Performance Analysis of the Impact of Mathematical Modelling and Optimisation on Power Generation Systems Via Renewable Sources

. A significant component of society's sustainable development is producing energy from renewable sources. Various energy sources, including solar, biomass, biogas, and wind, must be utilised to their full potential to fulfil current demands. In most nations like Nigeria, there are a lot of rural areas that suffer from energy supply. This has brought up many studies on how optimisation techniques can help manage the sustainability of the supply of this generated energy to such areas. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the performance analysis of several studies on the impact of mathematical modelling and various optimisation techniques on power generation systems via renewable sources. The study review papers from a quality outlet such as Elsevier, Springer, and other quality journals indexed in Scopus databases. On biomass production, wind energy production system, steam and solar energy. The finding from the study showed that the application of real-life engineering optimisation tools and models developed significantly improved the power generation process globally. Therefore, in the study's conclusion, the authors provided sustainable recommendations on how to apply these models to improve the sustainable power generation process.


Introduction
Insufficient power generation of electricity is significantly affecting industries, human comfort and community development for a sustainable and clean environment [1].This led to the study of how electricity is generated in most nationals.Most electricity is produced via steam turbines using fossil fuels, nuclear energy, biomass, geothermal energy, and solar thermal energy.Non-renewable energy sources (coal, flammable gas, and oil), thermal power, and sustainable power sources are the three critical sorts of energy for power age [2].To holistically achieve sustainable power generation to assist in eliminating the epileptic supply of power in nations in Nigeria, give risers to the implementation of developing models for prediction and optimisations.Optimisation aims to provide the "best" design about a list of constraints or priorities.These include maximising output, fortitude, dependability, endurance, effectiveness, and usage.An engineering methodology known as multidisciplinary analysis and optimisation (MDO), sometimes known as multidisciplinary design analysis and optimisation (MDAO), addresses complicated engineering design challenges.Engineers can tackle complex coupled engineering issues by utilising the cutting-edge algorithms available for optimisation and metamodel development within an MDO framework.MDO is the breakdown of an entire engineering system into several coupled subsystems, and each is simultaneously examined using a different discipline [3].
Due to global industrialisation, energy has become a paramount factor for sustainable economics in every nation.Optimisation of engineering operations, such as energy systems, is essential for the stability of engineering industries and progressively improves the quality of manufactured products [4].According to Edgar & Pistikopoulos [5], While many factories in the United States use optimisation for specific unit procedures, smart manufacturing (SM) solutions that integrate manufacturing intelligence in real-time throughout production are not widely used in business.A vendor-neutral SM platform that combines information technologies, models, and simulations powered by real-time plant data and performance metrics is currently being developed.Manufacturing businesses may operate systems at a significantly lower cost, optimise process knowledge, and boost energy productivity by employing current process control and automation innovations [6].The optimisation of a heat treatment burner for metals preparation, steam methane reforming to produce hydrogen, and a fuel cell system are three examples of high-fidelity models as the foundation for optimisation and monitoring.Therefore, this study investigates the effect of mathematical modelling and optimisation on power generation systems.

Review of related work on Mathematical Modelling and Optimization of Energy Systems
Energisation is the idea of making the best use of energy in the resources at hand to meet varied purposes.Anyone resource in energisation can be used to meet several needs.The objective of matching resources with demands is to employ all available resources to fulfil all requirements as effectively as possible, appropriately, and holistically [7].All energy sources are converted to electrical form during electrification and then used to satiate various needs without considering the total consumption efficiency [8].Electrification and energisation are frequently confused as synonyms, but they are both subsets of one another.The critical distinctions between energisation and electrification are shown in Figure 1.
, 01 Gómez et al. [9] the generation of power from renewable sources is a crucial aspect of society's sustainable growth, and to meet current demands, diverse energy sources employing wind, sun, biomass, and other energy sources to the maximum degree feasible are required.The authors provide the optimisation model's use in this study to aid with comprehension, as shown in Figure 2a displays a flowchart diagram analysis of the developed energy model.With an annual average solar irradiation value of 1949 kWh/m2/yr, Figure 2b displays the monthly averages of solar irradiation for an entire single-year period.Figure 2c depicts the annual average monthly wind speed, with a maximum annual speed of 2.7 m/s. Wind speed is affected by temperature and air pressure.In Chile, there are places where people live off the grid.A real case study is presented in this paper.In order to meet the demands of this settlement (COE), we have proposed a mathematical optimisation technique using a CPLEX optimiser to offer the required energy while lowering the cost of energy.In this study, various energy resource scenarios have been evaluated, including those for different seasons of the year, demonstrated in terms of financial costs, the viability of natural assets