Ecological approaches to the sustainable development of agrocenoses in the context of food security

. Identification of ecological approaches to the sustainable development of agrocenoses in the context of food security requires in-depth research due to the exceptional complexity and relevance of this problem. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to critically comprehend the theoretical and design-experimental developments of agrocenoses and identify the most rational ways to design them in connection with the problem of food security in the context of creating food autonomy. A selection of project proposals of objects is given, where technological developments are presented, characterized by a new alternative approach to the creation of agrocenoses as an integral ecological system. The techniques of sustainable development of agrocenoses in urban space in connection with environmental changes are revealed: integration of genetically modified objects into urban space and its rehabilitation in the context of creating food autonomy. Economically rational methods of creating an integral ecological system are determined: the secondary use of natural resources and the disposal of biological waste, the regeneration of soil through the use of symbionts for its restoration. The placement of agrocenoses in the aquatic environment as a resource for the development and use of alternative space is presented: floating objects of agrogenesis as a closed ecological system and the formation of objects of agrogenesis in the underwater environment as an autonomous ecosystem. The results of this review show that agrocenosis ecosystems are a bio positive tool for intervention in the closed-cycle economy in facilities for commercial food production.


Introduction
Rapid urban growth, destruction of agricultural land, as well as climate change lead to a reduction in biodiversity, and excessive consumption of natural resources causes irreparable harm to nature.The globalization of the world economy has led to the fact that in many countries there is a policy of unrestrained mining and there is a so-called "seizure" of agricultural land.As a result of the changed composition of the soil, some lands become unsuitable for agriculture, and urban infrastructure requires major upgrades to support life [1].
The researchers identify some of the main features that will determine the shape of the future: climate change, new technologies in the field of nutrition, changes in the infrastructure of cities and dwellings, the transition to renewable energy sources, migration of species and controlled manipulation of the gene pool.All these trends are already present in our lives.In this regard, there is a need to develop and master new tools and knowledge necessary to find answers to pressing questions of the new era [2].Among today's developments, compact houses, skyscrapers made of wood, buildings made of compressed earth, and ready-made panels that can be printed on a 3D printer stand out.It is specified that efficient solar panels are installed on the roof, and each building is closely connected which the general infrastructure and automatic control systems.In addition, it is planned to develop infrastructure for motor transport, alluvial lands for the construction of cities and irrigation of deserts for the development of plantations there [3].
The significant changes that have taken place in agriculture and industry, in transport and logistics growth, in population and military technologies have caused global environmental crises and pose new challenges for humanity.All this requires new approaches to improving the quality of human life and the environment through the sustainable development of artificial ecosystems created by man.The most important artificial ecosystems are agrocenoses, for obtaining various types of agricultural products that are used as food and the basis for the food industry.The advantage of artificial ecosystems is their manageability and unlimited ability to increase yields [4].
The development of ecological approaches to the sustainable development of agrocenoses is a developing and progressive trend in architecture.This calls into action the need for a critical understanding of theoretical and design-experimental developments in order to identify the most rational ways of applying environmental approaches in design practice.Existing studies substantiate the feasibility of an alternative understanding of the eco positive architecture of agrocenoses as a new spatial system for solving food security problems in the context of creating food autonomy [5].The purpose of this article is to critically comprehend the theoretical and design-experimental developments of agrocenoses and to identify the most rational ways of their design in connection in connection with the problem of food security.The main scientific task of this article is to determine the features of the formation of agrocenosis objects necessary for the creation of food autonomy.This will require solving the following specific research tasks: • Determination of receptions of sustainable development of agrocenoses in urban space in connection with ecological changes.
• Identification of economically rational methods of creating a holistic ecological system.
• Analysis of the placement of agrogeneses in the aquatic environment as a resource for the development and use of alternative space.
This approach to the study necessitates the identification of methods and techniques for the formation of agrogenesis objects for various environmental conditions, which are practically not used in modern architecture and construction practice.

