Traditional Marketplace with Natural Lightings Through Louvers at Sunter Agung

. Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) point 11.b inquires the increment of cities and settlements that able to utilize resources efficiently and able to adapt with its environment. To achieve this goal, every part of the city has to be designed well enough to meet these standards while also being able to maintain it perpetually. Market as an important part of a society where people buy and sell their daily necessities, thus have to meet this goal/target. However, due to the declining condition of the building, poor management, and the existing negative stigma toward traditional market, these traditional markets are started to become neglected and hazardous to the users and in need of urgent repairs. Therefore, the market’s building designs require much needed improvements to the current traditional market’s conditions to reach its building requirements and user’s comfort. In addition, to create a sustainable environment, natural elements are also utilized to reduce building’s energy usage in particular by utilizing natural lighting / sunlight and natural ventilation. This paper presents simulation data of sunlight entering the building focusing on louvers usage within the building’s element in order to maximize the sunlight usage, not including the usage of skylight.


Introduction
Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) point 11.b states that by 2030, we need to increase the number of cities and human settlements that utilize integrated policies and plans towards resource efficiencies, and adaptation to climate change and disasters.This target implies to all buildings that sustain society in every aspect of daily necessities of the civilians living in those cities.[1] Markets are generally described as the place where transactions between buyers and sellers happen, mostly related to daily necessities.There are 2 types of market.traditional and modern market with many differences in pricing, interactions between users, places they were constructed or grouped, as well as their role in the nation's economy.Traditional markets are mostly contributed in the middle to lower economy class, where interactions are still direct and product prices are more affordable compared to the modern markets [2], [3], [4], [5].Meanwhile in building aspects of a market, both traditional and modern also have slight differences in layout arrangement, level of comfort, and maintenance requirements although they both are markets.Thus, we could consider both traditional and modern markets as separated entities.
In this study, the writer chose a traditional market named Sunter Podomoro Market as the focus of the study.Sunter Podomoro Market is a B class traditional market located in Sunter Agung, North Jakarta and it has the capacity of 923 retailers within 9500 sqm area.This market was built in March 31st 1992 and has 2 floors covering different products, household products and services on the 1st floor and food and fresh produce on the 2nd floor.The market's building is currently in a much-needed repairs state meanwhile the buying-selling activities inside the market are still highly active.There are multiple issues both urgent and not, ranging from small user's comfort issues to the whole building's management systems.In this study, the main focus of the study would be one of the user comfort issues which is the level of lighting throughout the market.
According to the renewed SNI 8152-2021 Pasar Rakyat and Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2020 tentang Pasar Sehat regulations, a traditional market requires a minimum of 200 Lux for the top of the stall, 100 Lux for hallways and stairs, 100 Lux for the staff's offices, and 250 Lux for toilet and maintenance areas [6], [7], [8], [9].However, Pasar Sunter Podomoro doesn't fulfill these requirements since the market's light intensity are varied through different areas, ranging from sufficient (100 -250 Lux), sufficiently supported by natural lighting (>250 Lux), and lacking light (<100 Lux) as shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. Due to the inconsistency of the lighting level, and other issues such as existing market's building condition and building safety issues that are not mentioned in this study such as fire safety and emergency stairs, this market is included as one of the marketplaces that are no longer fit to support the economic activities within it until the issues are fixed or redesigned.Therefore, to reach better building conditions and improve traditional marketplace, modern design approaches are implemented into the building design in addition to the building sustainability target.In multiple studies, modern market approaches are shown to improve many aspects of the market compared to the traditional counterpart, especially in the customer experience aspect [2], [5].Natural lighting is one of the elements implemented to reduce the energy usage of the building by utilizing louvers on the building's sides allowing for sunlight to enter the building.But considering the building's orientations, surroundings, and site regulations, the louver types and angles must be considered in order to maximize the amount of sunlight entering the building's interior [10], [11], [12], [13].
Lastly, aside from providing natural lighting, louvers also provide natural ventilation.In the Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2020 tentang Pasar Sehat are mentioned to required 20% of the total area have to utilize natural ventilation in the form of cross ventilation.Comparing from multiple studies about the relations between natural opening and natural ventilations, it is concluded that natural openings such as louvers do contribute in fulfilling the ventilation requirements of the market [14], [15], [16], [17], [18].In this paper, the writer will be focusing on the louver element specifically in the types and angles utilized to maximize the amount of light entering the building, regardless of other light source that will be used alongside the louvers to understand the impact of louvers to building's interior light intensity level and could it possibly fulfil a building's lighting requirement without other light sources.
2 Literature review

