The effectiveness of the use of low-nutrient feed in industrial poultry farming

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Introduction
Industrial poultry farming is one of the few highly specialized branches of the agroindustrial complex, which is a complex integrated system that provides all processes from reproduction to the production of finished products and their sale [1,2,3].The operation of poultry requires constant study and improvement of the norms for providing it with balanced compound feeds, contributing to the maximum manifestation of productivity while maintaining high quality products and reducing the cost of its production [4,5].
Feed is still the most expensive in poultry farming.And producers are constantly trying to optimize their diets, both in terms of price and nutrition, so that the bird can realize its genetic potential [6].These diets should maintain the maximum productivity of the bird and the normal state of its health [7].At present, new data on the nutritional value of feed for poultry have been obtained, the parameters for the exchange energy, available phosphorus have been clarified, which are included in the tables of nutrition and chemical composition of feed and approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the concept of regulating the quality indicators of compound feeds has been developed [8].
The composition of feed mixes for poultry includes components with a relatively low availability of nutrients: wheat, barley, sunflower meal, meat and bone meal and others, which naturally reduces the digestibility and availability of nutrients in poultry diets [9,10].
The aim of the work was to increase the efficiency of egg production by replacing animal feed with vegetable feed in compound feeds with the addition of cellobacterin and acidifiers for young and laying hens [11,12].
For the first time in the Lower Volga region, comprehensive studies have been conducted to study the effectiveness of the use of compound feeds with different structures when adding cellobacterin and acidifiers to them in egg poultry farming [13].Their influence on the digestibility and digestibility of nutrients in diets, physiological and biochemical parameters of young and laying hens, egg productivity and egg quality, economic efficiency of production has been studied [14,15].

Materials and methods
As a result of research, the possibility of replacing animal feed with vegetable feed in compound feeds with the use of cellobacterin and acidifiers has been established, which, despite a slight increase in the consumption of compound feeds, leads to a reduction in the cost of rations per 1 laying hen to 11.48 rubles.Morphobiochemical blood parameters remain within the limits of physiological norms.
Two scientific and economic experiments were conducted to achieve the set goal and fulfill the research tasks.The studies were carried out on young and laying hens of the Haysex Brown cross in the conditions of CJSC Agrofirma Vostok of the Mykolaiv district of the Volgograd region (Table 1).
To carry out the first stage of scientific and economic experience on young chickens at the age of 9 weeks, 2 groups (control and experimental) of 210 heads each were formed according to the principle of analogues.The whole experimental bird was kept in BCM cell batteries with 14 heads in each cage.The duration of the experiment was 8 weeks.The youngsters of the control group received compound feed containing animal feed, and the experimental group received compound feed in which animal feed was replaced with highprotein feed of vegetable origin (soy and sunflower cake) and partially with cereals.The whole experimental bird received the probiotic cellobacterin and organic acids injected periodically into the water.To conduct the second stage of the scientific and economic experiment on laying hens of an industrial herd of grown experimental youngsters at the age of 18 weeks (the first stage of the experiment), 2 groups (control and experimental) of 100 heads each were formed according to the principle of analogues.Experimental laying hens were kept in BKN-3 cell batteries with 5 heads in each cell.The duration of the second stage of the experiment on laying hens was 55 weeks.Laying hens of the control group also received compound feed containing animal feed, and the experimental group received compound feed in which animal feed was replaced with high-protein feed of vegetable origin (soy and sunflower cake) and partially with grain feed of cereals.The whole experimental bird received the probiotic cellobacterin and organic acids injected periodically into the water.
All types of analyses were carried out in the laboratory "Analysis of feed and livestock products" (reg.No. POCC RU. 0001.517982) of the Volgograd State Agrarian University.
The chemical composition of compound feeds, manure and eggs was determined by the method of zootechnical analysis in accordance with GOST standards.The studies were carried out according to the following methods: determination of the initial moisture content by drying samples at a temperature of 60-65 ° C to a constant mass, hygroscopic humidity was determined by drying at 105 ° C to a constant mass, determination of crude fat by extraction with ethyl alcohol in the Soxlet apparatus, determination of crude fiber by the method of Gennenberg and Shtoman, determination of nitrogen and crude protein -by the method of Kjeldahl, determination of crude ash -by dry salting of the sample at a temperature of 450-500 oC.
Amino acid analysis of compound feeds and droppings was carried out according to the methodology developed by Lumex LLC No. FR. 1.31.2005.01499using the amino acid analyzer "Drops-105".
During the experiment , we studied: -change in the live weight of youngsters -by monthly group weighing (10 heads each); -safety of livestock -daily accounting of the case in each group with the establishment of the cause; -feed intake -was determined daily by groups by weighing the specified feed and their residues during the entire period of the experiment, followed by their recalculation by 1 kg of egg mass; -egg productivity -by daily accounting of laid eggs in each group of laying hens from 21 to 72 weeks; -egg quality was assessed by the following indicators: protein and yolk shape indices, How units, shell thickness, relative weight of protein, yolk and shell, chemical composition; -the content of vitamins in the liver and eggs was studied by the following methods: carotenoids and retinol -spectrophotometric; tocopherol -by column chromatography; -morphological parameters were determined by counting erythrocytes and leukocytes in the Goryaev chamber, biochemical parameters -in blood serum, the content of total protein, glucose, albumin, calcium, phosphorus by spectrophotometry on CPK-3-01, alkaline reserve -by diffusion method.
-the physiological (balance) experiment was conducted according to the VNITIP method.To conduct an experiment to determine the digestibility of nutrients, 3 heads were selected from each group and placed in special cages.
-the economic efficiency of growing and using laying hens was calculated on the basis of taking into account feed costs for the period of experience.
-biometric data processing was carried out according to the method of N.A. Plokhinsky (1969) and the program "Microsoft Excel".The reliability of the differences between the signs was determined by comparison with the Student's criterion.At the same time, three confidence thresholds were determined (*P>0.95;**P>0.99;***P>0.999).