Integration of genetically modified objects into urban space
The world's food production is largely dependent on an extremely small number of types of crops and livestock.The lack of agricultural diversity, along with changes in the use of land and water resources, population growth, urbanization and changing food culture, poses a threat to global food security in the context of a new paradigm of nutrition [6].
The positive trend of including the idea of "green infrastructure" in the planning of the urban environment and the use of photosynthesis in the life of the city will allow replacing minerals and bring significant environmental benefits.The idea of a "green city" can contribute to the emergence of renewable energy sources based on photosynthesis, as well as local food and wood production.The advantage is also obtaining clean water, collecting and distributing rainwater, improving the climate and cleaning the urban air.[7].
To solve a number of important environmental problems in the city, the concept «Living Skyscraper For New York City» (Lesyuk A., Kogut M., Shkolyar S., Ivashchuk E., Duda N., Shkolnik M., Kitsyuk O., Goncharenko A.) 2021 (Ukraine) is proposed as a "living skyscraper" for this city.According to the authors, the integration of genetically modified trees into the architecture at the stage of their growth and development will restore the balance between high-tech megacities and natural resources, which are gradually being depleted.The skyscraper is designed in the form of a growing tree as a separate living organism with its root system, irrigation, care and development mechanisms focused on its adaptation to use in architecture.
A group of unique fast-growing and tall deciduous trees is used, which are planted in groups in specially prepared soil and form a network structure of "hybrid trees" that will form the structure of a "living skyscraper".The functional purpose of skyscrapers may vary depending on the needs of residents.A skyscraper in the center of New York will serve as an observation tower with its flora and fauna, as well as an ecological connection of office buildings with a green recreation center [8].

Rehabilitation of urban space in the context of the creation of food autonomy
Megacities assume the development of an "urban agrocenosis" in order to create food autonomy.In this regard, many countries are developing measures to promote sustainable safe urban and regional food production.This approach can be integrated into environmentally sustainable urban land rehabilitation projects, which allows intensive use of the possibilities of urban space.The main purpose of such agriculture is to obtain food through the recycling of waste and the production of biological electricity.This allows you to save energy and renewable resources.Energy and food production in the city can become part of its infrastructure.In addition to the nutritional role, "urban agriculture" solves the problem of further development of green chemistry in order to create biofuels called "second generation fuel", which uses the energy of non-consumable waste from plant processing [9].
The concept of obtaining a large harvest from a smaller area in the city limits is able to turn an abandoned industrial zone into an eco-space of farming technologies of the future.The creation of vertical farm projects meets the solution of the modern task of creating not only environmentally friendly, but also more intensive production in the context of rational land use and the creation of agricultural biodiversity.This allows you to get a reduction in the cost of transporting agricultural products to the metropolis, the sterility of products, as well as the protection of plants and animals from diseases, pests, weeds and other problems of "open" farming.In this case, it is advisable to use full automation and advanced energy sources [10].This concept can be traced to the following examples of the formation of agrocenoses in urban space.
The project of the "Dragonfly" skyscraper farm (architect Vincent Callebaut) 2012 (USA) involves the creation of an agricultural facility with a complex of residential premises, offices and laboratories, as well as premises for animals.This vertical farm for "urban farming" uses environmentally friendly methods of organic farming based on intensive production, which takes into account cyclical seasonal changes.The design of this farm makes maximum use of the energy of the sun, collecting warm air in the voids of external structures in winter, as well as cooling the space in summer by natural ventilation and evaporation from plants [11].
The project of the "Harvest green" skyscraper farm located within the city limits in Vancouver (Romses Architects company) 2009 (Canada) involves mixing several areas of agricultural production in one building (growing vegetables and fruits, breeding animals and birds, harvesting legumes and other crops).This has a positive synergistic effect -what is waste in one block may turn out to be a nutrient composition for another.For the successful operation of the system, the use of wind and solar energy is provided, and rainwater will be used for watering plants and other needs, for which a large tank is specially installed on the roof [12] The project "Vertical Farms" (architect Ruwana Fernando) 2010 ( Australia) is an open skyscraper with five clusters of V-shaped structures for the implementation of "vertical" agriculture.This facility is located near shallow reservoirs and uses tidal energy for production.The shape of the clusters ensures maximum sunlight flow and intensive ventilation.Wind turbines and solar panels are used here to provide basic energy needs.The idea of the project is to create a network of vertical farms and connect them with monorails, roads and pedestrian bridges with the city [13].
The considered vertical farms in urban agriculture, the main purpose of which is to obtain food, are increasingly focused on the recycling of waste, which allows saving energy and renewable resources.

Economically rational techniques of creating a holistic ecological system
The limited resources consumed forces the architect to change his view of traditional resources or use their new undeveloped potentials, as well as to look for promising forms of organization of environmental space in the context of energy conservation.All this suggests the need to revise the existing consumption paradigm and introduce a new methodology for the formation of spatial habitat as an integral ecological system [14].

