The current situation and the driving mechanism of energy consumption in China in the context of the peak of carbon emissions in 2030

. The Chinese economy is actively switching to the use of gas in the energy sector and in the residential sector. At the same time, with the scale of the Chinese economy, coal will be in demand for a long time, since technological and economic reasons make it difficult to quickly abandon this raw material in favor of less carbon-intensive types of energy resources. China is the world's largest consumer and importer of energy resources, whose structure has long relied on the use of coal for electricity generation. Stable economic growth and the development of industrial production in the country have caused serious environmental problems associated with the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The article discusses the main aspects of the current situation of energy consumption in China in the context of the peak of carbon emissions in 2030. The author conducted a meta-regression analysis, the results are shown in Table 1. The framework of China's climate policy is considered in detail, as well as how China will reach a peak in carbon emissions by 2030. The regression results show that all variables are significant for peak CO2 emissions, with the exception of the variable rate of decrease in the intensity of carbon emissions at the peak of carbon emissions (peakCEI), significant for the time of peak carbon emissions, with the exception of the variable paper type (PTY), impact factor (IF), classification of the share of coal at the peak of carbon emissions (yblcal) and the share of coal at the peak of carbon emissions (pnf). According to the author, in the future China should conduct in-depth research in these areas, including studying the optimal path to the carbon peak based on the cost-benefit theory, improve methods of accounting for greenhouse gas inventories, actively promote the progress of clean energy technologies, improving the quality of economic development, etc.


Introduction
Over the past four decades, China has made a huge leap in economic development, becoming a world leader in many industries.It produces more than half of the world's cement and steel, and is also a leading producer of aluminum, chemicals, electronics and textiles.The country was able to achieve such results due to the fact that in the late 1970s, the PRC carried out the transformation of the planned socialist system into a more open, market economy.Since the 1980s, China has become the fastest growing economy in the world, with the country's GDP now more than 30 times the level of 1980 and five times the level of 2000 [1].However, such economic growth has led to the fact that at the moment China accounts for a third of the world's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [2].China's CO2 emissions have tended to increase over the past 20 years.Since the XII five-year plan, China has taken the necessary measures to increase energy conservation and reduce CO2 emissions, which led to the cessation of their growth.By the end of 2020 The carbon intensity of China's economy (i.e.CO2 emissions per unit of GDP) has been reduced by 51.8% compared to 2010.This is a direct consequence of the fact that the coal industry has historically been the engine of development of the Chinese economy.Strong dependence on energy-intensive industries led to the fact that in 2009 China became the world's largest energy consumer, as well as one of the leaders in the release of CO2 into the atmosphere.Despite efforts to limit the use of fossil fuels and adopt stricter environmental standards, coal continues to play a key role in Chinese energy, mainly due to the growing use of coal for electricity and heat generation.Thus, air pollution is a serious problem for human health, especially in large cities and industrial complexes.In this regard, as well as the negative impact of carbon dioxide on the ecology of the entire planet, China was forced to reconsider its energy policy.
The main goal of China's modern energy policy is to achieve a peak in CO2 emissions and carbon neutrality by 2030 and 2060, respectively.But it is necessary to take into account that in the trajectory of development of the energy sector of the economy chosen by the government, an important factor is the emission of carbon dioxide outside the energy sector and air pollutants [3].Achieving zero CO2 emissions for the energy sector means that any emissions in sectors where pollution control is difficult or too expensive must be offset by carbon removal technologies.Among these technologies are the following: electrification of end-use sectors; carbon capture, utilization and storage; use of fuel from hydrogen derivatives; bioenergy.Unlike renewable energy sources and fossil fuel energy efficiency technologies, these technologies are currently at an early stage of development [4].Their commissioning and contribution to the overall cause of emission control depends on the degree of contribution to innovation and their commercialization.In other words, in the absence of a policy aimed at the development of these technologies, they are unlikely to be put into operation.Also, the transition to less energy-intensive transport and reducing demand through more efficient use of materials should play a role.Nevertheless, according to the energy sector development plan, renewable energy industries such as hydropower, solar energy, nuclear energy and wind energy should play a major role in achieving carbon neutrality.