Research Methods
This research was conducted in Jakarta, through literature studies and calculation of simulation models.Observation was conducted to obtain market's light intensity level data by using lux meter device.Meanwhile, literature study was conducted to obtain information regarding the standard types of the louver and visual comfort in the room in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) where these data is used as guidelines for the simulation.By comparing the market's light intensity level data and the light requirements, we could determine whether or not Sunter Podomoro Market fulfil the light requirements as stated in SNI 8152-2021 Pasar Rakyat and Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2020 tentang Pasar Sehat regulations.The simulation uses the help of Dialux and Sunhours within Sketchup computer software by making several models of each distinct louver types separated by different time conditions to create a map of lighting level of the simulated building models.
From these simulations, they produce data of the light intensity level of the simulated area in Lux (Dialux), as well as the duration of these natural lighting last within the simulated area in hours/year (Sunhours).These data then would be compared to the light requirements stated in the regulations, where then we could consider the effect of the louver types on the light entering the room whether louvers allow enough natural lighting into the building if the light intensity level of the simulated area are equal or surpassed the lighting requirements or not enough natural lighting into the building if the light intensity level of the simulated area are lower than the lighting requirements.Thus, it can be concluded which type of louver would provide the optimal natural lighting in the building and then these results will be used as a recommendation to build a louver model with the right type for each side of the building.

Simulation Settings
The simulation recreates the natural sunlight conditions of the currently existing Pasar Sunter Podomoro over an enclosed 60 x 40 m space mimicking the original building form of the market.Each side of the building would be covered with louvers with fixed dimensions as shown in Figure 4.
The simulation is conducted without the furniture to determine the reach of the sunlight that passes through the louvers.All angled louver types would use 30 O angled to each rotation to account the possibility of different results due to the angle direction.The simulation would be conducted with 7 distinctly different types of louvers according to "The Energy Design Handbook" by Donald Watson [19] : Vertical Shading Device

Pasar Sunter Podomoro's Existing Lighting
The current condition of Pasar Sunter Podomoro's lighting are very inconsistent where many spots of the market do not meet the lighting requirements according to the Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2020 tentang Pasar Sehat and SNI 8152-2021 Pasar Rakyat [6], [7], [8], [9].In summary, the lighting requirements of a market according to these government provided regulations are as follows.1.
As shown in Table 1, some of the areas within the market have fulfilled the lighting requirements.However, in general the lighting of Pasar Sunter Podomoro does not fulfill said requirement as shown from the minimum and average (rata-rata) light intensity.Most of the important areas of the building such as the kiosks on the ground floor, counters, and fresh meat areas on the second floor, as well as the hallways are very dimly lit.These conditions are lowering the visibility of all users combined with the worsening building conditions, there is a higher chance that accidents would happen that would endanger all users of the market.From these results shown in Table 2, it is concluded that no matter what louver types used in the building, those would have similar results where the only areas that are receiving natural lighting with enough intensity are within 10 meters or less, and if the building have partitions inside the building, then the lighting would be block entirely by the partitions and no natural lighting would enter the enclosed spaces.Thus, it is concluded that the usage of louvers alone, no matter which type were used in any side of the building would lighten every space within the building, especially when the buildings have multiple layers.

New Market Design
These simulations are also purposed to simulate light's intensity that enters the building / areas, measured in Lux and presented within a gradient diagram.Similar to the previous simulations, these simulations are set to only apply natural lighting passing through opening in the form of louvers from all sides of the model except the roof / top side, without any artificial lighting or skylights.The simulations are set to simulate the time of 07.00 A.M. morning, 09.00 P.M. afternoon, and 11.00 P.M. afternoon representing the times when Pasar Sunter Podomoro's visitors at its highest.The simulations are applied to all 4 floors of the new design and the results of these simulations would be presented within the color gradient where the areas that are closer to blue have low light intensity (<75 Lux), while the areas with green to red gradient have high light intensity (> 100 Lux).