such as biomass and biogas, and the sustainability of the energy production of wind power given its related high expenses.Finally, our research examines the impact of using renewable energy while taking CO2 emissions into account.Kanase-Patil et al. [10], rural villages may reliably get the energy they need from renewable energy sources.A project to electrify three villages in the Kollegal block of the Chamarajanagar district using an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system is being studied in the Indian state of Karnataka.Such hybrid energy systems' control, size, and component choices must be optimised to give society a practical power solution.This article's main objective is to employ HOMER Pro Software and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to reduce the Total System Net Preset Cost (TNPC), Cost of Energy (COE), unmet load, and CO2 emissions.Four alternative hybrid renewable energy system combinations are used to compare the two methods' results-a sensitivity examination, too.In order to provide energy with 0% unmet load at the lowest cost of energy, or $ 0.163 per KWH, option 1 (biogas+biomass+solar+wind+fuel cell with battery) is the optimum choice.Therefore, the HOMER is more affordable in GA than PV saturation.Ghosh et al. [11] The "one-pot" combination of the dark fermentative and photo fermentative techniques is one of the bioprocesses that has drawn the most interest.In the present study, a single-stage integrated dark-photo (SSIDP) bio-hydrogen production system's performance was experimentally and statistically assessed, focusing on enhancing hydrogen output and energy conversion efficiency (ECE) through optimisation.For the first time, a flat plate photobioreactor (FPPBR) was used to combine the photo fermentative Rhod pseudomonas sp. with the dark fermentative C. acetobutylicum while employing the "batch -repeating batch cycle" approach.Using the statistical tool response, the ratio of photo-to dark-fermenting bacteria (P:D), the percentage of medium removed and replaced during operation (), and the intensity of light (I) were tuned for hydrogen generation and ECE.Under optimal circumstances (P:D (2:1), (0.1), and I (90 W/m2), the SSIDP FPPBR functioned at its highest cumulative hydrogen generation rate of 4.44 mol H2/mol glucose.The optimal yield was about 2.24 times larger than the yield (1.98 mol H2/mol glucose) achieved from the batch operation of the FPPBR with the same amount of glucose and the ideal parameters for P:D and I.A deterministic mathematical model has been developed, which shows that switching from batch mode operation to batch-repeated batch cycle technique resulted in a 2.96-fold (196.75%)increase in overall energy conversion efficiency.The ECE of the optimally operated FPPBR in batch-repeated batch cycle mode (45.31%) was also increased by the same factor (2.24) in comparison to that (20.20%) obtained from batch operation.Siddaiah et al. [12], when building new power networks is expensive, a viable alternative is to use a hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system.To address the energy needs in remote, rural locations, this system combines two or more locally accessible renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, biomass, biogas, and small hydropower, with or without conventional fossil fuel energy sources.The study on hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid uses, including planning, configurations, modelling, and optimisation approaches, is thoroughly analysed in this article.In order to save costs, hybrid renewable energy system utilities nowadays rely more on optimum designs.This article reviews several mathematical hypotheses put forth by different researchers.These models were developed utilising reliability studies that included design traits, objective functions, and economics.After reading this research, the reader will be more familiar with various system modelling optimisation strategies and be able to compare various models based on their cost functions.Researchers can use the best model out of the several hybrid renewable system models in this study to develop customised designs that maximise system size while costing the least money.Tovar et al. [13], the study contextualises the energy transition issue in this work to emphasise the importance of building mathematical simulation and optimisation models for large-scale energy systems to replace systems based on fossil fuels with renewable technologies.The authors briefly outline the most common energy system models, their primary uses, and the tools we use to create new ones.The difficulties of incorporating a sizable fraction of variable renewable energy sources into energy systems are also highlighted, along with important considerations to make while developing a new model.In our concluding part, we discuss the benefits of process systems engineering and prospective directions for future study to create reliable, sustainable, and affordable energy systems.According to Li et al. [14], two major energy concerns in most nations are meeting rising energy demand and transitioning to a low-carbon economy.With various energy types, supply sources, transmission alternatives, processing technologies, end customers, and expensive infrastructure in plenty, planning and operating energy supply systems is a complex undertaking.Models for energy planning could solve difficulties related to growth and transition while lowering costs.This paper develops a mathematical modelling framework for characterising a low-carbon transition on a national scale and for deploying energy systems.When creating the framework, the energy system of China, the world's largest energy consumer, was used as a guide.Spatial and temporal resolution is significantly better than previous research to encompass regional changes in energy resources, interregional energy transfer, and monthly.Where Tamb is the surrounding temperature, the evaluated power result of a solitary board, Pm, relies on the most extreme voltage yield, Vmp, and most significant result current, Pixie, and can be determined with the created model condition equation ( 1) and (2).NPV is the quantity of complete PV boards, a choice variable.
