Functional content of the activities of digital platforms in the field of employment of the population

. The expansion of the use of digital platforms in the field of employment actualizes the study of models, methods and algorithms for their functioning. The spread of forms of non-traditional employment based on the activities of digital platforms leads to the need to introduce functions that allow to control the issues of social, medical insurance, and labor protection of workers. As a research method, a four-stage algorithm for describing the functions performed during the operation of Russian digital platforms is proposed. The result of a study of more than 69 Russian digital platforms made it possible to characterize the functional content and draw a conclusion about the lack of implementation of functions that allow controlling the issues of social and medical insurance, labor protection of employees.


Introduction
The relevance of studying the functioning of digital platforms operating in the field of employment is associated with the need to overcome social, legal and economic consequences, and to scale up alternative forms of employment.The spread of employment using digital platforms is the result of the development of the fourth industrial revolution.Structural shifts formed by technological development lead to a change in the ways of balancing supply and demand in the labor market, organizational and content bases of employment.In most works, the authors agree that digital platforms in the field of employment include information aggregator sites that implement various algorithms for connecting hired or independent performers with an employer or consumer provided by contractors of works and services [1,2].Thus, the main elements of the digital platform model in the field of employment include conditional employers, employees, and online algorithms that support functions that regulate their relationship.
The purpose of the article is to study the functional fullness of the activities of digital platforms in the field of employment.
The formed methodical approach to assessing the impact of the functional content of digital platforms on the number of users makes it possible to identify the significance of the functions implemented by the digital platform.The results of the study show that the implementation of the functions of monitoring the timing and quality of work is of the greatest importance for attracting both employers and employees.The application of the developed methodology can become the basis for the assessment and subsequent design of the functional content of the digital platform in the field of employment.

Materials and methods
A new model of labor and employment is spreading, which contains new opportunities, but at the same time risks both for the economy and for the workers themselves.Employment becomes not only fragmented, but also unstable when a workers apply for work for one time and for a precisely defined time.Therefore, platform employment should be classified as precarious work, which creates high risks of labor precarization and a significant reduction in the level of social protection, which leads to an increase in labor conflicts and increases public protests [3].In the scientific literature, precarious employment is defined as the forced loss by an employee of standard labor relations based on an employment contract with an indefinite period and full-time work [4].Today, worldwide there is a tendency to increase the share of precarious, non-standard employment, which is a serious challenge for the social policy of all developed countries.
The issues of the functioning of digital platforms are widely covered in the works of scientists.In "The role of digital labor platforms in transforming the world of work International Labor Office" [5], the functions performed by digital platforms are grouped into four interrelated key elements: ways to generate income, including commissions or subscriptions to services, ways to select workers and relationship with potential customers, workflows and direct platform management.In a study on the collection of evidence on the working conditions of digital platform workers, [4] noted that the key functions of digital platforms in the field of employment include: checking compliance with skills requirements for performing work, localizing the performance of work, [6], assigning an employee to a specific order.In addition to these functions, there are such functions as accounting for the number of platform workers, the volume and frequency of work performed, as well as the income they receive, [7].
The functioning of a digital platform that provides employment for the population can be detailed into two types.In the first case, this is the performance of recruiting functions, in the second case, the performance of the functions of an employer, including maintaining a register of clients and performers, monitoring the distribution of work between performers, monitoring the quality of work, mediating in obtaining orders and work.
Based on the above criteria, two groups of search engines were identified, organized according to different information search criteria, and, accordingly, two large groups of sites and Internet platforms: 1) vacancy aggregator platforms -search engines and websites configured primarily or exclusively for the search and selection of vacancies; 2) employment sites -search engines and sites that combine the functions of search and selection of performers, the search settings of such sites are focused mainly or exclusively on the search and selection of performers (CVs).
In our study, the identification of the size and composition of the population involved in labor through Internet platforms was carried out in several stages (Figure 1).
At the first stage of the study, information about the algorithms of the digital platform is summarized based on the type of behavior of the applicant.The main difference in these types of behavior lies in the source of the main income.
In the first case, job seekers look for vacancies suitable for them on sites to get a new job, from which they will receive the main income.The digital platform is used only as a platform where job advertisements are posted, and the applicant himself selects a new job and negotiates with the future employer.Access to the site can be repeated until the moment when a permanent job is found.In the second case, applicants have a permanent job, but for some reason they need additional income.It can be seasonal or temporary (single and multiple) job searches.In this case, the income received from the performance of the work found through the site is not the main one for the applicant, and the site in most cases acts as a regular ad platform.
In the third case, the site is the main source of income for the employee.In this case, websites and Internet platforms act as the main employer.
Thus, the study of sites and digital platforms in the framework of this study was carried out precisely in terms of the role of the digital platform as an employer and source of income.
Stage 2. Selection of Internet platforms for determining the number of people involved in labor through Internet platforms The task of this stage is to analyze the structure of the composition of the population involved in labor through Internet platforms.To accomplish accomplish this task, you must have full access to information about the performers (applicants) presented on specific sites.Moreover, this information must have a certain level of completeness.Therefore, the selection and study of sites and Internet platforms was carried out on the basis of the criterion of accessibility for analysis and the completeness of filling out the CVs of performers registered on specific platforms.
Stage 3. Checking sites for completeness of information This check included: -the reality of the existence of a digital platform; -availability of access to information (CVs); -verification of CVs for job seekers belonging to the citizens of Russia, as there are multinational platforms.To test the hypothesis, we use the calculation of the pair correlation coefficient between indicators characterizing indicators of the intensity of use of digital platforms by employees and employers, and indicators characterizing the implementation of the functions of recruiting an employee, monitoring qualifications, remuneration and labor incentives, monitoring the timing and quality of work.The evaluation of the implementation of the functions of the digital platform was carried out according to the following scale, table 1.  Evaluation and rating of performers 2 A complex rating system with bonus and demerit points is applied 3 Performance indicators of digital platforms are related to the implementation of the functions of payment and incentives by the platform Function not implemented 0 Pricing 1 Payment for services through a digital platform 2 A complex rating system is applied with bonus and penalty points, with the order of transition between levels, on which payment and receipt of an order depend 3

