Use of Clean Energy Product-A Path Towards Attainment of Quality of Life

. Improving the economy and safeguarding sustainability are major challenges of the present day. Clean energy offers the solution to both. Adoption of clean energy is important for human development, economic progress of the region, societal growth and improved quality of life. Adoption of clean energy has no negative externalities. Sun, wind, hydro, tidal, etc. are some of the examples of clean energy sources. This paper consists of two sections. First section focuses on design and development of a hybrid type of solar dryer by using a solar flat plate collector and the second section emphasises on a case related to adoption of solar operated lights in rural areas of Odisha followed by status of adoption of solar operated lights both in rural and urban context in the state of Odisha, Eastern India.


Introduction
India needs to increase its clean energy base for its population as well as need to create a mandate for the provision to increase the share of clean energy in the overall energy mix.Use of clean energy and its generation are the way forward for achieving better quality of life.Due to unreliable electricity, transmission and distribution issues in centralized grid-based power production, adoption of clean energy technology is an alternative solution.Though there are several clean energy products available but solar drying technology is the latest technology being implemented in rural areas of India.Solar drying technology is an alternative and clean energy technology which aims to dry the food products in a hygienic process when compared to traditional method of drying.There are several types of solar dryers depending on the movement of heated air inside the drying chamber such as direct and indirect category.The objective of this paper is to design and develop a hybrid type of solar dryer and undertake a thermal analysis by using a solar flat plate collector.The purpose is to dry several food items such as vegetables, fruits, nuts, etc. in a hygienic manner.The prototype consists of four Direct Current (DC) blowers which are connected in the inlet and outlet of flat plate collector in order to have proper circulation of heated air inside the drying chamber.The system is operated by a solar panel, battery, and a charge controller.There are two transparent cover plates fitted in order to reduce the radiation heat loss from first glass plate.The gap between the cover plates is 3cm.The absorbing plates are attached with fins.The thermal analysis was carried out by flow of heat in the lower face of absorbing plate and film coefficient and through the convective heat transfer coefficient on the upper part.The process of analysis takes place by using ANSYS software for better learning and quick results.

Literature review
There are several studies undertaken on design and development of solar dryer.E.Tarigan.
[1] carried out CFD simulation for drying food items.Similarly, Rabha et al. [2] carried out an experimental analysis for drying chilli pepper and sliced ginger through forced convection process by using a solar tunnel dryer.Likewise, Chauhan et al. [3] carried out thermal analysis without using a collector.Sebaii et al. [4] dried thymus and mint and went for regression analysis by using a forced convection.Similarly, Manjunath et al. [5] carried out CFD simulation on flat plate collector and it was found that due to the presence of a fin the heat transfer was increased.Likewise F.Tedesco et al. [6] carried out an experimental analysis by using an indirect solar dryer and received a coefficient of performance of 0.87.Behera et al. [7] have developed hybrid type solar dryer for drying various food products which can be used both day and night time.The instantaneous collector efficiency and COP have been determined as 48.73% and 0.78 respectively.Behera et al. [8] have developed solar operated fish drying system for sustainable livelihoods of fisherwomen in south Odisha.The dryer has capacity of 20 kg which has four numbers of DC blowers operated by solar panel.

Methodology
The prototype consists of several components ranging from solar flat plate collector to electric coil.The solar flat plate collector consists of two transparent cover plates having a thickness of 5 mm with minimum gap of 3mm.It is basically used to increase the transmitivity.The aluminium based absorbing plate is of 3mm in thickness and is coated with black colour for better absorbance.For insulation purpose glass wool of 10 mm thickness is used for reducing the heat loss.Wire mesh type of trays are placed inside the drying chamber for even distribution of heated air.The whole chamber and the mesh trays are made up of food grade stainless steel.Four DC blowers are fixed at the inlet of the collector, outlet of the collector and at the exhaust of the drying chamber.The system is operated by a solar PV panel of 20 Watt, a battery of 12 Volt and a charge controller of 12 Volt and 10 amps.

Experimental set up
The experimental set up of hybrid type of solar dryer situated at 20.2961oN, 85.8245oE in the location of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India is shown in Fig. 1.The prototype was designed to deliver several dried fruits and vegetables such as ginger, potato, tomato, etc. Various experimental parameters were taken into account such as temperature, relative humidity, amount of fruits and vegetables to be dried, etc. Pre-experimental parameters includes initial weight of the product, final weight of the product, moisture content of the product, rate of weight reduction of the product.