, 01 (2023) E3S Web of Conferences ICMPC 2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001209209 430 Also, according to Singh et al. [15], renewable energy has recently gained enormous popularity.Both stand-alone and grid-connected systems now produce more energy from renewable sources.This is because it can deliver clean energy in an economical and environmentally responsible way.Photovoltaic (PV) technology is the most advanced and promising of all.A fuel cell-solar photovoltaic (FC-PV)-based hybrid energy system has been proposed in this research to meet the electrical load demand of a small community centre in India.The schematic diagram shows the proposed hybrid energy systems in Figure 3.This system's operation algorithm and detailed mathematical modelling have both been presented.Furthermore, ratings of PV and hydrogen system components have been determined through cost optimisation.The goal is to reduce this solitary system's flattened cost of energy (LCOE).This optimisation uses another tool and the HOMER software (ABC).How economically efficient the two techniques' results are has been looked at.The information shows that the 129 kW Solar PV, 15 kW Fuel cell, 34 kW electrolyser, and 20 kg hydrogen tank with an LPSP of 0.053% can meet the 68 MWh/yr power consumption, as shown in Figure 4.It is calculated that the LCOE is $0.228/kWh.The results also show that package programs like HOMER do not give as optimum outcomes as more complicated algorithms like ABC.The FC-PV hybrid system's operating specifics employing IEC 61850 interoperable communication are then presented.The development of IEC 61850 information models for the FC, electrolyser, and hydrogen tank, as well as the demonstration of pertinent IEC 61850 message exchanges for energy management in the FC-PV hybrid system.The work of Akram et al. [16], says that hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming increasingly common as independent power systems for delivering electricity in remote locations due to the advancement of renewable energy technology and a corresponding rise in the cost of conventional fuels.A hybrid energy system, often called hybrid power, typically comprises two or more renewable energy sources to maximise system efficiency and supply balance.Because of this, this essay aims to maximise the design of hybrid renewable energy systems to meet the distinct daily residential demand profile for distant locations.The management of demand during peak and off-peak hours, along with Homer Pro software, has been used to address the optimisation problem of creating a hybrid renewable energy system.Four examples provide the basis for the evaluation.Simulation outcomes have shown that the suggested design scheme is appropriate for remote locations compared to the prior proposed systems depicted in four situations.A well-designed hybrid system with demand-side management will also reduce system costs generally, increase system efficiency by reducing carbon emissions, stabilise the power system by controlling overloading and reducing load shedding, and be easier to design and implement in remote areas.This section discusses the generation of biomass, wind energy systems, steam, and solar energy.

Biomass production
Jahromi et al. [17], established a model to optimise the operational analysis of biomass gasification under the operational condition of the down-draft fixed-bed gasifier.The study considered the application of sugarcane as the bagasse factor used for the experimental analysis via the simulation process.They are implementing the preheating temperature in the inlet air stream and the velocity of the production system to investigate the steam-to-air ratio and the biomass-moisture content for the maximum achievement of the CO2H2Ch4 and Co.The study's findings demonstrate that the reduction in moisture content substantially influences the efficiency of the gasification procedure when the steam's temperature is raised.Thus, 69.14% represents the biomass process's highest efficiency.Liu et al. [18], the addition of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and the heat exchanger net (HEN) was studied to discover the optimum technique to optimise a heat recovery model for the petrochemical plant.The ORC process conditions were simultaneously optimised after the study created a nonlinear programming mixed-integer steady-state model.The system performance was , 01 (2023) E3S Web of Conferences ICMPC 2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001209209 430 evaluated using thermodynamics (energy and exergy) and economic analysis, with 41 MW more heat recovered, 2.01% greater exergy efficiency, and 3219 k$/year cheaper total yearly cost compared to HEN alone.The suggested energy system also functions with 386 MW of recovered heat from the process streams, 82.13% total energy efficiency, 3.94 MW of net power produced by ORC, and 4416 k$/year of electricity profit, per the findings of the optimisation (see Figure 5).The study discussed in this article aims to provide light on how the petrochemical industry is designed and run to save energy and costs.The energy examination is applied to the proposed framework and every part.The general intensity recuperated by the proposed framework could be communicated as Where Q is the intensity stream.The superscripts Rec and HE mean the recuperation and intensity exchanger.Additionally, the exergy productivity depends on the second law of thermodynamics.It is a helpful sign of how much accessible energy can be lost or obliterated (Lee and You, 2019).The applied exergy strategies are obtained from the writing [19].The physical exergy rate could be communicated as follows: Where Exg.Also, s indicates the exergy rate and entropy, and the addendum 0 means the environmental circumstances (25 •C, 1atm).To examine the financial attainability, a monetary assessment was performed.The absolute yearly expense of the proposed framework was determined as follows: Where TAC, AF, COP, Utility, ELE, working, Costhc, Costcu, Costhu, C, Region, Areacu, Areahu, qhu, qcu, α, I, and n address the absolute yearly expense, a yearly variable, cost of gear, utility, power, working hours, cost of the intensity exchanger, cooler expense, warmer expense, fixed cost, region for HE, region for the cooler, region for the radiator, heat load for the warmer, heat load for cooler, the boundary for the hardware, partial loan fee each year, and the skyline time, separately.Double factors z, zhu, and zcu mean the presence of HE, warmer, and more relaxed.The sub-scripts gracious, oc, and k address ORC hot stream, ORC cold stream, and stage number separately.
Cao et al. [20] hydrogen, one of the cleanest energy sources, is created from renewable biomass, a viable feedstock for creating a resilient bio-economy.Thermochemical techniques like gasification and pyrolysis are the main ways to produce hydrogen from biomass.However, to deliver affordable industrial applications with a high atom economy, the selectivity and efficiency of hydrogen generation must be increased.Biomass gasification, including steam and supercritical water gasification, has an enormous potential for field-scale applications.This article examines the two widely used biomass-to-hydrogen processes, the relevance of operating conditions, and the elements that should be considered when developing a catalytic system.The challenges and promise of creating hydrogen through biomass gasification are reviewed to give direction on the critical knowledge gaps that call for more study.Sherwood et al. [21] resources must be utilised to their utmost extent for all time in a circular economy, and unrecoverable rubbish must be virtually eliminated.Biomass is essential for creating energy and material items in a circular economy.To create a circular bio-economy, stakeholders throughout the whole value chain, from product design to waste management, must be aware of the practical implications of biomass usage.This paper examines sustainable biomass production and its use as a feedstock from a European perspective.Anaerobic digestion of food waste illustrates a suitable waste treatment method.With the help of renewable fertilisers, it is possible to (1) decouple the petrochemical industry from biomass production; (2) provide an abundant supply of biomass for bio-based products; (3) minimise waste from food and agriculture and reinvest it in the economy; and (4) improve stakeholder cooperation across value chains.