Secondary use of natural resources and biological waste disposal
Some energy efficient technologies are based on the principles of using biogas, which is used for heating, cooling, as well as for other technological or environmental purposes.This led to the development of architectural and construction techniques to increase the energy efficiency of buildings.
An example of such an approach is the project "Ecological Power Plant" by Heatherwick (author Thomas Alexander, 2009), which is supposed to be built for the city of Teesside (Great Britain).The power plant will operate on the husk of palm fruit grains to provide electricity to residential buildings.It will also be used as a public plays with multi-purpose spaces for collective events in the city park, which is located on the noise-absorbing green slopes of the facility.The location of the power plant on the coastal site makes it possible to deliver fuel by sea, which reduces carbon emissions compared to using road transport [15].
Due to overpopulation and the possibility of creating food autonomy in modern cities, it becomes urgent to organize agricultural production directly in the city itself with the secondary use of natural resources and biological waste disposal.This does not require the reconstruction of the entire city, in which vacant plots of land can be used for commercial and public farms in abandoned areas, if they are well equipped with transport networks and developed infrastructure [16].
Organic waste is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of disposal.In the project "Ecological Wall Created with Organic Waste Containers" (author S. Glinsky) 2011 (Poland), a system for collecting organic waste in special containers placed on the outer wall of the task is proposed.As a result, two functions are combined: a waste container and a building structural element.Such a wall can be the basis for plants that will reduce the amount of carbon, while it becomes possible to collect water and provide shelter for birds there.In addition, in combination with the use of solar technologies, it is possible to obtain additional energy to meet the needs of users [17].

Soil regeneration by using symbionts to restore the ecosystem
One of the most pressing environmental problems today is land degradation, which is occurring at an alarming rate..An important component characteristic of soil quality is its ability to accumulate carbon and nitrous oxide, as well as to accommodate complex and diverse ecosystems containing thousands of microorganisms.A crucial role in the ecosystem is played by various types of fungi (mycelia), whose root system converts organic waste into nutrients, binds carbon to the soil, making it resistant to heavy rains and floods.Thus, mycelium as a symbiont is an important component in the chain of ecological processes that provides the planet with healthy food and full nutrition.The destruction of this chain in modern agriculture leads to soil degradation, which makes it of poor quality and ultimately infertile.
With the multiplication of the population and the growing demand for food, the soil can be destroyed by industrial agriculture.In this regard, the "Terra Mycelia" project (authors Linnea Pettersson, Ludvig Sundberg, Carmen Povedano Olleros, Evelina Björndal) 2021 (Spain, Sweden) offers soil regeneration using mycelium to convert agricultural waste into nutritious and healthy soil, thereby restoring the ecosystem.The high-rise form of the complex occupies a minimal area, which allows farmers to use their own land during its rehabilitation, while maximizing the amount of nutrients produced.According to the authors, the Terra Mycelia system is a "machine" for ecosystem restoration [18].

Floating objects of agrogenesis as a closed ecological system
Along with the use of land resources for the formation of agrocenoses as artificial ecosystems, there is the development and use of the aquatic environment to produce various types of agricultural products that are used as food and the basis for the food industry.
The "Floating Livestock Farm" project implemented in 2019 (developer Belladonna Company, Holland) for milk production is located in the city port near Amsterdam.On the first floor of the floating structure there are machines for processing and packaging dairy products, on the second floor there is a livestock farm, and on the upper level clover and agricultural crops for animal feed is grown.The developers of the floating farm plan to use grains left over from the production process of breweries and by-products from mills as feed for cows.The floating farm is able to produce energy autonomously, receiving it through installed solar panels and hydrogen production during electrolysis [19].Intelligent systems built into agrogenesis facilities can provide remote cultivation of agricultural crops in an aquatic environment.The project of a crop farm on the water "Smart Floating Farms" (Forward Thinking Architecture company), provides for remote control of floating modular farms that will supply cities with products and reduce the cost of its transportation.Thanks to intelligent control systems, the process of growing crops on a floating farm can be controlled remotely.On the upper level there are solar panels, the energy of which is supplied to desalination plant that produced water for irrigation of a crop farm.Pools for fish breeding are organized on the lower tier, where waste from the vital activity of plants that serve as a nutrient medium for them is received.Pneumatic breakwaters located along the perimeter of floating farms will reduce the wave and wind load on the structure [20].
In the implemented project of the floating hydroponic farm "Jellyfish Barge" (architects of Studiomobile) in 2014, less water is consumed than in a traditional agricultural farm.Each floating farm provides two families with a stock of products, and when they are combined, a network of floating modular settlements can be formed.The base of the farm consists of hollow plastic containers connected in the shape of an octagon, and supports on the water the wooden structure of the above-water pavilion.The farm is equipped with a system for collecting and desalinating water by getting water vapor from the greenhouse into the tank.A change in temperature causes water to condense, after which it is pumped into a storage tank.Electricity intended to power pumps and fans comes from photovoltaic panels on the roof [21].

