The Powerful Effect of Social Media and The Mental toughness on Achievement Motivation of the Students by Blended Learning in the Digital Era

. The background of this research is the problem that in the digital era students follow the learning process with a blended learning system. In the blended learning, there are times when students and lecturer meet face to face, but there are times that the students study independently through forum discussions and assignments, both personal and group in online learning system. In the blended learning system, the achievement motivation of the students is very important. Both face-to-face and online learning in independent learning are influenced by social media and the mental toughness of the students. Therefore, the aim of this research is to show how powerful the influence of social media and mental toughness of the students on the achievement motivation of the students in blended learning system in the digital era. By using quantitative methods and literature review, this study concluded that Social Media and Mental toughness of the Students have a significant influence on the achievement motivation of the students. The implication is that the students must be encouraged to be able to use Social Media as well as possible to support their learning processes and outcomes and the mental toughness of the students must be increased, so that the mental toughness of the students can increase the achievement motivation of the students in the learning process using with the blended learning system in the digital era.


Introduction
Blended learning system in the digital era is still relevant for the students in the higher education institutions, because its not enough only implement face-to-face learning.This is what happened at Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.Online and onsite learning system should be applied.Bina Nusantara University implementing a hybrid learning system.Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how we can still increase the thoughtfulness of the students of Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia in the digital era.In this research we want to investigate how powerful the effect of social media and leadership of the lecturers on the thoughtfulness of the students in the digital era.
There are some definitions of social media.Social media is media which consists of three parts, namely: Information infrastructure and tools used to produce and distribute media content, Media content can be in the form of personal messages, news, ideas, and products culture in digital form [1], [2].Then those who produce and consume media content in digital form are individuals, organizations, and industries.
Social media is a term that described a variety of technologies used to engage people into collaborations, exchange information, and interact through web-based message content.Because the internet is always developing, the various technologies and features available to users are always changing.This makes social media more of a hypernym than a specific reference to various uses or designs.
Social media are all forms of interactive communication media that allow for two-way interaction and feedback.Social media is an internet platform that allows individuals to share immediately and communicate continuously with their community.
Social media is Internet-based media that allows users the opportunity to interact and present themselves, either immediately or delayed, with a wide audience or not that drives the value of user-generated content and perceptions interaction with others.Social media is a medium used by consumers to share text, images, sound, and video information with other people and companies and vice versa.Social media is a set of internet-based applications based on Web 2.0 ideology and technology, so that by social media users can create content [3], [4].
Social media is a form of electronic communication (such as websites) and with it people can communicate online to share information, ideas, personal messages etc. [3].Social media is a set of computer-mediated technologies that can assist in creating and disseminating information about ideas, career interests, and other forms of information, both through community networks and virtually.Various services with social media are now popping up, each of which presents a service model, both unique and with some common features [3].
Hajirnis (2015) explained that more than 60 percent of children between the ages of 13 and 17 already have at least one profile on social media, and they spend an average of more than two hours a day on their social media networking sites [3].
Nielsen also stated that Internet users generally spend more time on social media sites than other types of sites.In line with this finding, it is known that the total time spent on social media sites in the US on all PCs and mobile devices has increased significantly, which is more than 99 percent.That is, to be 121 billion minutes on July 2012 compared to the previous figure of 66 billion minutes in July 2011 [4].Based on some conceptual understandings of the social media above can be concluded that social media is a set of electronic and non-electronic tools that are used to communicate between people, be it between individuals and individuals, or individuals and groups, organizations, companies or communities.
Stoltz discovered a term called "Mental Intelligent" or "Adversity Quotient" that demonstrates the level of success is determined by a person's mental in solving difficulties, obstacles, and failures, that were named as adversity, to achieve success in life.Stoltz explained that Adversity Intelligence is a person's ability to overcome life's difficulties.So, Adversity Intelligence is the ability of people to face life's problems.Mental intelligent represent the personal toughness in overcoming adversity.Mental toughness is "Having the natural or developed psychological edge that enables you to: generally, cope better than your opponents with the many demands (competition, training, lifestyle) that sport places on a performer; specifically, be more consistent and better than your opponents in remaining determined, focused, confident, and in control under pressure."[5], [6] Peter Clough et al. (2002) proposed a model of mental toughness, conceptualizing it more like a personality trait [5].Their model has four components: confidence; challenge; control and commitment.In initially conceptualizing mental toughness and developing the MTQ48 questionnaire measurement tool, the approach taken by Clough et al. (2002) was to combine existing psychological theory and applied sport psychology in an attempt to bridge the gap between research and practice [5].Clough et al. saw clear comparisons between their emerging mental toughness data and the concept of hardiness, a key individual difference and resistance resource that helps buffer stress and has become an accepted concept in health psychology within the study of the stress-illness relationship.Clough et al. are clear that mental toughness is concept with broad application and should not be limited to the sports domain.They feel that sports specific measures are unlikely to move the field forward in any meaningful ways.The development work relating to their model is fully described and discussed in their book on mental toughness [7], [8], [9].
There are several definitions or concepts about achievement motivation.According to Turner, achievement motivation is understood in relation to performance [14].According to him, motivation has an important role to achieve goals.In the theory of selfdetermination it is stated that the achievement of intrinsic and extrinsic goals has a positive impact on well-being and learning.In the theory of self-determination there are three types of motivation, namely (1) intrinsic motivation, namely motivation to carry out activities from within himself so as to obtain pleasure and satisfaction from his own participation; (2) extrinsic motivation, which is motivation to carry out an activity as a means to an end, so that something is done in order to meet external requests, or to get a prize; and (3) non-motivation, which is not intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to carry out an activity.
Meanwhile according to John Atkinson and David McLelland, achievement motivation is defined as a detailed and in-depth model used to measure a person's contribution to several factors relating to achievementoriented activities [10].As an illustration, a student who has high achievement motivation will tend to have high motivation to achieve success, and avoid low motivation so as not to experience failure.Therefore, students who have achievement motivation always have a small risk of failure in doing their work.Students who have achievement motivation always try to show their best achievements.In his achievement motivation theory, McClelland proposed that there are two kinds of achievement motivation, one oriented around avoiding failure and the other around the more positive goal of attaining success.
Thus, achievement motivation is motivation that arises from within a person that drives him to try or do something or activity well and succeed with superior appreciation (excellent); achievement motivation can come from within himself or come from outside himself; and achievement motivation is manifested by the willingness to (a) carry out the task even though there is a degree of difficulty in it, (b) receive feedback for the best results of the work done, (c) orient themselves towards achieving excellence in achievement, (d) increase sensitivity to the problem emerges from the work he has to do, (e) increases his competitiveness, (f) does everything creatively, (g) can achieve something he dreams of, and (h) works hard to achieve his goals.What is the importance of achievement motivation?
In short, students who have achievement motivation have the desire and hope to succeed and if they experience failure, they will try hard to achieve success.Therefore, students who have high achievement motivation tend to experience success in doing learning tasks at school.Therefore, students' motivation state is influenced by the following factors: diligence in learning, valuation of learning, perceived motor competence and the fear of making mistakes [11], [13].Achievement motivation is the need for excellence and significant accomplishment, despite what rewards may be offered after the achievement has been met.