According to reports, according to Kimura et al. [22], the steady-state photosynthetic rate is usually constrained by stomatal conductance.However, despite variations in sun position, cloud cover, and the overhanging canopy that cause light to fluctuate in nature, little is known about how the stomata's ability to carry out photosynthesis in such conditions.Three mutant lines of Arabidopsis with increased stomatal conductance were used in this work to examine the impact of stomatal opening on photosynthesis under various light conditions.Proton ATPase Translocation Control 1 (PATROL1) Over Expression Line with Quicker Stomatal Opening Responses, Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1 (Slac1) and Open Stomata 1 (OST1) Mutants with Stay-Open Stomata, and These four lines had comparable photosynthetic rates and plant growth under continuous illumination compared to the wild-type.However, the wild-type displayed more excellent photosynthetic rates and plant growth.The slac1 and ost1 mutants preferred to keep their stomata open under a variety of light situations, which resulted in lower water-use efficiency (WUE) than the wild-type.On the other hand, the PATROL1 over-expressing line quickly opened stomata after irradiation and quickly closed stomata when appropriate, yielding WUE similar to the wild-type.The current research conclusively shows that stomatal responses may be improved, leading to greater photosynthesis and biomass accumulation under naturally changing light circumstances.All plants growing under constant irradiation had equal ultimate dry weights and overall leaf areas (Figure 6).These results show that the stomatal mutants grew more efficiently than WT under varied light conditions [23].Sharma et al. [24] in 2040, global energy consumption is predicted to exceed 739 quadrillion BTU, necessitating more investigation of renewable energy sources.Although waste biomass has a huge potential for creating sustainable energy, it also has disadvantages.Waste biomass has poor properties that hinder the creation of renewable energy, including high wetness, fibrousness, bulkiness, hydrophilicity, and low calorific value.A new area of research is pretreating biomass to get around these problems.Scientists' top pick among the accessible treatment choices is the aqueous carbonisation (HTC) strategy, which can deal with clammy waste.The HTC disposes of energy-serious pre-drying systems requiring ordinary treatment techniques such as pyrolysis, dry torrefaction, and burning.This article means to give a total investigation of how sustainable biomass might be utilised to deliver environmentally friendly power by working on its intrinsically deficient with regards to credits.The survey likewise recognises deterrents that limit the utilisation of HTC strategies for the execution of sustainable power.In this review, the breadth of future research directions is clearly defined.The report also discusses current developments that close the previous knowledge gap with HTC technology.The regular heated HTC and the microwave-assisted HTC are critically examined in this article.The review introduced in this paper proposes that biomass is a huge asset that should be concentrated on to fully utilise its actual capacity for developing sustainable power.The HTC approach of biomass upgradation further develops fuel properties for transport, stockpiling, and use by expanding grind capacity, pellet toughness, hydrophobicity, energy thickness, burning way of behaving, and calorific worth.Moreover, it helps the vital fuel's natural exhibition.Despite being in the beginning stages of improvement, nevertheless having various limitations and information holes, the considerable writing research proposes that the innovation might be a future innovation.Therefore, more study is necessary to fix the present flaws in the technology.According to Mamvura et al. [25], biomass torrefaction has gotten much consideration because of its advantages as an independent cycle to upgrade biomass properties to be comparable to or like those for coal in power creation or as a pretreatment step before pyrolysis and gasification processes.It has likewise been utilised in different cycles, for example, steel fabricating, which means to co-fire coal and biomass in a predetermined proportion notwithstanding coal.The underlying places of the centre are the crude biomass, its examination, and the different investigations completed to find out relevant information regarding the characteristics of biomass.Different reactors are employed, but while they all have advantages and disadvantages, no one is currently favoured.However, as none of the reactors have demonstrated appreciable differences, the technique is primarily in the spotlight.The efficiency of the procedure and its adaptability to other technologies are determined by the process's primary output, torrefied biomass.Other subjects, such as modelling biomass torrefaction, have not been included in this study.However, the paper offers the foundation for these in-depth analyses.A pre-treatment for pyrolysis and gasification, as well as a means of generating energy alongside coal, is currently the torrefaction of biomass.The overall chemical composition of plant biomass is shown in Figure 7.Because biomass varies so much between countries, the approach has not yet realised its full potential [25][26][27][28].However, it is believed that as more people switch to renewable energy sources, it will.[30] examined the state of research on biomass supply chain modelling.Biomass has become more popular as a green alternative energy source.One of the most crucial aspects of biomass utilisation is the supply chain and all the factors that go into it.In reality, from collection and transportation through storage and distribution, the supply chain for this energy resource needs to be well-organized and streamlined for its usage to be financially feasible.Modelling is a critical step to expand knowledge and improve supply chain effectiveness.Several models offered by current research that handle diverse situations and scenarios will be studied throughout this article, some of which have significant space for extension and improvement in the modelling process, making supply chains more straightforward to manage and design.In conclusion, it is demonstrated that supply chain models for biomass for energy must account for the study of several different variables and the primary drawbacks of its use.Model-based research to date has been concerned with evaluating particular supply chain scenarios, usually to reduce costs.