Materials and methods
The environmental agenda has prompted many researchers to write scientific papers on the topic of carbon emissions.China, being one of the industry leaders, has attracted a lot of attention from foreign researchers, resulting in a solid methodological basis for studying this topic.However, despite its extensive development in the scientific space, the Chinese strategy is poorly covered in the works of domestic scientists and requires further study.
Materials of scientific articles, as well as statistical data of news agencies were used.Methods of analysis of scientific sources, general scientific methods of an integrated and systematic approach, logical and comparative analysis, as well as empirical methods of generalization and observation are applied.

Results and discussions. Achieving carbon neutrality as the goal of China's modern energy policy
In a speech at the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, Chinese President Xi Jinping stated that "at the national level, China is directing efforts and developing effective policies and measures to move through the peak of CO2 emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060" [4].
The peak of the dynamics of carbon emissions means a turning point to the trend of their decline.The pursuit of carbon neutrality is to reduce CO2 emissions to zero through the use of low-carbon and carbon-free energy conversion technologies.In addition, in this case, it also implies a reduction in emissions of other greenhouse gases.For example, the use of a new intelligent technology of solar water heating with subsequent floor heating reduces the consumption of coal and, accordingly, the level of CO2 emissions.
By 2030, the growth in the consumption of hydrocarbon energy sources, for example, the growth in the consumption of coal and crude oil, as a whole should stop, while this goal will be achieved through the modernization of industry and the use of renewable energy, for example, by transforming the structure of industry from chemical to high-tech, increasing the efficiency of coal enrichment technology.
Also, measures are envisaged to increase the volume of investments, develop new technologies for the use of renewable energy, accelerate the development of technologies and equipment for the highly efficient use of solar energy, and, especially, in the field of materials research for the creation of solar panels [5].In particular, in rural settlements there are conditions for the possible development of solar energy, shallow geothermal energy, biomass energy, etc.Consider the volumes of CO2 emissions and China's GDP in the period 2000-2020, shown in Fig. 1.According to Figure 1, in the last 20 years, with the growth of GDP in China, CO2 emissions tend to increase.Since the XII energy five-year plan, as it was shown above, China has taken the necessary measures to increase energy conservation and reduce CO2 emissions, which should have led to their reduction.The average annual growth rate of CO2 emissions in the XIII five-year plan decreased to 1.63%, so the possibility of achieving the goal of peak carbon emissions by 2030 was seen.Rapid decarbonization of energy supply and widespread electrification of end-use energy sectors should become an important basis for achieving carbon neutrality.This requires a large-scale expansion of the capacity to produce electricity from renewable sources.In 2020, the electricity generation sector emitted about 47% of the total emissions of the country's energy sector, which is 2% more than a year earlier.According to the carbon neutrality plan, CO2 emissions from the energy sector will continue to grow in the future until its peak in 2025, after which it will gradually fall to zero by 2055.By 2060, emissions will become marginally negative, thereby offsetting hard-to-control emissions.Such emissions are characteristic of heavy subsectors of industry and long-range transport.According to the scenario under consideration, in the period 2030-2050, the reduction of CO2 emissions will be approximately 260 Mtpe (metrictonsperyear).This will lead to the fact that the electricity generation sector will be the first to reach zero emissions.This industry should make a major contribution to the decarbonization of the entire Chinese economy, as its share, according to the plan, will account for more than 55% of the total emissions reduction in the period 2020-2060 [6].