Method
This research used quantitative method.It is suitable for researching obvious problems and has large a population and intends to test hypotheses.The targets in this research are the students who have taken Character Building at Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta.The affordable population in this research was 80 students from Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, who are the students of the researcher as the sample frame.
The number of samples taken for this study was 80 students randomly because this study used the Simple Random Sampling technique.It means that 80 respondents who were selected by simple random sampling were asked to fill out a questionnaire concerning the three variables.This technique is used because the population elements are homogeneous, so that any element selected to be the sample can represent the population.The questionnaire was constituted using a Likert scale with the choices such as (1) Strongly disagree; (2) disagree; (3) Slightly disagree; (4) Agree; (5) Strongly Agree.
There are 3 variables.The first variable (X1) is social media consists of 46 questions.The second variable (X2) is Mental Toughness consists of 36 questions.The third variable (X3) is Achievement Motivation consists of 35 questions.After data is collected, then data is analyzed using path analysis with SPSS 22 software.Path analysis is intentionally used to determine the magnitude of the influence of social media (X1) and Mental Toughness (X2) on the Achievement Motivation of the students (X3).For showing the validity result of using the parametric statistics such as path analysis requires three things to be fulfilled, namely the data has a normal distribution, linear regression, and significant regression as described follow.

Result Test of Normality
There is provision that if the significance value is above 0.05, the data distribution is declared to meet the assumption of normality, otherwise if the significance value is below 0.05, it is interpreted that the data distribution is not normal.

Result Test of Linearity
There is information, that if the value of Deviation from Linearity Sig.> 0.05, there is a significance linear relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.On other hand, if the value of Deviation from Linearity Sig < 0.05, there is no significant linear relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.From Table 3, the Deviation from Linearity Sig value is obtained.of 0.115 is greater than 0.05.So, it can be concluded that there is a significant linear relationship between variable X1 (Social Media) and variable X3 (Achievement Motivation).
There is information, if the value of Deviation from Linearity Sig > 0.05, there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.Vise versa, if the value of Deviation from Linearity Sig < 0.05, then there is no significant linear relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.4, the Deviation from Linearity Sig value is obtained.of 0.741 is greater than 0.05.So, it can be concluded that there is a significant linear relationship between variable X2 (Mental Toughness) and variable X3 (Achievement Motivation).