Wind energy production system
A new sensorless current shaping (CS) control method was presented to enhance the power quality (PQ) of a dc grid-based wind power generation system (WPGS) used on a chicken farm by making an appropriate reference current for a space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter by Sahoo et al. [31].Without needing voltage and frequency synchronisation, the suggested CS method provides suitable control for numerous generator and inverter applications operating simultaneously.The WPGS based on chicken farms (HCL) is also controlled by a two-stage control loop, such as an energy flow control loop (EFCL) and a harmonic control loop.The first loop regulates the power flow, and the second loop corrects for harmonics.A mathematical current decomposition approach is suggested for an appropriate resistance simulation, improved power flow, robust harmonic rejection, and better inverter performance.An electric ventilation fan is employed in the poultry farm as part of this carefully thought-out strategy to achieve constant wind speed.A hybrid grid strategy is proposed to enable variable load integration in a microgrid system based on a chicken farm.The proposed WPGS design and control approach has been simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink software under various test conditions to show the operational capability, improve PQ, increase flexibility and reliability in the microgrid operation, and demonstrate the operational capability.Furthermore, A bidirectional converter links the battery energy storage (BES) device to the dc grid to enhance power management while operating in the islanded mode.
Abo-Khalil et al. [32], say that topologies of full power converter-based wind energy conversion systems are expanding.To extract the most power from the wind, the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) uses a total power converter, which enables a wide speed range.In a synchronous generator with permanent magnets, efficient vector control requires knowledge of the rotor position.It is necessary to measure or estimate the speed and position of the PMSGs because they operate at various speeds.Typically, Resolver or Encoder are used to determine the position of the rotor.However, adding these sensor components raises the price and lowers the system's reliability.Additionally, the wind speed measured by the anemometer in high wind power turbines is taken at the height of the blades, measuring the wind speed at a single place erroneous.This essay examines sensorless speed control, which does away with an anemometer, speed sensors, and rotor position sensors.The output of a rotor current controller is used to estimate the rotor location.In contrast, opposition-based learning (OBL), particle swarm optimisation, and support vector regression are used to estimate wind speed.Liu et al. [33], the steadiness of single breeze/sun oriented and crossover wind-sun based energy and the effects of wind/sun powered proportion and geographic conglomeration on energy solidness are generally obscure in China, particularly at the network cell scale.Be that as it may, wind and sun-based energy assembling can be profoundly capricious.We saw China's most late delivered hourly wind and sun-oriented information.The solidness of a solitary breeze/sun-based energy yield expanded certifiably when the breeze/sun-oriented energy limit factor expanded.Additionally, sun-based information is more precise and top-notch than those utilised in past explorations.The creation of single breeze/sun-powered energy became steady as the breeze/sun-based energy limit factor expanded because there were solid utilitarian connections between single breeze/sun-oriented energy soundness and the breeze/sun-oriented energy limit factor.Extremely predictable breeze energy was moved in eastern Inward Mongolia, northeastern China, and northern China.Conversely, uncommonly consistent sunlight-based energy was engaged in the Tibetan Level, Inward Mongolia, and northwestern China.Different breeze/sun-powered proportions impacted the security of crossover wind-sun oriented energy.We utilise a solitary modular relationship to plan the ideal breeze-to-sunlight-based proportions across China to diminish crossover wind-sun-powered energy yield fluctuation.The steadiest half and half wind-sun powered energy fixations at the ideal breeze/sunoriented proportion were tracked down in eastern Inward Mongolia, northeastern China, and northern China.For instance, when the joined region size expanded for wind-ruled energy frameworks, single and mixed wind/sun-based energy changeability decreased.These ends have a few significant functional implications, including the accompanying: a) introducing straightforward half and half wind-sun oriented energy frameworks locally utilising the best wind/sun oriented proportion; b) focusing on the sending of huge breeze cultivates or unified sun-oriented photovoltaic stations in regions with high mixture energy security; and (c) intensely advancing territorial participation, for example, taking out hindrances between standard power lattices, to bring down the fluctuation of half breed breeze sunlight based energy yield.