Another crucial sector of the economy in achieving China's carbon neutrality should be industry.Industry accounts for approximately 35% of CO2 emissions, making it the second largest source of carbon dioxide.According to the plan to achieve carbon neutrality, in the period 2020-2060, CO2 emissions from China's industrial sector will decrease by 95%, while residual emissions should be offset by negative emissions in other sectors.In 2060, 80% of the remaining industrial emissions should come from heavy industry.The reduction of emissions should occur mainly due to the transition to low-carbon technologies and fuels, as well as a reduction in energy consumption.Energy consumption should decrease by 20% due to a decrease in output, as the Chinese economy will shift from mass production towards manufacturing industries with higher added value, which require less energy costs per unit of goods.By 2035, electricity will become the largest energy carrier in the sector, and by 2060 it will cover more than 50% of total energy consumption.According to the plan, the demand for electricity in China is waiting for a big rise over the next four decades, which will increase the load on the electric grid.Consequently, in order to implement the plan, China needs a significant expansion and, possibly, reorganization of the electric networks.Due to the abandonment of electricity generation on fossil fuels, sufficiently flexible electrical systems are needed that will allow reliable and safe operation.Without a doubt, this will cause the need for alternative controlled sources of electricity, short-term and long-term storage facilities, as well as enhanced interconnections with neighboring networks in order to take advantage of geographical zones to smooth out fluctuations in local loads [7].
For the transition of China and other countries to carbon neutrality, it is necessary to expand global cooperation in the development and implementation of clean energy technologies.All countries will benefit from innovations in this area, as they will spur the exchange of experience in the field of clean energy and the introduction of new technologies to the market, which will have a positive impact on the economic side of the issue.Achieving carbon neutrality on a global scale will require an unprecedented level of international cooperation between world governments.To achieve zero emissions, it is necessary for each country to achieve a high result.Although China is making every effort to provide for its needs at its own expense, it still practically succeeds.But without cooperation, achieving the results set by the plan alone by 2060 will be a difficult task, as well as for other countries [8].
However, the direction of China's policy to move through the peak of CO2 emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 faces three main challenges.
Firstly, the share of coal in the structure of primary energy consumption remains high and exceeds 50%.Coal, as the largest volume of reserves by types of energy resources, is the main source of energy consumption by China's industry, therefore, the task of regulating the structure of energy consumption also meets its difficulties on the way to its implementation.
Secondly, the energy intensity of consumption is 1.5 times higher than the global average and 2-3 times higher than in developed countries.Due to the low level of development of low-carbon technology, its energy efficiency still leaves much to be desired.
Thirdly, the country's manufacturing industry is still in the middle and lower place of the global value chain; the production of products has a high energy intensity, and the added value in industry is low.

Meta-regression analysis of peak carbon emissions in China
Most studies predict that China will reach a peak in carbon emissions in 2030 or before 2030, with an average projected peak in carbon emissions of about 10.9 Gt CO2.Carbon emissions will amount to 51.87%, and the average share of non-fossil energy will be 22.4%, the average annual economic growth rate will be 5.39%, and the average rate of reduction in the intensity of carbon emissions will be 54%.04%.
The study of China's carbon peak path is mainly divided into two levels: sectoral and regional.
The results of industrial research show that the complexity of the carbon peak varies in different industries.The peak time is from 2026 to 2045.The manufacturing industry is the main source of CO2 emissions.Although the gradual transformation of the industrial development model has led to a slowdown in the growth rate of CO2 emissions, it will continue to show an upward trend in the future, increasing the intensity of research and development in the field of industrial energy, and energy efficiency is an important means of effectively reducing CO2 emissions, and it is predicted that the carbon peak will be reached in 2030.
The electric power industry is a key industry sector for controlling CO2 emissions through scientific control of the thermal power scale, improving renewable energy production and technical energy conservation.China's energy industry is expected to reach its carbon peak by 2030.
Compared to the industry industry, it is more difficult for the construction industry to reach its carbon peak.
Among the tertiary industries, the transportation industry has a higher share of carbon emissions and higher growth rates.This is an energy-intensive industry, second only to industry.This industry can increase the level of energy.The fuel tax and carbon tax, the increase in the use of electric vehicles, etc., will reach a peak in carbon emissions in 2040-2045.
The regional level of the study includes cities and the whole country.The study of the carbon peak path of typical cities has a reference value for other cities and even the whole country.The existing study selected six megacities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Chongqing), comprehensively analyzing the population, energy intensity, energy structure, technological progress and other aspects.The author discovers that the peak carbon value and time differ slightly in different directions.According to the scenario, six super-large cities will reach their carbon peak by 2030.
