea Lutea stems, especially when used as sheets for interior elements. Calathea Lutea stems are processed through various methods to find the most suitable method. Before the experiment, the stems of Calathea Lutea will be dried, and the methods will be carried out in three ways: laminating, weaving, and spinning. The results of the processing of Calathea Lutea stems will be subjected to several tests, such as strength, resilience, and flexibility. The stem of Calathea Lutea that has potential as an interior part is the one that uses the least amount of adhesive and has passed the tests carried out. It is hoped that the processing of Calathea Lutea stems can be used as a substitute material as a structural or visual element to replace other materials that are often found in Indonesia.


Introduction
Indonesia, which is also called a mega-biodiversity country, is a country that has a diversity of flora and fauna.Indonesia is estimated to have 25% of the world's flowering plant species or is the seventh largest country with a total of 20,000 species, 40% of which are endemic or native to Indonesia.The plant family that has the most species members is Orchidaceae (orchids), with up to 4,000 species.For woody plant species, the Dipterocarpaceae family has 386 species, members of the Myrtaceae (Eugenia) and Moraceae (Ficus) families as many as 500 species and members of the Ericaceae family as many as 737 species, including 287 species of Rhododendrom and 239 species of Naccinium [1].
On the other hand, Indonesia is one of the largest waste producing countries.Based on data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry's National Waste Management Information System, the amount of waste generated reaches 18.3 tons per year.Managed waste is 77.28% with 26.73% waste reduction and 50.55% waste handling.The composition of waste, based on the type of waste obtained in the data, 40.9% of food waste, 18.4% of plastic waste, and the third position of 13.4% is waste from wood/branches/leaves [2].
In order to reduce waste and meet the government's target in 2023 to reduce waste revenue, it is necessary to have public awareness to be able to reduce the use of waste sources or implement 3R namely, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
One of the many ornamental plants that are oxygensupplying plants, Calathea Lutea is one of the plants that produces plant waste, because if this plant is found to be dry, both the leaves and stems will be thrown away [3].Furthermore, this plant can be processed and used as a replacement material for material parts.By implementing sustainable development goals (SDG), one of the goals is to create a green space.Processing plant stem waste can help to realize and achieve targets.
This research aimed to find out the proper processing method to produce material replacement parts from processed Calathea Lutea stem waste that has dried with consideration of the drying method and several aspects of processing prior to treatment on the stems.

Methodology
The method used in this study is the experimental research method.The experimental method is to test the effectiveness and efficiency of an approach, method, technique, or teaching and learning media, so that the results can be applied if they are good or not used if they are not good in actual teaching [4].In this study, researchers will laminate, weave, and spin the dried Calathea Lutea stems.These three methods were chosen because they are the most effective in Calathea Lutea stems.The tools used are scissors and cutter.The materials used in the study were Calathea Lutea stems and white glue.
In the first experiment, the roots and leaves of Calathea Lutea were cut.Then the stem is cleaned of leaves or small stem branches.After that, the rods were aligned horizontally and laminated with white glue diluted with water (water and glue ratio = 1:4).Then wait until it dries.In the second experiment, cut and cleaned the stem from the remaining branches in the same manner as in the first.Then weave the stems in the following pattern.There was no adhesive used in this experiment.In the third experiment, use the same initials as on the first and second trials.Then every 2 sticks twist and put together, repeat with another spin.In this experiment, up to 25% white glue is required.Then wait until it dries.

Literature Review
Indonesia is a country that has many plants.There are more than 30,000 species of plants from the archipelago.Many of them are used as structural or material parts.The plant species used as part material are ethnobotanical plants.Ethnobotany comes from the word ethno (ethnicity) and botany.Ethno means indigenous peoples/social-cultural groups that have a certain meaning because of their ancestry, customs, religion, language and so on.While botany is plant growth.Ethnobotany is the interaction between local people and their environment, specifically on plant growth and the study of the use of plants for food, protection or housing, medicine, clothing, hunting and traditional ceremonies.A field of science that studies the relationship between local communities and their natural environment includes knowledge systems about plant resources [5].In the broad scope of ethnobotanical plants there are many functions, one of the discussions in this paper is that ethnobotanical plants are used as home materials or materials [6].
In general, the types of plants that are known to the public as building materials are meranti wood, durian, kanji, medang turmeric, teak, mersawa, kolim, pule, and sapat [7].In addition, the wood that is generally used as part material and craftsmen is pine wood and rattan wood.These types of wood contain ingredients such as oil, rubber, and fiber.Meanwhile, wood that is classified as soft, such as teak and rattan, has a high level of elasticity, so it is very suitable to be used as part material.In fact, plants that are used as building structures and material parts can be durable and last a relatively long time with proper care.
Based on the data discussed, the researchers found that the community was less concerned about the use of materials that have the potential to substitute for material parts whose properties can become structural and have a modulus of elasticity.Calathea Lutea, commonly known as Cuban cigar or pompano, is a plant originating from South America (Mexico, Brazil, and Peru).Calathea Lutea has a leaf shape resembling a banana, with wide oval leaves and long stalks.Calathea Lutea leaves have thick veins that can support wide leaves [8].Meanwhile, the stem of Calathea lutea, which has a small diameter, has an excellent strength structure.Referring to Planter and Forester, Calathea Lutea can grow up to 3 meters high.Biologically, Calathea Lutea plants have the following classification.