Discussion of the results
The results of the first stage of the scientific and economic experiment showed that the young of both groups, who received from the first to the fourth week of mixed feed of the same composition and nutritional value (with animal feed), had a live weight at 60 days of age in the control group of 612 g, and in the experimental group -598 g, the average daily increase, respectively, of 11.07 g and 10.06 g (table 2).From 9 to 17 weeks, the young chickens of the control group received compound feed, which included animal feed, and the young chickens of the experimental group received compound feed, in which animal feed was replaced with vegetable high-protein ones.During the 8 weeks of the experiment, the live weight of the poultry of the experimental group was almost at the level of the control group and amounted to 1462 g by the age of 120 days in the control group, 1479 g in the experimental group, which practically corresponded to the standard of this cross, the average daily increase was 11.73 and 11.88 g, respectively, with 100% safety in both groups.
To study the metabolic parameters in the body of youngsters, a balance experiment was conducted, during which, based on the chemical composition of feed samples, manure and feces, the digestibility coefficients of the main nutrients of the diet were calculated.
Studies on the digestibility of nutrients of experimental youngsters are presented in Table 3. Due to the different actual feed consumption by the experimental youngsters, their intake of dietary nutrients was also different.The highest digestibility coefficients were in the experimental group.Thus, the digestibility of dry matter in the experimental group was 58.81%, which is higher than in the control group by 0.17%; the coefficient of digestibility of organic matter in the experimental group was 67.04, which exceeded the control by 3.35%; the coefficient of digestibility of crude protein in the experimental group was 91.25%, which is higher than the control by 3.93%; the coefficient of digestibility crude fiber in the experimental group was higher than the control by 4.35%; the coefficient of digestibility of crude fat in the experimental group was higher than the control by 2.84 %; To determine the degree of metabolic processes, a balance experiment was conducted to determine the amount of use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus of compound feed by the body of youngsters.The study of the balance and use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in the body of poultry is given great importance when conducting scientific research.
The results of studying the balance and use of nitrogen by experimental youngsters are presented in Table 4.The highest use of nitrogen from the intake was in the experimental group -65.82%, which is 6.01%higher than in the control group, in the control group this indicator was 59.81%.
It is known that minerals in the body play an important role in the synthesis of vitamins, hormones, and they also affect energy, lipid and protein metabolism.Therefore, the task of the research was to study the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the experimental bird (Table 5).The utilization rate of calcium and phosphorus in the experimental groups, compared with the control group, was higher by 1.63 and 0.82%, respectively.
The results of the conducted studies of the blood of experimental youngsters indicate that its indicators were within the limits of physiological norms, and there were no significant differences between the groups.
Consequently, the introduction of high-protein plant feeds into the diet of chickens in the experimental group instead of animals using probiotic probiotic cellobacterin and acidifiers did not significantly affect their biochemical blood parameters (Table 6).The results of the scientific and economic experience showed that in laying hens receiving compound feed, in which animal feed was replaced with high-protein vegetable feed with the addition of cellobacterin and acidifiers, egg productivity on average per laying hen during the experiment period was 310.7 pieces, in the control -309.1 pieces.Data on egg productivity of laying hens are given in Table 7.The nutritional value of eggs is directly related to their weight, the relative weight of the yolk, the dry matter content in the protein and yolk, and indirectly to the yolk and protein index, How units.
In the control group of laying hens, the "fight" of eggs was 0.73, "tech" -1.04%, in the experimental group, respectively -0.75 and 0.97%, i.e. the differences are not significant.
The thickness of the eggshell, the content of ash and calcium in it from the experimental chickens did not have significant differences.