Questions arise, what factors will affect the process of achieving carbon peaks in China?what is the action plan for carbon peaks until 2030?The impact of different directions on the peak and time of the carbon peak?Which areas of carbon peak achievement should the government pay more attention to?Based on the above questions, the author of the article uses meta-regression analysis to quantify important trends affecting the carbon peak in China and time analysis to study differences in the impact of carbon peak trajectories.
Meta-regression analysis (MRA) is a quantitative method of conducting literary research.Meta-regression has gained popularity in social, behavioral, and economic sciences.Important applications have focused on refining estimates of policy-relevant parameters, testing economic theories, explaining heterogeneity, and assessing potential biases.As a rule, three types of models can be distinguished in the meta-analysis literature: simple regression, meta-regression with fixed effect and meta-regression with random effects.
The field of economics, as a method of quantitative analysis of literature based on a regression model, allows us to identify factors that influence the inconsistency of results, and the degree of influence of factors on the inconsistency of results.The construction of a meta-regression analysis model is shown in formula (1): In the formula: Y is the effect value; β0 is the coefficient of the intersection point; βi is the coefficient of the independent variable; Xi is an independent variable that mainly includes sampling characteristics, sampling variables, and publication characteristics; The category of the variable characteristic of the study, k is the number of independent variables.
The analysis of the literature gives us the following conclusions: firstly, the marginal elasticity of the research sample is zero at the peak, and most of the sample documents do not use an econometric model for regression analysis, the corresponding statistics cannot be extracted.Therefore, it is not possible to encode the peak value of the carbon peak in accordance with generally accepted practice; secondly, the previous literature predicts the peak carbon peak time based on the peak value of the model, and there is no regression statistical relationship and the data on CO2 emissions in all literature samples are based on energy consumption.
Results of the MRA assessment.The carbon peak (CO2) and the time in 36 sample data are taken as the basis.The dependent variable is time, and the characteristics of the sample and pairs of sample variables are tested separately.
The model is constructed as follows to account for the influence of dependent variables: + ; Where, Y1 is the peak CO2 emission,10^8 t; Y2 is the peak time of carbon emissions.
The results are presented in table 1. Carbon peak analysis.The time of publication of the literature has a significant impact on the peak of CO2 emissions, and each increase by 1 unit increases the value of the CO2 peak by 0.67 units, which may be due to the fact that the release of energy statistics is late, and total CO2 emissions decreased from 2013 to 2016, which led to an underestimation of the peak value in the early literature.The type of literature has a significant impact on the peak value of CO2 emissions, and the peak value increases by 9 for each increase of 1 unit, this may be due to the late publication of American literature, which has a higher forecast for the future.
The share of coal.When carbon peaks, the coal share classification variable has a significant impact on the peak of CO2 emissions, and each increase of 1 unit will increase the peak CO2 value by 9. 17 units, when carbon peaks, the coal share has a significant impact on the peak CO2 emissions, and each increases the peak value by 1.19 units.
The share of non-excavated energy.The proportion of non-fossil energy has a significant impact on the peak of CO2 emissions when carbon reaches a peak.For each unit of increase, the peak value will decrease by 1.27 units.The peak value is significant, and the peak value decreases by 1.68 units for each increase of 1 unit, the average annual growth rate of the share of non-fossil energy is significant for the peak value of CO2 emissions, and the peak value decreases by 5 02 units for each increase of 1 unit.From the point of view of the energy structure, it is necessary to increase the rate of development of non-fossil energy, expand the scale of consumption of non-fossil energy and at the same time control the total amount of coal and the proportion of coal.
The intensity of carbon emissions.Average annual reduction in the intensity of carbon emissions.The rate is significant compared to the peak value of CO2 emissions, and each increase of 1 unit will decrease the peak value by 1.38 units, the rate of reduction of carbon intensity, when carbon peaks are not significant compared to the peak value of CO2 emissions, the goal of carbon intensity for 2030, the peak value of emissions is significant, for each increases 1 unit, the peak value decreases by 5.88.
The rate of economic growth.The results of the classification of economic growth variables show that it has a significant impact on the peak value of CO2 emissions, and each increase of 1 unit increases the peak value by 4.86 units, when the energy structure is regulated slowly, it can increase the consumption of high-carbon energy, expand the scale of high-energy industries, and increase the peak value of carbon emissions.Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of economic development and not to pursue economic growth.