Eldahab et al. [34], wind energy is the quickest and most significant rate of increase among all renewable energy sources.Research into Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) is crucial for increasing efficiency.To put wind turbines, however, a massively accessible land space is necessary (WT).Consequently, this paper describes the creation and use of AWTs that can be replaced with wind turbine emulators (WTE).A novel Maximum Point Power Tracking (MPPT) method built on the combination of evolutionary algorithms and binary search is included in the proposed WTE.An SQLite database stores wind turbine data in the suggested emulator.Furthermore, it features a graphical user interface (GUI) to simplify operations.System components have been modelled and simulated using MATLAB Simulink.A prototype based on synchronous permanent magnet technology (PMSG) and a series of excited DCs is also used.All static and dynamic characteristics have been examined to demonstrate the developed emulator's capabilities.Additionally, a real-time integration test has been carried out.For 24 hours, the working load and wind speed profile were used to test the reliability.The simulation and experimental results were compared to validate the proposed WTE's ability to simulate a variety of wind turbines.Wind turbines' effective and dependable functioning is essential for adopting large-scale energy generation.This paper proposes an off-lattice wind power age framework (WPGS) given momentary breeze forecasts with numerous levels of opportunity (multi-DoF).First, the breeze heading and speed change of more than 24 hours (GMM) may be determined by utilising momentary breeze gauging given the Gaussian blend model.Given the consequences of wind determining, an original control system called long transient memory network-based model prescient control was introduced to coordinate the continuous breeze adjusting the activity of a breeze generator.To adjust the rotor shaft with the breeze heading, a multi-DoF super durable magnet simultaneous breeze generator was utilised instead of the standard breeze generator's yaw system.The presentation of the proposed framework was assessed by contrasting it and other current models, and being predominant in all respects was found.This work quickly produces a total arrangement of high-proficiency WPGSs, incorporating the outcomes from a control framework, an original kind of wind generator, and wind conjecture results.Abo et al. [35] full power converter-based topologies for wind energy conversion systems are becoming more prevalent.The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) employs a complete power converter, which permits a broad speed range, to maximise the power from the wind.Effective vector control in a synchronous generator with permanent magnets needs information on the rotor position.The PMSGs function at a variety of speeds.Thus, it is required to monitor or estimate their speed and location.The rotor's location is often ascertained using a resolver or encoder.However, including these sensor parts increases the cost and reduces the system's dependability.Furthermore, it is challenging to precisely measure the wind speed at a single spot because the anemometer is situated at the blades' level when towering wind turbines record wind speed.The absence of an anemometer, speed sensors, and rotor position sensors results in sensorless speed control, which is the subject of this article.Opposition-based learning (OBL), particle swarm optimisation, and support vector regression are utilised to estimate wind speed.At the same time, the output of a rotor current controller is used to predict the rotor's location.Hu et al. [36] exact energy anticipating is critical for the energy area to lay out momentary objectives and long-haul improvement systems for conveying energy.This study fabricates a stacked order of repositories (DeepESN) for gauging energy utilisation and wind power age by coordinating the profound learning system with the essential reverberation state organisation.DeepESN joins the strong nonlinear time series displaying abilities of reverberation state networks with the productive learning capacities of the profound learning structure.Two near models and a drawn-out application are assessed to affirm the precision and steadfastness of DeepESN.Next to the other correlations, these show that DeepESN outflanks the principal models, including sturdiness models, back-proliferation brain organisations, and reverberation state organisations.Also, in the developed application, DeepESN outperforms the reverberation state network by 51.56%, 51.53%, and 35.43%, separately, regarding mean outright mistake, root mean square blunder, and mean outright rate mistake.DeepESN is a fitting device for assessing energy utilisation and wind power age because of its exact and reliable estimating skills.Shin et al. [37], give a breeze power creating framework model fit for running a HILS program for a particular staggered converter (MMC).High-voltage direct current (HVDC) is used in an MMC application to ship wind energy to a framework as consecutive connected MMCs, as delineated in Figure 8, rather than a HILS, utilised to test or foster equipment or programming calculations continuously.A HILS try should be run utilising a constant activity model of the MMC.Albeit the HILS model of MMCs for framework association utilising PSCAD/EMTDC has been presented in the different examinations, it is trying to find a concentration in writing on the model utilising Matlab/Simulink, which is much of the time utilised for power electronic reenactment.Therefore, this paper uses MATLAB/Simulink and a point-by-point comparable model (DEM).This study presents the same models for MMC and wind power creation frameworks.Moreover, we review how to utilise parts excluded from the Simulink library, similar to a variable resistor.A breeze power age framework working progressively represents the proposed model's feasibility.Ishaq et al. [38], conducted research, and a revolutionary idea for manufacturing hydrogen and methanol from wind energy was proposed.The proposed technology produces usable amounts of methanol using carbon emissions from industries.The ability to utilise methanol as a conventional car fuel has several advantages, including effective performance, reduced pollution, and a low danger of flammability.Wind turbines, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), a system for creating methanol, and a distillation device are the main elements of the envisaged system.For system modelling, the system's whole electrical requirement is covered by the integration that is being proposed.Methanol is created when hydrogen combines with industrial exhaust gas, which includes CO2.The device is set up to manufacture methanol and hydrogen concurrently.The system's overall efficiencies are computed for the performance indicator.It is discovered that the energetic efficiency is 38.2%, and the energetic efficiency is 39.8%.Additionally, specific parametric tests are carried out to look into the performance of the distillation column, the capacities of the methanol and hydrogen, and the rates of energy destruction.Through thorough analysis, Aspen Plus and the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) are used.The proposed system's ability to function under various wind conditions, including wind turbine efficiencies, is also explored.Söder et al. [39] consolidating environmentally friendly power sources, eminently wind power, in the satisfactory assessment of power creating limit turns out to be more significant as the quantity of environmentally friendly power yield increments and replaces customary power plants.Because of its less guaranteed commitment to fulfilling the interest for energy than customary power sources, wind power has a lower limit esteem than ordinary offices.This page outlines the limit ampleness problem, how wind power is dealt with in directing limit sufficiency, and how wind power is tended to in different countries.The countries tended to in the outline are Sweden, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Extraordinary England, France, Ireland, the US (PJM and ERCOT), Finland, Portugal, and Spain.A breeze turbine's power bend relates its power creation to the breeze speed it encounters [40].The run-of-the-mill type of power bend is commonly known and has been broadly examined.In any case, the power bends of various turbine types could contrast radically.Specialised parts of the turbine (power thickness, cut-in and cut-out speeds, rotational speed limitations, and streamlined productivity) and barometrical elements (disturbance strength, air thickness, wind shear, and wind go) add to this.Private information on some power bends is often accessible through premium data sets.To construct any turbine's power bend and to be versatile for each area, we foster an open-source model for an even pivot wind turbine with pitch change [41].This consolidates the eleven previously mentioned factors and can utilise one of the six parametric models proposed in writing.Ninety-one turbine model maker power bends are utilised to approve the model whenever it has been examined, and the effects of every specialised and ecological boundary have been checked out.Variants of the model are made available in MATLAB, R, and Python code for the local area's use.