Research results
The number of people working through the platforms is difficult to accurately measure and estimate.Methods of evaluation, as well as their results, can vary greatly.U.S. platformemployment researchers, in the most conservative estimates, identify the number of people employed on platforms in 1% of the entire U.S. workforce, [8], while specifying that the vast majority of such employed are drivers of Uber, [9].But the figure is also given in 28.6% of the share of Americans participating in the provision of services due to the possibilities of gigonomics.In the UK, approximately 1.3 million Britons (3.9% of the workforce) work on platforms at least once a week.According to other data, 11% of adults in the UK receive their main income "from work platforms".According to forecasts by American analysts, by 2020, 7.6 million people should have been involved in the economy on demand.In any case, everyone agrees that the number of people employed on the platforms is growing and will continue to grow.An index measuring the use of digital work platforms suggests that their use is growing worldwide at a rate equivalent to 25% per year.
Data on the demand for digital platforms in the field of employment in the Russian Federation is presented in Figure 3. Generalized information on the functions implemented by digital platforms in the field of employment of the population of the Russian Federation is presented in Table 2. Next, we will provide information on the features of the functioning of digital platforms in the field of employment in the Russian Federation 1.The first group -large digital platforms -aggregators of offers and vacancies, which accept, fix and place vacancies and offers on their platform as a primary aggregator, carry out primary contact between the customer and the contractor, is characterized by a rather high heterogeneity of the order of organization of activities.This included various digital platforms with 0.8-1.5 million performers.This group also consists of several seriously different subgroups.
1.1.Firstly, these are single-industry Internet platforms offering taxi services.These platforms operate in the dispatch service mode; the speed of service execution is the most important factor for them.There is no complete information about all the performers registered on the platform.The aggregator does not check professional skills either.The aggregator does not interfere in the process of the contract, payment, compliance with working conditions.A very simplified rating of performers is conducted or not conducted at all.Reviews are collected and posted rarely and most often in the form of likes under the driver's page.Prices for services are clearly set depending on the type of car, time of day, distance, demand for a taxi at a given time, pickup point and destination, and a number of other factors, and are immediately displayed when an order is received.There are no restrictions on access to information posted on the site.The information is limited only to the information provided by the customers and contractors themselves.At the same time, such sites are often the source of the main and only income for workers (drivers), as well as a source of part-time work.
At the same time, the Internet segment for the provision of taxi services is characterized by a fairly large share of illegal employment, which, according to experts from the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation, occupies at least 12% of the total taxi market.
1.2.Secondly, these are multi-profile digital platforms offering a wide range of diverse services, ranging from freight and courier services to legal services and financial advice.
These platforms offer a set of CVs of performers for certain categories of work that can only be performed in a specific location (construction, transportation, photo services, computer equipment repair, household appliance repair, cleaning and housekeeping, etc.), and can also be provided remotely (design, web development, writing texts to order, writing advertising and slogans, beauty and health (online fitness trainer services), legal assistance, tutors and training, and a number of others).
Many of these platforms maintain a register of performers and customers, check the qualifications of performers, control the content of CVs, maintain ratings of performers, on which the price of the service depends, provide examples of previously completed work, and collect feedback from customers.There are no special restrictions on access to most of the information posted on such Internet platforms.Information about complex orders is limited by the requirement of additional registration and the presence of a high place in the internal rating of the site.
2. The second group included specialized digital platforms for individual or related areas of work, which accept, record and post vacancies and offers on their website, acting as the primary aggregator, maintain a register of performers and customers, carry out primary contact between the customer and the contractor, their support, quality control of work performance and payment for the services of the contractor.The number of CVs and performers on such Internet platforms ranges from 40 to 800 thousand people.At the same time, a more detailed breakdown by highly specialized types of work may contain only 20-50 real CVs and information about specialists who are ready to take on an order for execution.