The eggs must be of the correct shape.Eggs of irregular shape do not have a marketable appearance and are more often damaged, since all structures and mechanisms for collecting, processing and packaging eggs are designed for the correct shape.The shape of the eggs is characterized by the ratio of small diameter to large -the shape index, which should be close to 74% (Table 8).According to morphological parameters, the eggs of chickens of both groups also had no significant differences.The Hau units of eggs of laying hens of the control group were 76.2, the experimental group -75.9, the ratio of protein to yolk -2.39 and 2.42, respectively.
Egg weight is the main indicator that is directly related to their nutritional properties and egg production indicators, which determines the productivity of chickens.The age of laying hens is related to its weight.The older the laying hen, the larger her egg.The egg weight after 60 days of experience in the control group was 64.3 g, and in the experimental group -65.7 g, which is more than in the control by 1.4 g.
The nutritional value of eggs is determined by the chemical composition and a set of properties that ensure the physiological needs of a person in basic nutrients.
Studying the chemical composition of food eggs (Table 9), it was found that in the experimental groups, the dry matter content in both protein and yolk was higher than in the control group.The dry matter of chicken egg protein consists mainly of protein, a small amount of carbohydrates and minerals.The dry matter of the yolk mainly consists of fats, proteins, a small amount of carbohydrates and inorganic substances.
Thus, the dry matter content in the protein of the experimental groups exceeded the control by 0.08%, and in the yolk -by 0.28%, respectively.
The biological usefulness of eggs, determined by the presence of vitamins in the protein and yolk, was quite high, which characterizes the good nutritional qualities of eggs.In terms of vitamin content, eggs of laying hens of the experimental group had no significant differences from similar indicators of poultry of the control group and met the requirements of the standard (Table 10).One of the main problems in the use of nutrients is to increase the degree of digestibility of feed in the digestive tract and create the most favorable conditions for their assimilation in the body.Therefore, the study of the digestibility of nutrients is an important indicator by which to judge the processes of digestion of feed.Incomplete digestion often leads to the greatest loss of nutrients.For this purpose, a balance experiment was conducted, the results of which are presented in table 11.The coefficient of digestibility of dry matter in the control group was 63.71%, in the first experimental -64.27%, which is higher than in the control group by 0.56%; the coefficient of digestibility of organic matter in the control group was 67.36%, in the experimental group -67.86%, which is higher than in the control by 0.5%, the coefficient of digestibility of raw protein in the control group was 83.82%, in the experimental -87.51%, which is higher than in the control by 3.69%; the coefficient of digestibility of crude fiber in the control group was 16.74%, in the experimental -21.94%, which is higher than in the control by 5.2 %; the coefficient of digestibility of raw fat in the control group was 69.33%, in the experimental group -73.4%, which is higher than in the control by 4.07%.
The results of the study of nitrogen balance and use by experimental laying hens are presented in Table 12.The use of nitrogen from that taken in the control group was 50.31%, in the experimental group -50.80%, which is higher than in the control by 0.49%.
Providing the bird's body with calcium and phosphorus is one of the most important indicators of the usefulness of its feeding, affecting the metabolism in the body, health and productivity (Table 13).The balance of calcium and phosphorus in all experimental groups of laying hens was positive.The use of calcium and phosphorus in the control group was 51.38% and 32.93%, in the experimental 51.81% and 33.33%, which is 0.43% and 0.40% more than in the control group.
An important criterion for evaluating compound feed is the availability of amino acids for absorption, therefore it is important to normalize poultry feeding taking into account the content of amino acids available for assimilation in feed.(table14).From the analysis of the data obtained, it can be seen that the availability of amino acids of compound feed in the experimental group tended to increase compared to the control group, the highest availability of lysine was in the experimental group -78.41%, which is 1.0% higher than in the control group, the availability of methionine in the experimental group was 82.04%, which is higher than in in the control group by 2.6%, in the control group this indicator was 79.44%.
It is well known that the blood composition is the first to react to any changes in feeding.Hematological parameters of laying hens are presented in Table 15.The results of the studies showed that all blood parameters of laying hens of the control and experimental groups varied within the physiological norm.This indicates the normal physiological status of the experimental bird.