Steam and solar energy
A novel concept for efficient and low-carbon hydrogen synthesis using thermochemical and electrochemical hybrid pathways is based on full-spectrum solar energy use.Sui et al. [42] solar panels use solar energy with wavelengths that can be converted into electricity, which powers water electrolysis and produces hydrogen.The leftover sunlight is directed toward thermal collectors and utilised to create hydrogen through thermochemistry.Using this concept as a foundation, a hybrid PV-E-MSR system to provide heat for the MSR reaction.The sun's longer (870-4000 nm) and shorter (280-x nm) wavelengths are focused onto the MSR reactor.This heat is utilised to electrolyse water, while low-temperature heat (140 °C) is used to pre-heat and vaporise the reactant.When contrasted with a reference framework comprised of an equally organised sun-powered MSR framework and sun-oriented PV-E framework, the half-and-half framework, which benefits from full-range streamlined daylight use and complementarity between sun-based energy and petroleum product, can create 4.2% more hydrogen and save 3.8% petroleum derivative.The idea and innovation introduced in this paper might show a practical, effective, and low-carbon method for assembling hydrogen from sun-oriented energy.Hydrogen that is viable and low in carbon is planned and considered.Photovoltaic-electrolysis-methane-steam-changing is known as PV-E-MSR.In the mixture framework, PV cells are centred around centre frequency (x-870 nm) daylight to produce power.
Wu et al. [43] the inherent unpredictability of solar energy is addressed in this study by developing a novel solar-powered steam/air biomass gasification integrated cooling, heating, and power system.The device generates high-temperature steam using concentrated solar energy captured with a dish optical structure.This steam acts as an accelerator for the gasification of biomass.When solar radiation intensity is below the design point (the highest throughout the year), the hybrid steam/air biomass gasification model is employed to produce syngas continuously.A distributed system releases syngas-based chemical energy for trigeneration.The thermodynamic performances of the system are numerically evaluated, and reaction kinetics models for the steam-biomass gasification using solar energy are constructed.In the given conditions, the primary energy efficiency is 51.34%.The system's off-design performance and yearly energy-saving potential are evaluated using local weather information.Compared to the reference system, which combines a solar dish/Stirling engine system with a conventional air biomass gasification trigeneration system, the new system performs better thermally.An economic analysis determines whether the proposed system is technically feasible.This study offers an effective strategy for combining solar and biomass energy.Yao et al. [44] solar-powered clean water production has made a positive contribution to the solution of the global water crisis.The interfacial solar-steam production system recently enabled the localisation of solar energy at a state-of-the-art solar-thermal conversion material interface, which considerably boosted water evaporation.However, the specific water productivity (SWP) is prevented from reaching an appropriate level by the substantial mutual interference between the incident sunlight and the produced water vapour, which causes a significant energy loss and, in turn, limits the final efficiency of water evaporation and collection.SWP, a key component in desalination that analyses water collection per solar radiation area per hour, provides information about the real solar efficiency for producing water.This work presents a logical Janus interface-based solar-steam generator-the two sides of the film generator's solar-thermal conversion and water evaporation processes.Under one sun, this J-SSG displays a large area of 100 cm 2 of water evaporating at a rate of up to 2.21 kgm 2 h1.The SWP efficiency, calculated as the ratio of SWP to evaporation rate, is as high as 88% in a simple system, producing a record-high SWP of 1.95 kg m 2 h1.In an outdoor test in Beijing, 10 L of filtered water could quickly be produced per square meter using solar energy at a rate of 15 MJ/m 2 /day.The solar-steam generator's Janus interface engineering offers a creative approach and workable resolution for solar-powered water production [45].
