Axiological distribution of the limited electric power of the household

. The structure of household electricity consumption depends on multiple factors. The operation of household electrical networks is possible within the allocated power limit and is restricted by the installed automatic disconnection devices of the power supply network. In conditions of limited allocated electrical power, comfortable living is not possible without prioritized power redistribution. A six-level hierarchical system of electrical power distribution for households has been proposed, incorporating variable priorities. By employing prioritized disconnection principles for groups of electrical appliances, the disconnection of limited household power supply can be avoided while maintaining maximum comfort. The proposed electrical connection scheme for household electrical equipment includes priority relays, time relays, and devices for remote disconnection of secondary appliances. When using heat pumps and heat accumulators for heating systems, a limit of 15 kWh is sufficient for comfortable use of any standard electrical appliances in households with an area of up to 150 square meters.


Introduction
The structure of household electricity consumption depends on the season, location, number of residents, their age, lifestyle, and many other parameters.Data on household electrical load measurements are presented in works by Schlemminger, Makonin, Kelly, Hebrail, and many other authors [1][2][3][4][5][6].Typically, these are datasets of household load profiles with measurements of voltage, current, active, reactive, and apparent power with resolutions ranging from 1 second to 15 minutes.Research conducted in works [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] has shown that the intensity of household electricity consumption exhibits a fluctuating pattern with pronounced increases in the average values during the period from 6 PM to 11 PM.The presented data provide insight into the general nature of household electricity consumption but do not reflect the composition of household electrical equipment based on its purpose.According to research [17], for the EU, the average shares of electricity costs for lighting are 1.48%, cooking is 6.22%, household appliances are 13.4%, hot water preparation is 13.9%, and heating is 64.6%.The operation of household electrical networks is possible within the allocated power limit and is restricted by the installed automatic disconnection devices of the power supply network.Often, this limit is set at 15 kW.Household electricity consumption has a hierarchical nature based on the provision of social and physiological human needs and the technical characteristics of the premises.The foundations of the hierarchical approach to household electrical power distribution are described in the author's work [18], where a four-level energy distribution pyramid with variable criteria for transitioning lower levels associated with heating is proposed.A more detailed picture of consumption is provided by the six-level structure of household electricity consumption, as depicted in Figure 1 (E3S).In the hierarchical model of household electricity consumption presented in the work [19], six levels have been identified.The top level consists of immediate needs that are essential for existence in the modern world.These include lighting, safety and security, and the need for information exchange.These are needs that cannot be delayed and must be fulfilled immediately.The second top level of the pyramid relates to devices that fulfill the physiological and social needs of individuals.These are small household appliances used for various tasks such as cooking, heating food and beverages, as well as for clothing care and maintaining cleanliness in the household.The third level of the pyramid represents major household appliances.These are devices used for extended daily household tasks such as food preparation and storage, laundry, and other chores.Hot water preparation and heating in autonomous heating systems are provided by a single heat generator, with DHW having priority.Accordingly, the fourth level of the energy consumption pyramid is DHW, followed by the fifth level, which is heating.The sixth level of household energy consumption is formed based on residual principles, for example, it may include the charging of electric vehicles.

