The impact of e-wallet towards consumer behavior in Indonesia moderated by consumers aged 15-30

. The e-wallet system has affected many industries in Indonesia, especially e-commerce. E-wallet is one of the most important systems for customers to make purchases and settle payments within e-commerce applications. Therefore, this research aims to study the impact of e-wallets on consumer behavior in Indonesia, especially on e-commerce platforms, focusing on consumers aged 15-30 for the variation of teens to young adults. The theoretical basis of this research is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), where the variables involved are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude towards using, behavioral intention to use, and actual usage. This research was conducted quantitatively with a questionnaire distributed to active e-wallet users. SEM-PLS with the stratified random sample examines the study data and hypothesis. The sample data of 143 users obtained were people aged 15 to 30 in Indonesia who utilized e-wallets and e-commerce. The research results show that all hypotheses are supported by three different impact sizes, which are small, medium, and large. The study indicates that e-wallet impacts consumer behavior to become more consumptive, but it is not significant.


Introduction
In recent years, rapid technological innovation has resulted in significant shifts in consumer behavior.One of the most notable advances is the increasing use of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and electronic wallets (e-wallets) for online transactions [1].E-wallets are becoming increasingly popular as a method of making digital payments in Indonesia [2].However, little is known about how these technologies, particularly ewallets and their associated programs, influence consumer behavior, particularly among Indonesia's teenage and young adult consumers.
The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of e-wallet on consumer behavior among Indonesians aged 15 to 30.Considering the significance of the subject matter, this research specifically targets respondents who actively engage in e-wallet usage to ensure the direct applicability of the findings to individuals involved in ewallet transactions.By focusing on this particular segment, the study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of their behaviors, preferences, and attitudes, allowing for an in-depth evaluation of the specific impact of e-wallet adoption on consumer behavior.Consumers between the ages of 15 and 30 are more inclined to be early adopters of technology and to engage in e-commerce activities [3].Focusing on this age group allows for a study that captures the current trends and behaviors related to e-wallet usage and its impact on consumer behavior.The study will investigate how the use of ewallets affects customer decision-making, purchase 1 behavior, and attitude, particularly regarding online *Corresponding author: dhammamitta.marvella@binus.ac.id shopping.Furthermore, the study will investigate how age influences the relationship between e-wallet adoption and consumer behavior.
E-wallets are often used as a payment method in ecommerce transactions [4].By incorporating e-commerce as a relevant aspect of the study, this study can explore how e-wallet usage influences consumer behavior within the context of online shopping.This linkage allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between e-wallets, e-commerce, and consumer decisionmaking processes.
The results of this study will provide insight on how Indonesian consumer behavior, particularly that of teenagers and young adults, has been affected by ewallets.This data can be used by businesses and authorities in order to understand better customer behavior and develop strategies to enhance the adoption of e-wallets and e-commerce technologies in the Indonesian market.
The model in this study was made using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) approach.TAM was used because it is a prominent model for describing and measuring user behavior toward technology, and the questions used in the studies are still relevant today.The model examines the aspects that affect how technology isi accepted and used, with a focus on two critical variables: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use [5].

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a theory of information systems, analyzes and predicts the behavior of individuals in accepting and using technology at work [6].The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), created by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1975, was modified by Fred Davis in 1986 to create TAM.[7].When using technological systems, TAM claims that two important variables that affect people's behavioral intention as well as actual system usage are perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.People are more likely to use an application if they think it will enhance their ability to execute their jobs and if they think it is useful.Perceived usefulness (PU) has been operationalized by [4] as the degree to which a person believes that utilizing a specific system will improve their job performance, and perceived ease of use (PEOU) has been operationalized as the degree to which a person believes that using the system would entail the least amount of effort.TAM focuses on two user perceptions: the user's sense of usefulness and the system's usability.The Technology adoption Model (TAM) was chosen for this study to assess users' acceptance of the e-wallet innovation [6].TAM has evolved in tandem with technological advancement.TAM has a high level of validity for assessing the acceptability of innovations, according to empirical research [8].TAM is used because it can be modified based on variables like perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, allowing TAM to investigate user interests and e-wallet usage decisions.