New Market Design's 1 st Floor
These simulations are purposed to simulate light's intensity that enters the new market design's 1 st floor, measured in Lux, and presented within a gradient diagram in Figure 6.From these results shown in Table 3, it is concluded that the new market design's 1st floor allows enough natural lighting passing through the louvers to fulfill most of the space's light requirements.However, there are multiple areas that do not have enough lighting, which are spaces over 20 m away from the exterior wall at most morning and afternoon.Thus, it is concluded that the usage of louvers in the new design is capable of fulfilling most of the required light requirements, however skylights are also preferable for lighting enclosed and middle sections of the market.

New Market Design's 2 nd Floor
These simulations are purposed to simulate light's intensity that enters the new market design's 2 nd floor, measured in Lux, and presented within a gradient diagram in Figure 7.  From these results shown in Table 4, it is concluded that the new market design's 2 nd floor allows enough natural lighting passing through the louvers to fulfill most of the space's light requirements.However, there are some areas that do not have enough lighting, which are spaces over 20 m away from the exterior wall at most morning and afternoon.Thus, it is concluded that the usage of louvers in the new design is capable of fulfilling most of the required light requirements, however skylights are also preferable for lighting enclosed and middle sections of the market.

New Market Design's 3 rd Floor
These simulations are purposed to simulate light's intensity that enters the new market design's 3 rd floor, measured in Lux, and presented within a gradient diagram in Figure 8.In summary, the results of these simulations are as shown in Table 5: From these results shown in Table 5, it is concluded that the new market design's 3 rd floor allows enough natural lighting passing through the louvers to fulfil most of the space's light requirements.However, there are multiple areas that do not have enough lighting, which are spaces over 20 m away from the exterior wall at most morning and afternoon.Thus, it is concluded that the usage of louvers in the new market design is capable of fulfilling most of the required light requirements, however skylights are also preferable for lighting enclosed and middle sections of the market.

New Market Design's 4 th Floor
These simulations are purposed to simulate light's intensity that enters the new market design's 4 th floor, measured in Lux, and presented within a gradient diagram in Figure 9. From these results shown in Table 6, it is concluded that the new market design's 4 th floor allows enough natural lighting passing through the louvers to fulfill most of the space's light requirement.However, there are multiple areas that do not have enough lighting, which are spaces over 20 m away from the exterior wall at most morning and afternoon.Thus, it is concluded that the usage of louvers in the new market design is capable of fulfilling most of the required light requirements, however skylights are also preferable for lighting enclosed and middle sections of the market.

Natural Light Exposure
The second simulation will simulate the duration/ how long would the natural lighting that enters the building last as shown in Figure 10.These simulations are measured in the unit Hours/Year per 1 m3 area throughout the model, presented in a color gradient diagram.Similar to the first simulations, to only apply natural lighting passing through opening in the form of louvers from all sides of the model except the roof / top side, without any artificial lighting or skylights.The simulations are set to simulate time of 07.00 A.M. morning, 12.00 P.M. afternoon, and 15.00 P.M. afternoon representing the times when Pasar Sunter Podomoro's visitors at its highest.The results of these simulations would be presented within the color gradient where the areas that are closer to blue have low light exposure (<150 hours/year), while the areas with red gradient have high light exposure (> 550 hours/year).The figures below show the light exposure simulations of louvers in an enclosed 60 x 40 m building without sky lighting.

Market's North Side
From these simulation data shown in Table 7, it can be concluded that the louver types that allows the most natural lighting in the north side of the market is Parallel louvers Overhang and all Eggcrate Louver types with each ranging around 320 hour/year in the minimum and around 720 hour/year at the maximum.According to the results, these louver types are shown to be the most consistent in the amount of exposure aspect compared to other types from all of the sides, thus it is concluded that Parallel Louvers Overhang and all Eggcrate Louver types are the best option to use in every side of the building.
In summary, the results of the market's north side's light exposure simulations are as follows: From these simulation data shown in Table 11, it can be concluded that the louver types that allows the most natural lighting in the east side of the market is Parallel louvers Overhang and all Eggcrate Louver types with each ranging around 300 hour/year in the minimum and around 720 hour/year at the maximum.According to the results, these louver types are shown to be the most consistent in the amount of exposure aspect compared to other types from all of the sides, thus it is concluded that Parallel Louvers Overhang and all Eggcrate Louver types are the best option to use in every side of the building.