China's plans to reach peak carbon emissions
China has released a long-awaited policy document detailing how the country intends to achieve its goal of achieving peak carbon emissions by 2030.The "Action Plan to reach the peak of Carbon Dioxide Emissions by 2030" targets vast areas of the economy, including polluting raw materials, transport and household waste, and describes measures to gradually slow down carbon emissions, switch to renewable energy sources and reduce waste.
Ahead of the COP26 summit, which will take place over two weeks in early November 2021, China has published two of the most important policy documents on its climate change response plan [9].
The documents entitled "Working Guidelines for Carbon Dioxide" have reached their peak and carbon neutrality in the full and strict implementation of the new development philosophy (hereinafter referred to as "working guidelines") and the "Action Plan for Achieving Carbon Dioxide Peak by 2030" (hereinafter referred to as the "action plan"), formed the basis of Chinese policy to achieve two key carbon reduction targets.
The "Working Guide" provides an overview of China's overall plan to achieve the goals for both 2030 and 2060.
Meanwhile, the "Action Plan" contains an extensive overview of the areas of China's economy that will gradually shrink or switch to sustainable energy and methods to slow down the growth of high-carbon industries and areas of the economy.

China's Climate Policy Framework
The above two documents mark the official launch of the government's "1+N" policy to overcome the climate crisis.First proposed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) in March 2021, the policy framework provides the basis for China's long-term carbon strategy, defining key goals and measures across a wide range of industries and sectors of society.
The structure consists of one main policy document operating in accordance with the country's comprehensive guidelines representing "1" and a number of supporting policy documents focused on specific industries, areas and goals representing "N".
The "Working Guide", published on October 23, represents the "1" part of the policy framework.The extensive policy document, consisting of 37 articles, outlines specific areas of the economy and society that need to be changed or developed in order to achieve China's carbon emissions targets.The "Action Plan" published on October 24 is the first of the "N" documents, and it will be followed by several more in the coming months and years [10].
The most significant commitments made in the "Working Guide" are the three major milestones in the field of carbon emissions, scheduled for 2025, 2030 and 2060.
By 2025, marking the end of China's 14th Five-Year Plan (FYP), to achieve:  reduction of energy consumption per unit of GDP by 13.5 percent compared to the level of 2020;  reduction of CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18 percent compared to the 2020 level;  20% share of non-fossil fuel energy consumption;  the greening coefficient is 24.1 percent and the volume of the forest fund is 18 billion cubic meters By 2030, by the end of China's 15th fiscal period:  significantly reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP;  reduction of CO2 emissions by more than 65 percent reduction of CO2 emissions per unit of GDP compared to 2005 levels;  25% share of non-fossil fuel energy consumption;  the total installed capacity of wind and solar energy is more than 1200 gigawatts;  25% coverage of the forest and the volume of the forest fund in the amount of 19 billion cubic meters;  maximum and stabilizing CO2 emissions By 2060:  more than 80 percent of non-fossil fuel energy consumption;  achieve carbon neutrality.
The "Action Plan" covers the first part of the above objectives, providing an initial basis for the implementation of measures to achieve them.
In order to achieve peak carbon emissions by 2030, the "Action Plan" mainly focuses on controlling the growth of fossil fuel consumption and controlling the growth of energyintensive industries.At the same time, the plan proposes measures for a gradual transition to renewable energy sources and improving the energy efficiency of new and existing infrastructure, while promoting a "circular economy" to improve the use of resources and their processing [11].
These measures cover a wide range of industries, in particular, industries such as steel production, non-ferrous metals, building materials, petrochemicals and construction, which focus on carbon.It also provides for more specific measures to reduce coal consumption and switch to renewable energy sources.

How will China reach peak carbon emissions by 2030?