E-Wallet
An electronic wallet, often known as an e-wallet, is a software program that houses electronic funds or money used for non-cash transactions [9].ShopeePay, GoPay, OVO, DANA, and LinkAja are popular electronic wallets in Indonesia.It is convenient and simple to use for noncash transactions.At merchants who have partnered with it, it can be used as a payment option.Additionally, it can be used to pay for a variety of expenses like BPJS, power, and TV bills [10].Mobile payment can benefit customers and businesses by providing convenient, safe, and quick features in the financial transaction process.With the benefits of facilitating transactions without carrying thick or large amounts of cash, reducing the time needed to calculate transactions, accelerating payments, increasing security, lowering the risk of theft, and guaranteeing the confidentiality of user data when making payments, an ewallet can replace the use of cash [11].

E-Commerce
Electronic commerce, or e-commerce, is the practice of buying and selling products or services through the internet.E-commerce encompasses a diverse spectrum of undertakings, such as internet-based purchasing, electronic financial transactions, the management of supply chains, the cultivation of customer relations, and web-based advertising, among other activities [12].Meanwhile, according to [13], e-commerce is a platform for various business information, the creation and maintenance of commercial contacts, and a venue to perform business transactions via telecommunications networks.E-commerce also includes a broad spectrum of online commerce, such as online banking, online retail businesses, online transportation, and online shopping.Business-to-business (B2B) and consumer-to-business (C2B) are both types of e-commerce transactions.[14].

Perceived Usefulness
The degree to which someone perceives technology as being able to increase and improve its efficacy and performance is known as perceived usefulness [15].The subjective perspective of users who think that utilizing particular technology will enhance their ability to accomplish their jobs is known as perceived usefulness.As a result, decision-making procedures are perceived subjectively [16].Productivity, effectiveness, task performance, the need for labor, and overall benefits are directly tied to the benefits of technology [17].The greater the customer's impression that using services will help him acquire credit, save money, and conduct many online transactions, the more likely the consumer will utilize the service system [18].Thus, perceived usefulness can be defined as a variable whose benefits are felt by the user system in order to meet their needs.A key component of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is perceived usefulness (PU), which measures how much a user thinks a technology will improve their ability to do their jobs.[19].TAM believes that PU is a crucial component of users' intentions to use technology.It is likely that a user will have a positive attitude about using a system if they believe it to be useful, which will enhance their intention to use the technology [20].Perceived usefulness is a key factor in predicting consumer attitudes toward e-wallet technology.In other words, customers are more inclined to adopt and utilize e-wallets if they find them beneficial [21].E-wallets offer a variety of benefits to consumers, including convenience, security, and efficiency in payment processing.According to [22], consumers who perceive e-wallets to be useful are more inclined to adopt and sustain usage in the future.

Perceived Ease of Use
The degree to which a user thinks a piece of technology is simple to use is known as perceived ease of use [16].Users can simplify their tasks when they believe technology is easier to apply.Users will demand a quick and convenient payment method.As a result, people expect digital wallet services to be simple to learn and use.Consumers are more inclined to utilize e-wallet applications when they perceive that its benefits are improved as a result of the application's ease of learning [23].Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), perceived ease of use (PEOU) has a significant and direct influence on users' attitudes towards technology usage [24].In turn, customers' attitudes toward technology have an impact on their behavioral intent to use it.PEOU is a crucial determinant of technology adoption and utilization, and comprehending its correlation with TAM can provide valuable insights for creating more user-centric technological solutions [20].Investigating the relationship between PEOU and TAM might thus facilitate the creation of innovative and userfriendly technology, thereby improving user experience and enhancing technology acceptability.Perceived ease of use (PEOU), in the context of e-wallet technology, is crucial in predicting consumer behavior.E-wallet consumers are more likely to accept and utilize the technology in the long run if they believe it to be simple to use [25].Consumer attitudes and intentions toward using e-wallet technology may be positively impacted by the idea of simplicity of use.

Behavioral Intention to Use
Behavioral intention is demonstrated by a person's desire to engage in specific activities and can be measured by a person's willingness to try something new or the effort he expends to do it [26].The user's attitude will then influence the intended behavior [27].The connection between how information technology is perceived and how it is actually used is behavioral intention.A crucial step before actual usage behavior, according to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), is behavioral intention to use technology [16].To put it in a different way, a person's intention to utilize technology is a good indicator of how they will really use it.The relationship between consumer behavior and behavioral intention to use is favorable, with the latter being a reliable indicator of actual usage.Customers are more likely to embrace and use mobile payment systems (e-wallets) in reality when they show a high behavioral intention to do so [28].