Conclusions
The consumption of compound feed during the experiment period (55 weeks) in the control group of laying hens amounted to 4414.41 kg in the amount of 67010.74rubles, in the experimental group 4791.71kg and 65886.01rubles, respectively, i.e. the difference in the cost of feed costs in favor of the experimental group amounted to 1124.73 rubles, and in the cost of the daily ration -3.0 kopecks.The economic effect due to the difference in the cost of compound feeds per laying hen in the experimental group amounted to 11.48 rubles.
The results of the conducted studies on young animals have shown that when replacing animal feed ingredients with high-protein plant-based ingredients, the content of metabolic energy remains at the control level due to an increase in feed consumption.
The results of the conducted studies showed that the safety of the livestock was 98%, the hematological parameters of the young of both groups were within the physiological norm.
The results of the experiment on laying hens showed that when replacing animal feed ingredients with high-protein vegetable origin (soy and sunflower cake), the content of metabolic energy in the experimental group decreased by 10.38 kcal compared to the control group, and the content of crude protein remained virtually unchanged.However, the missing amount of metabolic energy is replenished to the feed rate due to an increase in the input of vegetable oil and a greater daily consumption of these compound feeds by poultry, so the feed consumption in the control group was 117 g, and in the experimental 127 g.
The results of the studies conducted on laying hens showed that the safety of the livestock was 98%, egg production -309.1 pcs. in the control group and 310.7 pieces per laying hen in the experimental group, the hematological indicators of laying hens in the control and experimental groups were almost at the same level.The consumption of compound feed for the period of experience in the control group of laying hens was 4414.41 kg in the amount of 67010.74rubles, in the experimental group 4791.71kg and 65886.01rubles, respectively, i.e. the difference in the cost of feed costs in favor of the experimental group was 1124.73 rubles.
Production testing has confirmed the cost-effectiveness of introducing compound feeds into the poultry diet, in which animal feed is replaced with vegetable feed with the addition of cellobacterin and acidifiers.

Table 1 .
Scheme of experience

Table 2 .
Live weight and average daily growth of young chickens

Table 3 .
Coefficients of digestibility of nutrients of diets by youngsters, % (M m)

Table 4 .
Nitrogen balance and use by experimental youngsters, g (M m)

Table 5 .
Balance and use of calcium and phosphorus by experimental youngsters, g (M±m)

Table 6 .
Biochemical blood parameters of young chickens

Table 7 .
Egg productivity of laying hens by phases, taking into account feed recipes

Table 8 .
Morphological parameters of eggs

Table 9 .
Chemical composition of food eggs

Table 10 .
Vitamin content in egg, mcg/g

Table 11 .
Coefficients of digestibility of nutrients in the diets of experimental laying hens, % (M m)

Table 12 .
Nitrogen balance and use by experimentallaying hens, g (M m)

Table 13 .
Balance and use of calcium and phosphorus by experimental laying hens, g (m ± m)

Table 15 .
Hematological parameters of laying hens at 40 weeks of age