Results and discussion
Household electricity consumption should not exceed allocated limits.Simultaneous use of all electrical appliances in the case of applying an autonomous heating system with electric heating can exceed the set limit, resulting in the disconnection of all devices.To prevent such a situation and avoid power outage, it is necessary to determine individual priorities and establish numerical values (conditions for changing priorities) for disconnecting certain loads.For cooking, electric stoves and microwave ovens are used.Electric stoves consist of multiple burners and an oven.The total energy consumption for cooking in a household typically amounts to 7 kWh.However, ovens and some burners can be temporarily disconnected without sacrificing comfort.Only 1-2 low-power burners should be classified as devices that can be used continuously.Other kitchen heating appliances, as well as other major household equipment, can be temporarily disconnected.To prevent the power supply from being disconnected when the total limited power is exceeded, it is necessary to prioritize energy consumption.Power supply to certain electrical appliances can be disconnected if they do not affect the fulfillment of human needs or have significant thermal inertia.
Figure 2 illustrates the scheme of distributing electrical loads using the example of a single-phase electrical network with the possibility of temporarily changing the hierarchy of levels in household electricity consumption.Fig. 2. Hierarchical five-level scheme of household electrical connection.L-phase, N-neutral, input automatic circuit breaker 1, non-priority load disconnect relay 2, priority load disconnect circuit breaker 3, automatic circuit breaker for non-priority load 4, electric boiler 5, mode switching device for "heating" and DHW (Domestic Hot Water) 6, transmitter 7 (RF, WiFi), automatic circuit breaker 8 for the first-level priority distribution line L1, automatic circuit breaker 9 for the second-level priority distribution system for line L2, automatic circuit breaker 10 for the third-level priority distribution system for line L3, RF/WiFi receiver 11 with a load disconnect relay as an executive device, room temperature sensor 12. First and foremost, the power supply lines for electrical appliances in an individual house or apartment can be classified as priority power lines.These include the lighting power lines and high-priority internal electrical socket lines, which ensure 100% guaranteed power supply.Separate power supply lines should be allocated for these appliances.The second priority is given to the power supply line for small household appliances.They should also be connected to internal electrical lines with current limitations not exceeding 10 Amperes.
Large appliances on the third level of the power distribution pyramid should be connected to the house's internal network through a special device equipped with remote access control to the electrical network.This device could be, for example, an outlet with a load connection relay controlled remotely via RF or WiFi.The signal from the room temperature thermostat can serve as a command to turn off the electrical socket.For instance, when the room temperature falls below 18°C, the thermostat sends a signal to disconnect the power supply to the kitchen stove's oven and high-power burners.At the same time, the energy is temporarily redirected to heating or hot water preparation.The priorities for equipment disconnection and the duration of disconnection can be set according to the residents' preferences.
The sixth level of household power distribution belongs to the lowest priority, which is associated with the guaranteed provision of higher-level needs.For example, in recent years, the number of electric vehicles has been constantly increasing.Their charging can be carried out on a residual basis after meeting the energy requirements of all devices on the top five levels.This possibility is realized during periods of low physiological consumption by household residents and during the night.
The total electricity consumption is the sum of the energy consumed by all simultaneously powered electrical appliances.Exceeding the limit (15 kW) will occur almost always when turning on the domestic DHW, using an electric stove with more than two burners, or any electrical appliance or lighting.Comfortable living in a household without prioritized power redistribution is impossible.The power line of the sixth priority level for charging electric vehicles and other residual energy-consuming devices is formed by adding an additional priority relay to the load consumption circuit after the input automatic circuit breaker.The comfort of consuming electrical energy is ensured by installing a priority relay in the power supply line of the electric boiler [20].When this relay is installed, a hierarchy of household electrical appliances' operation is introduced.All consumption devices belong to the priority level, while the boiler is connected via a relay with the lowest priority.The algorithm of the electric boiler operates with priority for DHW compared to the heating mode.The priority relay is an electromechanical device, and its reliability depends on the number of activations.To eliminate constant activation of the priority relay, a time relay should be added to the load circuit [21].The set duration of the time relay period is determined by the fluctuation pattern of electricity consumption in the room.It is advisable to consider intermittent loads with a power consumption exceeding 1 kW.These could include cooking burners, irons, kettles, and washing machines.The interval for checking the simultaneous use of these devices, according to their operation schedules, should not be less than five minutes.This should be considered the minimum interval for the time relay system of priority control over the household power system.This multi-level hierarchical system for distributing the allocated household electrical power operates successfully with a thyristor power control system for the electric boiler.Unlike a relay control system, which adjusts the heating element's power, thyristor control allows for adjusting the power step equal to the fraction of the resistor element's power.This is important for low limits of allocated power.

Conclusion
1. Energy consumption has a multi-level hierarchical nature with variable priorities.
When allocating a limit for household electricity consumption, simple summation of the powers of the used electrical appliances will lead to frequent power interruptions.2. By utilizing the principles of prioritized disconnection of groups of electrical appliances, it is possible to avoid cutting off the limited power supply to the household while maintaining a high level of comfort.3. The distribution of household electrical energy can be described using a hierarchical principle with six levels of priorities, considering variable physiological thresholds for the use of heating devices.4. When utilizing heat pumps and thermal accumulators for heating systems, a limit of 15 kWh is sufficient for comfortable use of standard electrical appliances in households up to 150 square meters in size, located in the central and southern parts of the Russian Federation.