Methods
The quantitative method used in this research aims to offer a statistical analysis of the impact of e-wallet on consumer behavior among Indonesian consumers aged 15-30.
Online surveys were distributed to the target population using the stratified random sampling method in order to obtain a representative sample.By adopting this technique, the study expects to gather a substantial number of participants, enabling a more thorough analysis of the variables impacting the acceptance and use of ewallets in Indonesia.
The sample of this study is comprised of two distinct criteria: first, respondents aged 15 to 30, and second, respondents who have utilized e-wallet and e-commerce services in Indonesia.A population of 143 individuals who met the inclusion criteria was taken from the e-wallet user community.The study aims to offer insights into the variables that affect young customers' acceptance of and use of e-wallet services in Indonesia by concentrating on this specific portion of the population.The study hopes to collect a representative sample through this targeted sampling strategy, which will provide useful insights into the factors that influence consumer behavior in this setting.
The data collection process in this study employed an index scale consisting of six response options, namely Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Somewhat Agree (UA), Somewhat Disagree (DA), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD).By using this approach, the study seeks to offer a thorough knowledge of the attitudes and views of young Indonesian users of e-wallets regarding e-wallet and e-commerce services.

Numerical Results
In this study, basic data was provided, and the outer loadings value of the data was summarized using descriptive analysis.At this point, the author examines the responses of the participants, particularly those related to their profile in using e-wallets and e-commerce, as shown in Table 1 until Table 5, in order to generate demographic information about the respondents' characteristics regarding the successful implementation of consumer behavior during online shopping.The researcher collected data from 143 respondents in total.Demographic statistics include gender, age, occupation, and the types of e-wallets and e-commerce utilized by respondents.The following are the variable questions listed on the questionnaire for this research: In the context of perceived usefulness within the domain of payment processing, notable findings have emerged.The results demonstrate a noteworthy impact in terms of mitigating the risk of erroneous calculations pertaining to refunds and enhancing the overall efficacy of online shopping.Notably, the reported values exceeding 0.7 denote substantial loading factors, specifically 0.837, 0.821, and 0.831.Conversely, when examining the aspect of expenditure management convenience, the obtained results do not exhibit statistical significance, given that the recorded value falls below 0.7, specifically at 0.553.With a score of 0.869 (>0.7), the convenience of topping up and transferring payments using an e-wallet during online purchasing has the most apparent and statistically significant influence on perceived ease of use.As a result, the e-wallet system's continuous accessibility at all times receives a value of 0.851 (>0.7).Following that, the third-ranked determinant is the simplicity of use of the e-wallet for online buying, with a score of 0.846 (>0.7).Additionally, the convenience of obtaining transaction-related information and successfully monitoring receipts receives a loading value of 0.832 (>0.7).Finally, a rating of 0.754 (>0.7) recognizes the ewallet's higher flexibility in comparison to alternative payment options.These data imply that all elements included in the perceived ease of use significantly contribute to the study, since their values above the 0.7 criterion.In terms of attitudes toward e-wallets, the perception of their use is highly favorable and significant, with a score of 0.879 (>0.7).This is followed by the convenience statement, which has a loading value of 0.855 (>0.7).Furthermore, e-wallets are known for their security features such as encryption and two-step verification, as seen by the loading value of 0.794 (>0.7).Furthermore, as indicated by the loading value of 0.741 (>0.7), the provision of return and reimbursement services by ewallets has a considerable impact on the study.As a result, the attitude toward using e-wallets has a significant influence, as evidenced by the fact that all of the analyzed factors above the 0.7 threshold for loading values.The behavioral intention to use statement reveals a non-statistically significant impact when it comes to utilizing e-wallets for collecting rewards and incentives, as indicated by a loading value of 0.593 (<0.7).The intention to use e-wallets more frequently than conventional payment methods, on the other hand, has a value of 0.803 (>0.7), indicating a statistically significant influence.Similarly, the criterion of using e-wallets to gain discounts has a loading value of 0.789 (>0.7), indicating a strong influence.Similarly, with a score of 0.830 (>0.7), the criterion of wanting to pay for various  The influence of actual usage is considered quite important, as four of the five criteria have loading values more than 0.7.Using e-wallets for multiple transactions (0.887), exhibiting present and future intents to use ewallets (0.869), reflecting prior experience with e-wallet usage (0.806), and indicating satisfaction with e-wallet performance (0.753) are among the criteria.However, the condition of spending more money than normal while using e-wallets has no substantial impact, with a loading value of 0.666 (0.7).