1. Reduction of coal consumption.One of the most important changes that China will need to make is to reduce coal consumption.Coal is one of the most polluting types of energy and still remains the largest source of energy in China.According to statistics from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), the country has reduced its total share of energy derived from coal to 56.8% in 2020 from 72.4% in 2005.However, a report by the climate and energy think tank Ember shows that total coal consumption increased by 19% during the 14th fiscal year, resulting in China currently accounting for 53% of total global coal consumption.Thus, the "Action Plan" sets the main task of reducing coal consumption and switching to cleaner forms of energy [12].
Among other proposals, the "Action Plan" calls for:  strict control over the growth of coal consumption during the 14th fiscal year and a gradual reduction in coal consumption during the 15th fiscal year;  strict control over new coal-fired projects, ensuring compliance of new projects with international standards while simultaneously abandoning the use of outdated coal mining;  ensuring that the share of newly built renewable energy capacity does not fall below 50 percent. delineation of areas where "scattered" coal burning is prohibited.
One of the biggest obstacles to reducing coal consumption is ensuring a balance between reducing coal consumption and ensuring energy security for the Chinese population and large, economically significant industries.Recent attempts to restrict the use of coal have led to energy shortages that have left some areas of China without electricity and forced some factories to temporarily close.In previous years, China has also made attempts to curb the "scattered" burning of coal, especially by rural households who still rely on this form of energy for heating and cooking in some areas, but have been forced to lift bans due to the lack of alternative energy sources.
Therefore, it is clear that no matter how ambitious China's carbon emissions plans are or how urgent the international calls for action are, the Chinese authorities will not allow people to remain without electricity or heating, which will necessarily require continued burning of coal until all demand is met by alternative sources.2. Replacing coal with alternative energy sources.The main alternatives to fossil fuels mentioned in the "Action Plan" are solar, wind, hydroelectric and nuclear power, as well as other types of renewable energy sources [11].China has already made significant progress in switching to renewable energy sources.According to a report by China energy from Ember, the relative share of renewable energy in China has grown significantly over the past five years, with the share of solar and wind energy rising to 10% in 2020 from just 4% in 2015, representing a 45% annual growth rate.
To further move away from fossil fuels, China plans to introduce and expand the use of a wide range of energy sources.Wind and solar energy will make up the lion's share, and the "Action Plan" sets a goal to reach 1.2 billion kilowatts of installed wind and solar energy capacity by 2030 [12] In places where the environment allows, hydroelectric power will also be an important component.The Action Plan provides for the development of hydropower projects in Western China, in particular, in such regions as Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan.The "Action Plan" also sets a goal to increase the capacity of hydroelectric power plants by 40 million kilowatts.
Meanwhile, nuclear power must develop in an "orderly and reasonable" way to ensure its safety.Among other proposals, the "Action Plan" calls for "the promotion of advanced reactor-type demonstration projects, such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, fast reactors, modular small-scale reactors and offshore floating reactors".
The Action Plan also provides for the development of other renewable forms of energy in those areas of the country where local conditions allow them to be implemented.These include biomass energy production, biomass heating, biogas, geothermal energy, wave energy, tidal energy and thermoelectric energy.3. Reaching the peak of carbon emissions in industry and construction.To limit carbon dioxide emissions, China must tackle the most polluting industries [13].
Steel production is the main industry that pollutes the environment, and China is the world's largest producer of this commodity.It is impossible to make steel completely carbonfree with existing technologies, and therefore China plans to reduce industrial emissions by reducing production capacity and eliminating obsolete production facilities.
The government has been promoting this for a number of years with the help of a capacity exchange scheme, according to which companies wishing to open steel production projects in new areas can do so only if they agree to liquidate capacities in other places, usually capacities created at the expense of outdated and more heavily polluting forms.Production [14].
Other industries that have been in the spotlight are non-ferrous metals, construction materials and petrochemicals.The "Action Plan" also mentions the introduction of capacity replacement schemes for these industries, while at the same time calling for the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and hydroelectric power, as well as for the expansion of waste reuse.4. Switching to green transport.Transportation accounts for a significant portion of China's total carbon emissions, and as China continues to expand its transportation infrastructure, emissions will continue to rise without intervention.The "Action Plan" is aimed at various areas of the transport industry, from private vehicles to freight transportation.One of the obvious strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future is to expand the introduction of electric vehicles.China is already the largest automotive market (and the largest electric vehicle market) -in the world, and the government has already set goals for the penetration of electric vehicles, requiring that 20% of all new car sales be electric by 2025 [15].