Kingdom Plantae Division Tracheophytes
Class Magnoliopsida
From the description of the biological data of Calathea Lutea and visual observations and strength of this stem, the hypothesis obtained is that the stem of the Calathea Lutea plant has the potential to be used as a replacement part for materials that can be woven so that they can be used as rattan substitute materials.This processing is also intended to apply the concept of sustainability from Calathea Lutea dry stem waste [9].
The implementation of this system can be done to prevent high climate change, one of which is due to the high amount of leaf, wood and stem waste.According to the Indonesia Sustainable website, sustainability is an action to meet our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Apart from natural resources, we also need social and economic resources.Sustainability is not only about the environment but also finds concern for social justice and economic development.From this definition, the sustainable movement applied in this research will build the level of health of the earth through its processes and processing.
From the description, this study aims to determine the potential of processing Calathea Lutea stems as a substitute material in space and structure as a replacement material.In the process, this study also aims to find the strength potential of Calathea Lutea stems that are applicable as materials and structural parts in the interior.As a basic study, this research is expected to be useful for readers and an inspiration for other researchers to utilize existing natural resources.

Discussion
Before conducting experiments on Calathea Lutea stems, researchers carried out several stages such as the influence of the stem drying process in several ways and testing to prove strength, resistance and flexibility.

Stem drying
Before processing, the stems of Calathea Lutea are dried.Some of the tools used for the stem drying process are simple tools, namely sunlight, air fryer, griller, and others.The testers proved that drying the stems using tools would make the stems crack faster, so that an effective way to dry the stems was by natural drying in the sun.With the following data.The stem is green and consists of a lot of water Day 2 The epidermis of the stem slightly changes color to dark green and there is still a lot of water in the stem Day 3 Stem epidermis is turns dark green, and stem water content decrease Day 4 The epidermis of the stem begins to brown and slightly decrease in water content Day 5 The stem starts to brown, and the water content is low Day 6 The stem turns brown, and it almost totally dries Day 7 The stem is brown and perfectly dry

Strength test
Strength testing is carried out by comparing the thickness of the rods to find out which thickness is suitable to be used as a structural material.The comparison of this test is using one dry rod without being given an adhesive and given a load.The test variables are at different thicknesses when given the same load.From this test, the most suitable rod is the thickest rod.

Elasticity test
The dry stems of Calathea Lutea are much more elastic than the types of wood used as woven material.
Especially if the Calathea Lutea stems have been pressed.The elasticity of the stems is very high, so experiments on the processing of Calathea Lutea stems will be suitable when woven.

Endurance test
Durability testing of Calathea Lutea stems, closely related to the drying process.If the material is not given any kind of lamination or adhesive and is left exposed to sunlight, then the stem will start to become brittle.On the other hand, if at the time of perfect drying then the Calathea lutea stem is given lamination, then the durability of the stem will be long even if it is exposed to sunlight.

Result
The following are the results of the assessment of three experimental methods conducted in the study.In this research, the Calathea Lutea stem, which laminates, is strong, but it uses an adhesive.Whereas, in the second experiment, the treatment was carried out by being woven, showing the same strength as the first experiment.Meanwhile, in the third experiment, it has low strength because several rods have cracked.
After knowing the best cultivation experiment, the researcher does further experiments to find out the strength of the results of the woven cultivation, with different loads and thicknesses.: Calathea Lutea stem is woven with a single woven pattern, with dimensions of 20 x 20 x 1 cm.Then given a load of 10kg.Experiment 2 : Calathea Lutea stem is woven with a single woven pattern, with dimensions of 20 x 20 x 2 cm.Then given a load of 10kg.Experiment 3 : Calathea Lutea stem is woven with a single woven pattern, with dimensions of 20 x 20 x 3 cm.Then given a load of 10kg.
Here is the result for the following further experiments.The first experiments yielded very minimal strength, with sufficient flexibility, and penetrated light.The durability of the material from the first try cannot last if the product is continuously pressed.Experiment 2 (2 cm) Score: 6 The second experiment yielded sufficient strength.It is potentially very thin.In terms of durability, this experiment is slightly more resistant in the position of the product being pressed with a load.Experiment 3 (4 cm) Score: 11 The third experiment yielded very good strength, in this experiment, the results were more solid.In terms of durability, the results of this experiment are very strong and able to support the load.
Based on the data discussed from the level of elasticity, the high elasticity is the one with the thinnest thickness.The level of elasticity was tested to find the right experimental method to be used as a wicker.From the three results of the same experiment, the processing of materials that can be used to make wicker is the woven method.Because the first method is lamination, the result will be hard and has a weak level of strength to accommodate an item, aesthetically the lamination method can be used as a home décor.The third method, where Calathea Lutea stems are spun, will tend to crack because this method is not suitable for treating Calathea Lutea stems.Meanwhile, in terms of material resistance, the results in all experiments showed the same resistance.So, the score of the endurance test is the same.

Conclusion
From the results of tests carried out on Calathea Lutea stems prior to the experiment, it can be estimated that processed Calathea lutea stems have the potential to become material parts as visual elements and structural elements.From the tests carried out it was proven that the most appropriate method for processing Calathea Lutea stems was using the woven method.This method is the most appropriate method because its application can be both as visual elements and structural elements.
The following is the results of further research show the following table.From the scoring table above, each thickness tested has the potential to become a certain element as part material.A thickness of 1cm has the potential to become a visual element such as lamp cladding, partition or wall treatment.Meanwhile, a thickness of 2cm has the potential to become a visual and structural element to accommodate light loads, such as wicker.Last, the 4cm thickness has the potential as a structural element such as a seat pad.
The following is the result and application of dried Calathea lutea woven stems.