Validation
A test's validity can be evaluated using the indicators' convergent validity and discriminant validity.To evaluate the convergent validity of the measurement model employing reflexive indicators, the correlation between the component scores generated through PLS is put to the test.The data indicator findings show that the convergent validity of the data surpasses 0.7, indicating that all of the indicators effectively measured the latent variables and showed a high level of validity.For further details, please refer to Table 1 until Table 5.
The value of cross-loading between indicators can be used to evaluate discriminant validity.If the correlation between the measurement item and the construct is higher than the correlation between the other constructs, it means that the latent construct accurately predicts their block's size compared to the blocks of other constructs [29].Based on the AVE Value, The Discriminant Validity value is greater than 0,5 which means the research variables can be considered Valid (See table 6 for Reference).
Furthermore, the study used Cronbach's Alpha Statistical test and Internal Consistency Reliability to analyze the reliability of the variable indicators.The test results show that all indicator values were larger than 0.7, indicating that they are reliable (see Table 6).According to [30], high convergent and discriminant validity and reliability data indicators are appropriate for further research of structural models and hypothesis results.To test hypotheses and identify significant relationships, the structural model coefficient analysis is used, with a p-value less than (0.05) indicating a significant relationship and a p-value greater than (0.05) indicating no significance [31].In the structural model analysis stage, four steps of testing are performed, determination (R2), t-test, and effect size (f2).The R2value reflects the impact of latent independent factors on dependent variables, with a measurement standard of 0.67 indicating a significant/good influence, 0.33 indicating a moderate influence, and 0.19 or lower indicating a weak influence.A regression model with an R2 value closer to 1 indicates a better improvement, as the independent variable can more effectively convey the knowledge needed to forecast the dependent variable.(See Table 7 for Reference).
According to the data presented in Table 7, the AT variable is significantly impacted by the PU variable, which has a value of 0.716 and may account for 71.6% of the variance in PU.Additionally, the PU variable has a R square value of 0.673, indicating that it can account for 67.3% of the variance in PU and has a large, positive impact on the BI variable.Furthermore, the AT Variable has a value of 0.558, indicating that it has a moderate impact on the BI Variable and can explain 55.8% of the variance in BI.The BI variable's value is 0.559, which means that it can account for a moderate 55.9% effect on the AU variable.
The effect size test (f2) was employed to calculate the proportion of variables in predicting the effect on a particular variable, where the recommended effect size values for f2 are 0.02 (small effects), 0.  7 presents the results of 5 hypotheses, where 1 of them have large values, namely the influence of BI's influence in AU, 2 hypotheses have medium values and 2 hypotheses have small values.The effect size test (f2) results indicate that the effect of perceived usefulness on attitude towards using and attitude towards using on behavioral intention are small (f2 < 0.15) [17].The effect of perceived ease of use on attitude towards using and perceived usefulness on behavioral intention are moderate (f2 = 0.15 -0.35).Additionally, the effect of behavioral intention on actual 7 for details).connection between independent and dependent variables.According to [32], when the value of the path coefficient gets closer to 1, it indicates a stronger relationship between the two constructs and is considered to have a significant effect (Refer to Table 7).Positive correlations are represented by values higher than zero, whereas negative correlations are denoted by values lower than zero.Thus, we can deduce that the correlation between variables in the construct is positive.
The present study employed a bootstrapping procedure to conduct a t-test using SmartPLS 3.3.3.The t-statistics that resulted were reviewed to see if there was a relationship between the variables or, in cases where the t-value was more than 1.96, to establish the statistical significance of the variables in question.
Table 7 presents the statistical analysis of the hypotheses.The results of hypothesis H1 shows a significant positive effect of PEoU on attitude towards using (AT) with a T-statistic of 5.267 (>1.96) and an estimate of 0.491.H2 demonstrates that there is a significant positive effect of PU on AT with a T-statistic of 4.139 (>1.96) and an estimate of 0.362.Moreover, the results of H3 indicate that there is a significant positive effect of PU on behavioral intention (BI) with a T-statistic of 6.031 (>1.96) and an estimate of 0.525.The effect of AT on BI is significant with a T-statistic value of 2.623 (>1.96) and an estimate of 0.262, as shown in H4.Finally, H6 shows a significant positive effect of BI on actual system usage (AU) with a T-statistic value of 17.062 (>1.96) and an estimate of 0.748.From those results the relationship between behavioral intention with actual usage is the strongest one and the relationship between attitude towards using with the behavioral intention to use is the weakest.