Result Analysis and Discussion
The section focuses on the results and analysis of the experiment conducted for the hybrid type of solar dryer.The prototype was placed in a shadow free location where maximum amount of sun radiation would be available for maximum time.At regular intervals various observations were made, such as time, temperature, absolute humidity, wind velocity, air flow velocity of the blowers both at inlet and outlet, air flow on glass plate, air flow in drying chamber, etc. Various graphs were plotted at regular intervals of time.Fig. 2 shows the thermal analysis of absorbing plate with attachment of fins.The bottom face of the absorbing plate where heat flow was conducted consists of 10660W.The top face of the absorbing plate and film coefficient or convective heat transfer coefficient was at 100 W/mm2 0C.
The temperature analysis and total heat flux were obtained by steady state thermal analysis.Steady state thermal analysis for absorbing plate with attachment of fin was carried out for doing temperature analysis as well as heat flux.The maximum temperature observed at the outlet of the collector reached about 700C which was sufficient to dry the food products.The dryer can be used both during day and evening time by providing heat by an inverter and battery.It has been observed that the humidity of air increased inside the drying chamber as it absorbed maximum amount of moisture from the food products.The maximum rate of weight reduction for tomato was calculated at 95.8 by taking initial weight and final weight stood at 620.3gm and 44.8gm respectively.

Adoption of Solar Operated Lights in Rural Areas of Odisha
Solar operated lights have been brightening the lives of several hundred low-income residents in Odisha, a state in Eastern India.

The Case on Adoption of Solar Operated Lights
Sini Nayak was concerned about her children's education until a couple of months ago owing to her village's frequent power cuts.She resides in Chachinga, which is in Odisha's Kandhamal district, around 300 kms from the East Indian state's capital, Bhubaneswar.She is a mother of four small children, three daughters and a son, whose studies were hampered by power failures."We live in a mud hut and have little means to manage the family," Sini explains, adding that solar operated lights supplied by a local non-profit organisation have helped her teach her children during the evenings.My husband barely makes enough money to cover our family bills.Every day, our community experiences power failures that last 8-9 hours," she explains as she stands outside her thatched roof mud hut."We are too poor to acquire power inverters during disruptions," Sini explains, "but the solar operated lights donated to us have been extremely beneficial for my children's education and household chores during the night time".Solar operated lights were supplied to around 40 homes in the village about eight months ago.Sanghamitra Nayak, 58, adds the solar operated lights were also very useful during the rainy season, when the community was without power for 6-8 days."We live in a very secluded area surrounded by hills and forest," she explains."Apart from frequent power interruptions, we also encounter power troubles for many days around the monsoons or heavy rain, because the area is encircled by mountains and forests and it requires time for the authorities to restore the power supply".She claims that the clean energy has helped her with domestic responsibilities, particularly cooking food for her family.From the above dashboard we find that maximum number of solar lights were installed in Koraput district of South Odisha.As per Census 2011, about 34000 nos of solar lights have been installed in different districts of Odisha, combining both rural and urban households.Further, solar home lights installed per 1000 rural households in Odisha is about 4 nos.As per OREDA, about 4912 households have been electrified under Saubhagya scheme, about 1914 number of solar pumps have been commissioned in the state for drinking water purposes, for irrigation purpose 176 number of solar operated pumps have been installed, 9049 number of solar street lights have been installed, 3257 number of improved cooking stoves have been installed and about 1819 solar lanterns were distributed to handicraft and handloom artisans in the state [11] during the year 2019-20.More initiatives are been undertaken for adoption of clean energy products in the rural areas of Odisha.Adoption of clean energy products with income generation and entrepreneurial growth are being considered for enhancing the quality of life of rural people in a quick and efficient manner.

Conclusion
Clean Energy is the way forward for acquiring sustainable development and improving quality of life.Though there are several clean energy products available, use of solar dryer has become a lifeline for income generation especially for rural women.Women working in Self Help Groups (SHGs), are using solar dryer for producing dried food products ranging from fruits to vegetables to variety of fishes.These products are being sold as sun dried products in several parts of the state through market linkages supported by Govt of Odisha, and other corporate houses as a part of their CSR programs.There is a need to link the use of clean energy products with income generation so as to attain better quality of life.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Experimental set up of Hybrid Type of Solar Dryer and Testing of Dryer

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Steady State Thermal Analysis of Absorbing Plate with Attachment of Fins

2 . 2 .
/doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001262262 430 Status of Adoption of Solar Operated Lights in Odisha According to Census 2011, about 32000 solar operated lights have been installed in rural households in Odisha.By the end of 2017, 95 percent of Odisha's 51582 villages had been electrified.Odisha Renewable Energy Development Authority (OREDA) installed about 14837 solar lights in the rural households (HH) during the fiscal year 2017-18 [9].At present the state is chucking out the plan to generate 2200 MW of solar power, 200 MW of wind power, 180 MW of bio-mass power, 150 MW of small hydro power, and 20 MW of wasteto-energy (WTE) electricity by the year 2022-23.Figure 03 shows the tableau dashboard of distribution of solar operated lights in both rural and urban households as per Census 2011 [10].