Phenotyping of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) breeding lines in terms of productivity in the Omsk oblast

. The article presents the results of studying the main elements of seed productivity in 15 breeding lines of F6-7 generations of lentils obtained from interspecific crossings of varieties Aida (Russia), Vekhovskaya (Russia), Vostochnaya (Russia) and Shyraily (Kazakhstan). The purpose of the study is to research the phenotypic variability of lentil breeding lines according to the elements of the crop structure and select valuable genotypes as sources of productivity to create varieties adapted to the conditions of the region. Phenotyping of the breeding material was carried out in the field and laboratory conditions in 2020-2022 at the training and experimental field of the Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin. During the study period, very dry climatic conditions developed in 2020 (HTC = 0.62) and 2021 (HTC = 0.68), slightly dry - in 2022 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.02). The ecological plasticity of the breeding lines was assessed by the value of the intensity and stability indicators of the stability index.The ecological plasticity of the breeding lines was assessed by the value of the intensity and stability indicators of the stability index. As a result, it was found that 11 genotypes belong to the group of varieties of intensive type, 4 - semi-intensive. Of the 15 lines, only 11 show stable seed productivity in all weather conditions, and 4 are characterized as unstable. Based on the research, valuable genotypes were selected that will be used as sources of seed productivity in further breeding and the creation of new adapted, high-yielding varieties of lentils in the region.


Introduction
Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) is a multi-use leguminous crop, the cultivation of which is relevant and profitable in the era of modern organic agriculture [1].Cultivation of lentils is an important part of the sowing and grain complex of the Russian Federation.Since this solves the problem of providing the population with high-quality food, and animals with feed [2].Today, Russia is one of the three leaders in the production of lentil grain [3].The Siberian Federal District is the main producer of grain in Russia (62.5 thousand hectares -45.6% of all crops), while up to 20% of the crop area falls on the Omsk oblast (more than 25 thousand hectares) [4].Over the past five years, the country's productivity has increased dramatically, and, accordingly, the gross grain harvest [5].But, despite the trend of increasing yields, there is a significant variation over the years.In general, over the five years (by 2018) throughout the country, significant fluctuations in the yield of lentils of 9.1...19.5 q/ha were noted [6].
In addition, the increased interest of agricultural producers is constrained by the fact that lentil varieties released in the region do not meet production requirements.They are less competitive, low-yielding and low-tech [7].The solution to this problem is the creation of new varieties adapted to biotic and abiotic environmental factors [8].
The basis for improving existing varieties is the genotype of the variety.In modern science, significant progress has been made in the study of economically valuable traits of lentils at the genotype level.However, the realization of the genetic potential of agricultural crops largely depends on environmental factors.In this regard, at certain stages of the breeding process, it is necessary to carry out a phenotypic assessment of economically valuable traits of the obtained new forms in the ecological conditions of the study [9].
To expand the genetic diversity of lentils as a result of intraspecific hybridization and further selection, breeding lines with a complex of economically valuable traits have been created.
The purpose of the research is to study the phenotypic variability of lentil breeding lines according to the elements of the crop structure and select valuable genotypes as sources of productivity to create varieties adapted to the conditions of the region.