Shi et al. [46] investigations have zeroed in on different sun-powered warm change materials, including metal-based materials, semiconductor materials, carbon-based materials, natural polymer materials, composite photograph warm materials, and their sun-oriented warm transformation techniques.In this work, the examination status of these materials is analysed.The evaluation procedure and the actual course of sun-oriented warm transformation are painstakingly presented.The strategies for upgrading the board's heat and expanding the vanishing rate in a half-and-half framework are likewise entirely presented.The four essential uses of sun-oriented warm change advancements that are investigated are seawater desalination, wastewater purging, sanitisation, and power age.In light of the previously mentioned study, the conceivable outcomes and difficulties for future exploration in desalination are evaluated from a designing and logical point of view to advance examination heading, animate future advancement, and accelerate business execution.Wang et al. [47] developed a new coating for solar steam production that combines tannic acid with aminopropyltriethoxysilane and iron (TA-APTES-Fe3+).The TA@APTES@Fe3+ has several advantages.(a) Scalability.The manufacturing process is straightforward and gentle; it may be completed at room temperature in an aqueous solution without dangerous organic solvents, high pressure, or complicated apparatus.(b) Cost-effectiveness.The reagents needed to produce TA@APTES@Fe3+ are affordable and convenient.(c) Completeness and rock-solid sturdiness.Surfaces on which TA@APTES@Fe3+ solidly joins incorporate cotton, channel paper, wood, polyurethane wipe, and, surprisingly, synthetically inactive and extremely hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride layers.Furthermore, it can get through high and low temperatures, a cyclic ice defrost test block (18 °C 30 °C, multiple times), and flush treatment (3000 r/min for 96 hours).Substrates can oppose oil fouling thanks to the TA@APTES@Fe3+'s steady, super hydrophilicity and lowered superoleophobicity.(e) Critical and broad light ingestion TA@APTES@Fe3+ might change the scope of substrates with different shapes into dark materials with broad range light retention due to its d changes and harsh surface.These TA@APTES@Fe3+ qualities empower quick photothermal material union for proficient sun-oriented steam creation on substrates with practically any foundational layout.To exhibit the thought, poplar wood is treated with TA@APTES@Fe3+, which brings about a record-breaking water dissipation pace of 1.8 kg m2 h1 (one sun) for wood-based photothermal materials.Sunlight-based water refining is an expected procedure for getting perfect water from unacceptable water sources, as per Guan et al. [48], a sunbased steam generator is crucial for a sun-oriented refining interaction to isolate water and pollutants.We exhibit a profoundly effective and environmentally cordial progressive hybrid-sun-powered steam generator (HSSG) given bacterial cellulose (BC) nanocomposites.It likewise has a low vaporisation enthalpy.The nanoparticles are blended in with privately created BC nanofibers to produce nanocomposites.Utilising this strategy, we create essential BC nanocomposites inside and on top of the regular permeable design of the wood.Our HSSG incorporates the bringing down of vaporisation enthalpy and sun-powered to-fume effectiveness in various levelled changes.Multifunctional BC nanocomposites that look like the permeable design of wood typically.High dissipation paces of 2.9 kg m-2 h-1 and 80% sun-powered to-fume effectiveness are made conceivable by the various levelled structure, decreased vaporisation enthalpy, and biomimetic plan of HSSG.
Guo et al. [49] Photothermal conversion, which uses sun evaporation technology, offers much promise for alleviating the water shortage.The evaporators' photothermal performance is nonetheless limited by the weather cycle due to their high reliance on sun energy.MoS2based composites are ideally suited to maximise resource consumption since they can produce steam and power from solar energy.The output voltage under effective solar evaporation can reach 300 mV when exposed to one sun ray.One solar illumination for 30 minutes results in a power output of 3.35 mW m 2 and a current of 6.7 aA.The power output of 0.9 mW m 2 may be computed using an ambient current of 2.7 A and a voltage of 200 mV.The voltage output also displays a linearly rising characteristic when energy generators are connected in series.MoS2-based composites show that it is possible to generate steam and energy in the presence of light simultaneously and that they are valuable energy producers on cloudy or nocturnal days.According to studies, MoS2-based composites can run constantly on water and solar energy [50][51].

Conclusion and Recommendation
In conclusion, this review paper has positively reviewed articles on modelling real-world problems and developing cutting-edge optimisation strategies to solve them.The research was extensively on areas of engineering energy/power generation with improving living conditions in humanity and improving productivity.From modelling and optimising energy systems, wind, solar, and biomass were more renewable energy systems as alternative carbon-related systems.A lot of successful breakthroughs have been recorded.Kudos to researchers worldwide for their tenacity in increasing insights and productivity for the benefit of humans.The study has the following findings, which are: i. Mathematical modelling and optimisation are viable tools for generating power and the distribution of this power for human comfort and increasing the manufacturing industry's productivity.ii.
From the literature review, it could be justified that implementing modelling and optimisation technics in the energy generation process has increased the power generation industry by about 75%.This is why the advanced country uses the optimisation process in their energy generation.Therefore, this study will recommend that Nigeria's power generation industry look into implementing sustainable optimisation techniques to improve the production process.Also, applying artificial intelligence in power production will be a viable process.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Analysis of the Smart Integrated Renewable Power System.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: shows the proposed hybrid energy systems in the schematic diagram.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) The study of the Load profile; (b) request of AC electrical/yearly; (c) demand for DC electrical yearly; (d) yearly solar radiation.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Process stream schematic of the petrochemical plant being scrutinised (Liu et al., 2022).Note: The words stream, reactor, splitter, and refining section are meant by the capital letters S, R, SP, and D.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: shows a diagram of a wind power generation system connected to the grid using an MMC and high-voltage direct current (HVDC).