Discussion
Based on the result, we discovered that all five hypotheses are supported.There are three effect size results, ranging from small to medium to large.Out of the five hypotheses tested, two had small effect sizes: perceived usefulness and attitude toward using an e-wallet, as well as an attitude toward using and behavioral intention to use an ewallet.Another hypothesis with a large effect size is a behavioral intention to use and actual e-wallet usage.These explain how the Technology Acceptance Model relates to both e-wallet and consumer behavior and how some hypotheses may not be as impactful as the other hypotheses.
According to Hypothesis 1, the study discovers a moderately positive link between attitude toward using an e-wallet and perceived ease of use.In other words, consumers' attitudes toward utilizing e-wallets improve when they believe that using them is reasonably simple, which in turn affects their actual usage and shapes consumer behavior.Although perceived ease of use influences attitudes toward utilizing e-wallets, it is not the only factor affecting customer behavior with regard to ewallet usage.
The results support Hypothesis 2 by demonstrating a small but positive relationship between attitude toward using e-wallet and perceived usefulness.In other words, although the attitude toward using an e-wallet may slightly grow as perceived usefulness increases, this effect is not very substantial.This study found that Indonesian respondents between the ages of 15 and 30 understand the value and relevance of e-wallets in their daily lives, but that isn't necessarily a deciding factor in how they feel about using them since some people may not find them enjoyable and still prefer other payment options.This study's findings support Hypothesis 3 by showing a moderately positive relationship between perceived usefulness and behavioral intention to use e-wallets.This suggests that when consumers perceive e-wallets as moderately useful, it positively affects their intention to adopt and utilize e-wallets for their financial transaction.Although perceived usefulness plays a role in shaping behavioral intentions, it is not the only factor that determines actual usage of e-wallets.By highlighting the significance of perceived usefulness, businesses and developers can focus on enhancing the features and functionalities of e-wallets to meet consumers' needs and expectations, hence influencing their behavioral intentions and driving actual usage of e-wallets.
According to Hypothesis 4, the findings demonstrate that although there is a positive relationship between behavioral intention to use e-wallets and attitude toward using them, the relationship is not very strong.In other words, a more positive attitude towards e-wallet raises the likelihood of intending to use them marginally but not significantly.People may enjoy and like the convenience e-wallets can provide but they may not have the intention to use them.This research suggests that even if consumers have a negative view towards e-wallet, if they have a strong desire and intention to use them, they are more likely to use them in their transactions.
On the other hand, Hypothesis 5 shows a significant positive correlation between behavioral intention to use an e-wallet and actual usage of an e-wallet.In other words, customers who intend to use e-wallets in their financial transactions are much more likely to do so.In contrast to perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, or attitude toward using an e-wallet, the study found that behavioral intention to use an e-wallet is a stronger predictor of actual usage.
Overall, this example suggests that the behavioral intention to use e-wallet is a major factor in driving actual e-wallet usage among Indonesian consumers aged 15 to 30.If consumers have a strong desire and intention to use e-wallet, they are much more likely to incorporate it into their everyday transactions.This is also supported with the majority of respondents who admit that they have a strong intention to use e-wallet due to the benefits they may get: discounts, cashbacks, and loyalty points.The behavioral intention to use may play an important role in shaping actual customer behavior toward e-wallets.