Simulation's Conclusion
In summary, the results from all of the market's side's light exposure simulations are chosen these louver types as the best options on each side, shown in Table 12.From these simulation data, it can be concluded that the louver types that allows the most natural lighting in this market Parallel louvers Overhang and all Eggcrate Louver types with each ranging around 320 hour/year in the minimum and around 720 hour/year at the maximum.According to the results, these louver types are shown to be the most consistent in the amount of exposure aspect compared to other types from all of the sides, thus it is concluded that Parallel Louvers Overhang and all Eggcrate Louver types are the best option to use in every side of the building.Figure 11 and 12 below shown the simulated market design after these suggestions.

Conclusion
To get comfortable and suitable natural lighting in the building, determining the direction of accessible sunlight is very important to create appropriate openings in the building by considering the surrounding building.Natural lighting provides thermal and visual comfort for all the users who enter the building/ area.This study utilizes the building's orientation, the preferred louver types as well as a good building mass to obtain the most optimal natural lighting results.
Considering the activities that happened in the marketplace, the lighting condition 07.00 A.M. to 12.00 A.M. The results comprise of measurements and simulations of light intensity level conditions in the spaces in the building with the current openings, the average light intensity level conditions pass category of standard light intensity level required by SNI.From these simulations, it can be concluded that natural lighting for the marketplace can still be optimized by utilizing different types of louvers regarding to the building's orientation.
From these simulation results, it is concluded that the Parallel louvers Overhang, Fixed Eggcrate Louver, Angled Eggcrate Louvers, and Adjustable Eggcrate Louver types are the best option for utilizing natural lighting due to higher exposure compared to the other louver types.In addition, it is also recommended to utilizing other light source such as skylights or reflective surfaces to increase the effectiveness of the natural lighting since louver's usage alone would not sufficient enough to fulfill all area's lighting requirements especially the middle interior of the building.
However, this research is not perfect in every aspect of the research.Some variables are left out/ ignored entirely from the simulation while these variables might play a big role/ impact to the research results.The writer acknowledges these facts and understands the implications of such actions and never claims this research to be objectively perfect in any way possible.Therefore, the writer hopes that this research would be beneficial for readers, and if possible, spark further research to said topic that might cover more variables than the current research.

Fig 5 .Table 2 .
Fig 5. Sunter Podomoro Market's Existing Building's DiaLux Louver Simulation In summary, the results of these simulations are as follows:Table 2. DiaLux Simulation's Light Intensity of the Existing Market Building Distance From Outer Wall (m)

Fig 6 .
Fig 6.Sunter Podomoro Market's 1 st Floor New Design's DiaLux Louver Simulation In summary, the results of these simulations are as follows:

Fig 7 .
Fig 7. Sunter Podomoro Market's 2 nd Floor New Design's DiaLux Louver SimulationIn summary, the results of these simulations are as follows:

Table 5 .
DiaLux Simulation's Light Intensity of the 3 rd Floor of the New Market Design

Fig 9 .
Fig 9. Sunter Podomoro Market's 4 th Floor New Design's DiaLux Louver Simulation In summary, the results of these simulations are as follows:Table 6. DiaLux Simulation's Light Intensity of the 4 th Floor of the New Market Design Distance From Outer Wall (m)

Table 1 .
Sunter Podomoro Market Louver's Simulation Settings 3.2.1.1.Existing Market BuildingThese simulations are purposed to simulate light's intensity that enters the building / areas, measured in Lux, and presented within a gradient diagram in Figure5.The simulations are set to only apply natural lighting passing through opening in the form of louvers from all sides of the model except the roof / top side, without any artificial lighting or skylights.The simulations are set to simulate time of 07.00 A.M. morning, 12.00 P.M. afternoon, and 15.00 P.M. afternoon representing the times when Pasar Sunter Podomoro's visitors at its highest.The results of these simulations would be presented within the color gradient where the areas that are closer to blue have low light intensity (<75 Lux), while the areas with green to red gradient have high light intensity (> 100 Lux).The figures below show the light intensity simulations of louvers in the currently existing building.

Table 3 .
DiaLux Simulation's Light Intensity of the 1 st Floor of the New Market Design

Table 4 .
DiaLux Simulation's Light Intensity of the 2 nd Floor of the New Market Design

Table 12 .
Sunhour's Center Area Light Exposure Simulation Data