Formation of agrogenesis objects in the underwater environment as an autonomous ecosystem
Due to population growth, urbanization and changing food culture, the lack of agricultural diversity poses a threat to global food security.This makes it necessary the mastering of the underwater environment to create agrogenesis facilities there.An example of underwater construction of agrogenesis is the conceptual design of the underwater structure "Jellyfish Lodges" (architect J. Hung), presented at the "Biodesign Competition-2016".The facility uses aquaponic technologies to ensure autonomous life processes in it.Simultaneous cultivation of four species of fish and plants is provided in the water basins of the facility.Simultaneous cultivation of four species of fish and plants is provided in the water basins of the facility.The floating module also cleans urban reservoirs from pollution with the help of channels-tubes located in the underwater part of the system, into the chambers of which water is pumped and purification takes place.After aeration, drinking water is stored in four tanks and used in everyday life, as well as to supply aquaponics installations [22].
In the conceptual project "Arctic Combine Harvester" (architect M. Chobani) in 2013, a self-sufficient agricultural infrastructure is proposed for his placement in Arctic waters.The underwater tiers of the floating structure are designed to accommodate hydroponic farms, allowing, using mineral fiber and fertilizers in the absence of traditional soil and at low temperatures, to harvest several times a year.Fresh water extracted from drifting icebergs that fall into a semi-enclosed inner pool is used in the maintenance of hydroponic installations and hydroelectric power plants The project of the underwater architecture object "Water-Scraper" (author Sarly Adre Bin Sarkum) 2010 (Malaysia) is a floating city with a functional and self-sustaining space suitable for living.Providing the inhabitants with food is carried out by organizing agricultural production using aquaculture and hydroponics technologies.A small forest is located in the upper part of the floating city, and living spaces are organized so that the inhabitants can live and work in the water depths.The city is an autonomous energy system, as it generates wave and wind energy, as well as solar energy.The elements necessary to create buoyancy and ballast are located on the lowest sections of the complex to create a proper buttress to maintain its vertical position.
Based on the examples considered, it can be assumed that this current direction in the formation of agrocenoses will find further development and in the near future there will be the appearance of new underwater and surface autonomous agricultural enterprises.

Results and discussion
As a result of the study, the precedents of the formation of biodiversity of ecosystems of agrocenoses in the context of food security that have appeared in scientific and design developments are considered.This made it possible to identify alternative concepts for the formation of agrocenoses in the following areas considered, discussed in this review: 1. Are revealed Receptions of sustainable development of agrocenoses in urban space in connection with environmental eco changes: • Integration of genetically modified objects into urban space is connected with the positive trend of including the idea of a "green city" for the planning of the urban environment, which will restore the balance between high-tech megacities and natural resources, which are gradually being depleted.
• Rehabilitation of urban space in the context of the creation of food autonomy is caused by the development of an "urban agrocenosis" for the implementation of "vertical" agriculture in order to obtain food through the recycling of waste and the production of biological electricity, which allows saving energy and renewable resources.
2. Revealed of the economically rational techniques of creating a holistic ecological system: • Secondary use of natural resources and biological waste disposal are associated with bio energy active technologies to increase the energy efficiency of buildings based on the principles of using biogas as a gaseous fuel.
• Soil regeneration by using symbionts to restore the ecosystem occurs with the help of mycelium to convert agricultural waste into nutritious and healthy soil, which contributes to the restoration of the ecosystem.
3. Reviewed placement of agrogeneses in the aquatic environment as a resource for the development and use of alternative space: • Floating objects of agrogenesis as a closed ecological system provide remote cultivation of agricultural crops in an aquatic environment thanks to intelligent systems for their management and independent energy production (due to installed solar panels and hydrogen production during electrolysis).
• Formation of agrogenesis objects in the underwater environment as an autonomous ecosystem is connected with the need to produce food through the organization of agriculture, aquaculture and hydroponics, which will make up for the lack of diversity of agricultural crops and solve the problem of threats to global food security.
The results of the research in the field of creating agrogenesis objects will help not only in their design, but also in the formation of artificial environments in other living conditions.The selection of project material carried out in the article in accordance with the proposed systematization will allow outlining directions for further research in this area.

Conclusions
The use of artificial ecosystems of agrocenoses for urban agriculture is a promising approach to solving food security problems in the context of creating food autonomy.Agrocenoses equipped with intelligent systems of their management find their application when integrated with urban buildings or when placed in an aquatic environment as a resource for the development and use of alternative space.The stated advantages of agrocenosis facilities using controlled agriculture and groundless cultivation systems in urban space will restore the balance between high-tech megacities and natural resources.
Eco-rational methods of creating a holistic ecological system of agrocenoses are used in the secondary use of natural resources and biological waste disposal, as well as in their integration with energy installations of independent energy production.The results obtained in this review indicate that ecosystems of agrocenosis ecosystems are biopositive tool for intervention in the closed-cycle economy in facilities for commercial food production.