Conclusion
E-wallets are one of the most crucial applications for ecommerce customers to use when buying and selling items online.E-wallets have grown in popularity in recent years due to their utility as a payment method, safe security measures, and multiple benefits such as discounts, cashback, rewards, and loyalty points for using an e-wallet.E-wallets influence consumer behavior, causing them to utilize e-wallet more frequently in their daily lives and hence become more consumptive.There are numerous personal factors that can influence e-wallet usage and consumer behavior.Consumer behavior is also influenced by lifestyle and current conditions such as the economy [33].However, the most intriguing aspect of this study is that the results differ from previous studies [34].This study has found that younger e-wallet consumers in Indonesia aged 15-30 may still manage to avoid overspending and resist the loyalty marketing methods offered by e-wallet applications.
While it may be easy for e-wallet users to become engrossed in the excitement of discounts and cashback offers, this study suggests that younger consumers can still maintain control over their spending habits.Despite being more consumptive than ever before, they are able to avoid the loyalty marketing strategies made by e-wallet companies in order to gain loyal customers.This could be attributed to better financial literacy and knowledge among younger customers, or a greater awareness of the consequences involved with overspending.
This study acknowledges a number of limitations that should be taken into account when assessing its findings.Primarily, the study was conducted within a restricted time frame, imposing limitations on the thorough examination of all pertinent variables and the identification of potential shifts in consumer behavior over a more extended period.Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the study did not gather data on the financial expenditures and income of participants, factors that could have a substantial impact on consumer behavior and offer valuable insights into the ramifications of ewallet adoption.Nevertheless, addressing these personal financial matters could have presented challenges and privacy concerns during the data collection process [35].
Based on the identified limitations, several recommendations are proposed for future research.It is recommended that future research allocate an extended duration for the collection and analysis of data to capture possible temporal shifts and patterns in consumer behavior.Future research should also consider exploring the influence of spending amounts and income levels.Employing innovative data collection methods, such as anonymous self-reporting or using aggregate-level data from financial institutions, may help gather relevant information while protecting the privacy of participants.This will enhance the understanding of the long-term impact of e-wallets on consumer behavior and provide a more comprehensive assessment.Future research can also expand this study to a broader subject regarding its relation to financial literacy.
The government holds a significant potential in bolstering financial literacy among the populace, particularly the younger generation.Through the implementation of educational initiatives and the dissemination of resources pertaining to e-wallets, digital transactions, and personal financial management, the government can empower individuals to make wellinformed choices and optimize their utilization of ewallets [36].
From a business perspective, it is advisable for ewallet enterprises to embrace more responsible marketing approaches that deter the promotion of excessive consumption and extravagant expenditure among their clientele [37].
Considering the public's perspective, it is crucial for consumers to proactively seek financial education and access relevant resources in order to foster financial literacy and cultivate responsible utilization of e-wallets [38].Providing resources, workshops, or online guides that emphasize the importance of budgeting, saving, and making informed financial decisions can empower individuals to exercise greater control over their spending behaviors.Individuals should also establish personal spending limits and budgets and practice mindful spending while considering the necessity and long-term value of a purchase before making it when using ewallets.Consumers should carefully evaluate whether the item or service aligns with their needs, values, and financial goals, rather than being driven solely by impulsive desires or short-term gratification [39].
Overall, our research reveals that, while e-wallets might be a strong instrument for increasing actual usage and promoting consumptive consumer behavior, their impact on the consumer behavior of consumers aged 15-30 in Indonesia is not as significant.This emphasizes the importance of financial education and responsible spending habits.

Figure 1
Figure 1 shows five hypotheses based on the research conceptual framework: H1: Perceived Ease of Use impacts user's Attitude Towards Using e-wallet H2: Perceived Usefulness impacts user's Attitude Towards Using e-wallet H3: Perceived Usefulness impacts user's Behavioral Intention to Use e-wallet H4: User's Attitude Towards Using e-wallet impacts user's Behavioral Intention to Use e-wallet

Table 1 .
Descriptive analysis and outer loading results.

Table 2 .
Descriptive analysis and outer loading results.

Table 3 .
Descriptive analysis and outer loading results.

Table 4 .
Descriptive analysis and outer loading results.

Table 5 .
Descriptive analysis and outer loading results.

Table 6 .
Validity and Reliability results.