Materials and methods
The research work was carried out in the field conditions of the Omsk oblast (2020-2022).In recent years, there has been a tendency for the average daily air temperature to increase in the region.The sum of active temperatures (above 10ºС) for the growing season in 2020 was 2045ºС, 2021 -2238ºС, 2022 -2488ºС.Precipitation in 2020 was 155.3 mm (70.6% of the norm), 2021 -166.0 mm (75.4% of the norm), 2022 -287.6 mm (130.72% of the norm).The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), which characterizes the availability of moisture to plants, indicates very dry conditions in 2020 (HTC = 0.62) and 2021 (HTC = 0.68), slightly dry -in 2022 (HTC=1.02).The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chernozem, medium-thick (45 cm), low-humus (3.95% humus), medium loamy (35% physical clay) with a soil solution reaction close to neutral (pH -6.5).The predecessor is spring soft wheat.In the experiment, manual sowing was used in the second decade of May, the area of the plot was 5 square meters, without repetitions, the distance between rows was 25 cm, the distance between plants was 15 cm, the placement of plots was systematic, the seeding depth was 5 cm.The studies were carried out on 15 breeding lines of F6-7 generations of lentils obtained by crossing varieties Aida (Russia), Vekhovskaya (Russia), Vostochnaya (Russia) and Shyraily (Kazakhstan).The lines were selected according to a complex of economically valuable traits in the F3-5 generations and propagated up to the F6-7 generations.The standard variety is medium-early (76 days), high-yielding (1.6 t/ha), Aida variety approved for use in all regions of the Russian Federation, the originator of which is FGBNU VNIIZBK (Orel).Harvesting was carried out manually when 75% of the beans on the plant ripened into sheaves for further ripening.Structural analysis was performed in laboratory conditions in 20 plants of each breeding line according to the main elements of seed productivity: the number of beans per plant, the weight of seeds per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds.Phenological observations and records were carried out in accordance with the current methodological guidelines for studying the collection of grain legumes [10].Statistical processing of the obtained results of field and laboratory studies was carried out according to the method of Dospekhov B.A. [11] and consisted of finding the minimum (min), maximum (max), and mean values (M) of the trait, the standard error of the mean (±SEM).The significance of differences in features was assessed according to the generally accepted methodology for the smallest significant difference at a significance level of 5% (НСР05) using MS Excel 2016 statistical software.Two-way analysis of variance and clustering were carried out using STATISTICA v. 10.0 ("StatSoft, Inc.", USA).

Results and discussion
The territory of the Siberian Federal District is considered a zone of risky farming.Increasingly, there are extremely warm winters with insufficient snow, an increase in air temperature to 37-38º C, leading to summer droughts, or, conversely, prolonged heavy rains leading to the death of the crop.All this leads to global climate change and increases the risk of producers to cultivate crops [13].The weather conditions of the growing season in the years of research (2020-2022) were different and differed from the long-term average.Suitable conditions for the period of formation of beans in 2021 favorably affected the setting of seeds.Therefore, it was in this year that the largest number of seeds per plant was noted, as in all breeding lines of lentils (40.0 ... 106.0 pcs.).On average, this figure was 57.4 pieces (Table 1).The highest value of the indicator was noted in the lines obtained from crossing Vostochnaya (Russia) x Shyraily (Kazakhstan) L12-20 (106.0 pcs.), L14-20 (80.0 pcs.), and L15-20 (80.0 pcs.).In subsequent years, weather conditions worsened due to heavy rainfall.Extremely unfavorable conditions have developed in 2022.Heavy rainfall (287.6 mm) negatively affected the vegetation of lentils, which led to a decrease in the number of seeds per plant to 32.80 g (on average).The most productive this year were the breeding lines obtained from crossing Aida (Russia) x Vekhovskaya (Russia) L03-20 (49.0 pcs.) and Vostochnaya (Russia) x Shyraily (Kazakhstan) L15-20 (46.0 pcs.).Another important indicator in the selection of lentils for high productivity is the weight of seeds per plant [14].Dry conditions in the second half of the growing season 2020 favorably affected the maturation of plants, and as a result, the yield in general (Table 2).In the studied breeding lines, the value of the indicator varied within 1.95 ... 5.06 g.Abundant rainfall during seed formation (end of July -August) adversely affects its quality.The seed is often unfulfilled, deformed and damaged by diseases.In this regard, there is a decrease in the indicator [15].The growth conditions of 2022 had a negative effect on the trait.This year, there was a sharp decrease in the weight of seeds per plant to 0.931 g.Despite the variability of weather conditions, some breeding lines showed quite high values of seed weight per plant: L05-20 (3.63 g) and L17-20 (3.66 g) Table 2. Seed weight per plant in lentil breeding lines, g (2020-2022) An indicator of the size and completion of seeds in an air-dry state is the weight of 1000 grains.During the period of lack of moisture, the seeds on plants develop feeble and lightweight, and with an excess, lodging of lentil plants is noted, and therefore the seeds are damaged by diseases and pests [16].To obtain varieties with an optimal weight of 1000 seeds (for lentils 65-85 g), breeders select genotypes that, against the background of changeable weather conditions, stably form large, finished grain.Dry conditions in 2020 had a favorable effect on lentil plants during the ripening period (Table 3).The value of the indicator varied within the limits of 49.9...83.3 g.Due to heavy rains in the second half of the growing season, unfavorable conditions developed in 2022, which led to a decrease in the weight of 1000 seeds to 50.6 g (on average).The breeding lines L019-20 (73.1 g) and L03-20 (72.5 g) turned out to be stable for this indicator.To determine the share of influence of the genotypic features of the crop and environmental conditions on the reversal of the elements of seed productivity during the years of scientific research, a two-factor analysis of dispersion was carried out (Table 4).57.0 Note.df is the number of degrees of freedom, MS is the mean square, F is the Fisher criterion.For each line n=20, 4-fold repetition.*The contribution of the factor is statistically significant at p < 0.001 The results of the dispersion analysis of the influence of the line genotype, growing conditions and their joint interaction on the phenotypic manifestation of seed productivity indicators showed that the variability of the number of seeds per plant is significantly affected by the genotypic features of the breeding line (42.8%).The phenotypic variability of the weight of seeds per plant is due to the conditions of growth of the agricultural crop (40.3%), and the weight of 1000 seeds is due to the interaction of two factors simultaneously (57.0%).It should be noted that the factor "genotype x growth conditions" had a sufficient impact on the variation of seed productivity traits (35.9...57.0%).
After statistical processing of the data by cluster analysis, it was found that in this general population there are three well-distinguished clusters.Breeding lines united in clusters are characterized by a similar set of traits within the cluster and significant differences with other clusters.Differences between clusters in the stability of productivity and resistance to weather conditions.The first cluster united 3 lines of intensive and semi-intensive type, which are characterized by high values of productivity traits: the number of seeds per plant is from 51.7 to 58.0 pcs., the weight of seeds per plant is from 2.59 to 3.66 g, the weight of 1000 seeds from 58.8 to 61.0 g (fig.1).