Result Test of Significance
There is information, if the significance value (Sig) is smaller (<) than the 0.05 probability, it means that there is significance influence.On the other hand, if the significance value (Sig.) is greater (>) than the probability of 0.05, it means that there is no significance influence.From Table 5, it is known that the significance value (Sig) of 0.000 is smaller than the probability of 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of X1 on X3.From Table 6, it is known that the significance value (Sig) of 0.000 is smaller than the probability of 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of X2 on X3.Based on Table 7, as the result of the data processing, a structural equation can be made as follow: X3 = 0.676 X1 + 0.114 X2 + €1 The equation showed the magnitude of the direct influence of Social Media (X1) and Mental Toughness (X2) on the Achievement Motivation (X3) with a coefficient of 0.676 and 0.114.It means that Social Media and Mental Toughness variable influenced 79.0% on the Achievement Motivation, while the remaining 21.0% is influenced by other variables which are not discussed in this study.

Discussion
Social Media has positive direct influence on the Achievement Motivation with path coefficient is 0.676 with significance 0.000 < (0.05), so Social Media has positive direct influence on the Achievement Motivation.It implies that the model built in this research can be proven empirically and thus it is an acceptable model.Social Media has positive direct influence on the Achievement Motivation [8].This showed that the conducive social media will lead to the growing Achievement Motivation among the students of Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta.The research result has proven that social media has positive direct influence to the Achievement Motivation.This finding accentuated that the level of the students' Achievement Motivation influenced by social media factor.When social media is conducive, the Achievement Motivation will go up.On the other hand, when social media is not conducive, the Achievement Motivation of the students will decrease which manifests itself in hate speech or the spread of false news or hoax.
The finding that social media has influence on the Achievement Motivation showed by Guy Golan, Jordan Morehouse & Ashley E. English (2021), who in the article entitled "Building relationships with the faithful: examining church communicators perceptions of social media influences in their OPR strategy" stated that Church communicators understand the concept of social media influences differently than their corporate communicator peers to also include influence on another's spiritual beliefs and well-being [8].
Sekhara Rao, J. Sri Lakshmi, Ch.Sahyaja, G.Dimple (2018) in the article entitled "A Study on Marketing Strategies using Social Media in Facebook, Youtube, Pinterest" also stated that Associations over the business are relying on relationship promoting to widen their piece of the overall industry by fortifying client connections and building the achievement motivation of the client [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14].Ghulam Nabi et. al. (2021), stated that there was a positive impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.Moreover, culture can alleviate the relationship between social media marketing and brand loyalty, which showed that culture had an impact on the use of social media and brand loyalty [14].
Mental Toughness has positive direct effect on Achievement Motivation.This showed that improvement of mental toughness quality will improve Achievement Motivation of the students of Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta.This finding indicated that the level of Achievement Motivation of the students is defined, among other things, by mental toughness factor.If mental toughness is well implemented, it will improve the Achievement Motivation of the students.On the contrary, when mental toughness fails to be well-implemented, the achievement motivation will be degrading.
Mental toughness has evidently had significant influence on the Achievement Motivation.The similar finding presented by Mihai Bocarnea et.al. (2018), who in the article entitled "Grounded Dependability: Leading with Faithfulness" stated that faithfulness to be not only a characteristic of God but also an expression of one's standing with God, with others, and with one's own adherence to the beliefs that govern their life, such as achievement motivation [14].

Conclusions
By social media and mental toughness, the Achievement Motivation of the students can be increased, because there is only 21,0% which have influence beside the two variables to influence the Achievement Motivation of the students at Bina Nusantara University by blended learning in the digital era.So, it is importance to increase the conducive social media and strong mental toughness of the students which has been proven give very powerful effect to improve the Achievement Motivation of the students at Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta.
Indeed, it is importance to improve the Achievement Motivation of the students by blended learning in the digital era, because by them beside that the students are also encouraged to use the good social media and appreciate the strong mental toughness of the students, as well as the Achievement Motivation of the students that are needed for their success learning process and result by the blended learning method in the digital era.
And for the researchers this result can be used as an opportunity to develop this research related to, for example, are there other variable which have a significant influence to the Achievement Motivation.

Table 2 .
Test of normality

Table 3 .
Test of Linearity X1 to X3

Table 4 .
Test of linearity X2 to X3

Table 5 .
Test of significance X1 to X3

Table 6 .
Test of significance X2 to X3