The Action Plan expands on this goal by requiring that 40% of new vehicles sold in 2030 be electric, and that by 2030 the carbon intensity of operated vehicles be reduced by 9.5% from 2020 levels.Of course, since electric vehicles receive energy from the grid, this part of the infrastructure must also be decarbonized so that they can affect carbon dioxide emissions.
The measures of the "Action Plan" to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the field of logistics and public transport are mainly aimed at improving efficiency and saving energy.For freight transport, this will include the creation of more energy-efficient transport routes, such as rail and water transport, as well as the construction of more urban and rural distribution centers and "the introduction of innovative environmentally friendly, lowcarbon, intensive and efficient distribution models" [16].
Finally, the "Action Plan" calls for the creation of environmentally friendly and lowcarbon public transport systems, as well as for the modernization of existing architecture to become more environmentally friendly, requiring that at least 70% of the transport infrastructure in cities with a population of more than 1 million people be environmentally friendly by 2030.
5. Development of the circular economy.Another aspect of China's plan to peak carbon emissions is the further development of a circular economy.Cyclical economy refers to China's plan to improve the efficiency of resource use and the life cycle of products and goods.The "Action Plan" is aimed at a wide sector of the economy, from industrial to household waste, and sets specific goals for the reuse and recycling of various resources.
For industry, the "Action Plan" provides for an increase in waste processing capacity in industrial parks.This is primarily due to the increased reuse of waste generated during the production process, such as residual energy, water and gas [17].

Conclusion
China's industrialization started relatively late and is currently experiencing a rapid growth stage in carbon emissions, with the highest scale of carbon emissions in China.During the period from 1990 to 2018, energy consumption continued to rise, and the growth rate from 2000 to 2018 was significantly higher than that from 1990 to 1999; The energy intensity shows a downward trend, with a significantly lower decline rate from 2000 to 2018 compared to 1990 to 1999; In terms of energy structure, the proportion of coal in total energy consumption is generally decreasing, while the proportion of natural gas is not high, but its proportion continues to rise; In the spatial distribution of energy in 2018, Shandong, Guangdong, and Hebei had more prominent energy consumption, while Qinghai and Hainan had lower emissions.During the period from 1990 to 2018, the trend of changes in carbon emissions and energy consumption was basically consistent, showing an overall upward trend; The trend of carbon emission intensity is consistent with that of energy intensity, maintaining a downward trend; The per capita carbon emissions have also shown an upward trend, but the growth rate has slowed down since 2013.In comparison, developed countries with higher carbon emissions are currently in a declining stage of carbon emissions, while China, due to its late industrialization, is experiencing a rapid increase in carbon emissions and will continue to grow for some time to come.China's achievement of the "dual carbon" goal faces challenges such as the continuous increase in energy consumption, difficulties in energy transformation, and a shorter time frame for achieving the goal.
Thus, in order to achieve the set goals, in the context of the peak of carbon emissions in 2030, the Chinese authorities need to implement a number of supportive measures aimed at achieving these goals.
Measures should include scientific and technological support, carbon capture capacity, statistical accounting, inspection and evaluation, as well as fiscal, financial and price guarantee policies.It is necessary to develop a complete policy framework that sets out clear goals, a reasonable division of tasks and effective measures to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality.
Also, according to the author, there is a need to establish new standards for accounting for carbon emissions and energy conservation, review quotas for energy consumption, establish mandatory national standards for the efficiency of products and equipment and increase requirements for energy conservation and reduction of carbon emissions.
It is necessary to develop new laws and amend existing laws, such as the "Law on Energy Conservation", "Law on Electricity", "Law on Coal" and "Law on Renewable Energy Sources", it is important to make them more focused on reducing carbon emissions.
With the implementation of the above measures, according to the author, in the coming months and years there will be much more policy documents, environmental regulations and legislative acts, as more and more government agencies will direct and regulate polluting industries and stimulate the transition to clean energy and sustainable development.

Table 1 .
Results of meta-regression analysis