Fig. 1. Dendrogram of clustering of lentil breeding lines by productivity elements
In the second group (second cluster) there are 6 breeding lines, which combine the number of seeds per plant from 37.3 to 60.7 pcs.weight of seeds per plant from 2.45 to 3.63 g, weight of 1000 seeds from 56.2 to 73.1 g.
The third cluster included 5 breeding lines, in which the number of seeds per plant was from 27.3 to 51.7 pcs. the weight of seeds per plant is from 1.54 to 3.22 g and the weight of 1000 seeds is from 54.3 to 72.5 g.
One stable line of the intense type was not included in any of the clusters.
Based on the conducted research and the results obtained, seven breeding lines of intensive and semi-intensive types were selected, which showed high stable productivity for three years (Table 5).The selected lines will be included in the subsequent stages of the lentil breeding process in the region.

Conclusion
1. Favorable conditions for the growth and development of lentils have developed in 2021.
This year, the highest values of the main elements of seed productivity were noted for all breeding lines of lentils: the number of seeds per plant (40.0 ... 106.0 pieces), the mass of seeds per plant (1.95 ... 5.06 g) , masses of 1000 seeds (49.9 ... 83.3 g). 2. Analysis of dispersion showed that the variability of the number of seeds per plant is significantly affected by the genotypic features of the breeding line (42.8%), the weight of seeds per plant is influenced by the growing conditions of the agricultural crop (40.3%), and the weight of 1000 seeds is influenced by the interaction of two factors simultaneously (57.0%).It should be noted that the factor "genotype x growth conditions" had a sufficient impact on the variation of seed productivity traits (35.9...57.0%).3. Cluster analysis identified three main groups, differing in the type of stability and intensity.4. Based on the research results, six stable genotypes of intensive and semi-intensive types were identified for further breeding work in the agroecological conditions of the region (Nos.1,6,10,12,14,15).

Table 4 .
Results of dispersion analysis of productivity elements of lentil breeding lines

Table 5 .
Characteristics of the best breeding lines selected as sources of high productivity (2020-2022)