These are specialized platforms for finding and providing orders in the field of design, illustrations, 2d / 3d graphics, Web-design, Web-analytics, mobile application development, video and audio services, animation, programming and IT, translations, tutoring, writing various types of texts, articles, advertisements, etc.These platforms apply fairly strict requirements for performers who fill out information about themselves using a special form.Special tests are used to check skills, on the basis of which inclusion in the database is made.Documents on education and / or the right to conduct a professional activity are checked, for example, for lawyers.A fairly complex rating system is used with bonus and penalty points, with the order of transition between levels, on which payment and receipt of an order depend.
These sites accept and post CVs of applicants for such types of work that require knowledge of a specialty, compulsory training, as well as the presence of profile work experience in this specialty.
On these platforms, performers are differentiated in accordance with the rating system.There is a rigidly established price scale for services, which is tied to the rating of performers.Novice performers receive orders at the lowest prices for this type of service.The performers with the highest rating are the most expensive.Sets differentiated pay rates depending on the performer's rating.
These sites actively regulate recruitment, including the requirement to conclude contracts through the platform and pay for services through the site.Access to information about performers on different sites varies from completely free to highly restricted or completely closed.To access information, you must register on the platform or pay for access.are also several highly specialized Internet platforms that act as a full-fledged employer.They check diplomas of education.Apply special tests to check skills and abilities.Rigidly regulate prices for services (works).Participate directly in pricing.At the same time, it should be noted that the prices for services on such Internet platforms are higher than the average for the type of activity and reach the maximum values for this type of service.A complex rating system is applied with bonus and penalty points, with the order of transition between levels, on which payment and receipt of an order depend.Full regulation and control of orders.The platform has its own payment system.The platform takes money from the customer to pay for the execution of the order, and pays for the services to the contractor after the order is completed.Access to information about performers on different sites varies from completely free to highly restricted or completely closed.To access information, you must register on the platform or pay for access.The analysis showed that it is these Internet platforms that provide the largest volume of long-term and permanent remote employment.Checking CVs on these platforms showed that about 92-95% of the performers registered on them have been working through their platforms for several years.
Next, we present the results of the correlation analysis carried out in accordance with the formulated hypotheses, Table 3.The results obtained show that there is indeed a positive relationship between the indicators of the demand for digital platforms in the field of employment and the functional content of their activities.At the same time, the analysis of the tightness of the relationship indicates that there is a moderate relationship only between the number of users of employers and the assessment of the implementation of the function of monitoring the timing and quality of work, in other cases, the closeness of the relationship is weak, which indicates other motives for choosing a digital platform both on the part of the employee, as well as by the employer.Meanwhile, at the moment, the market of digital platforms is still developing, and the main parameters of their competitiveness have not yet been determined, and in the future, the degree of implementation of functions will become one of the essential parameters for choosing a digital platform.

Discussion and conclusions
Analyzing the results of the study and their compliance with the formed ideas about the functional content of the activities of digital platforms, it can be noted that the most implemented are the functions of fixing vacancies and CVs, as well as the connection between an employee and a potential employer.A class of highly specialized Internet platforms has been identified that keep a fairly complete and transparent record of the work performed by one or another performer and collect feedback on the quality of work.It can be noted that it is these Internet platforms that provide the largest volume of long-term and permanent employment of workers in the Russian Federation.Checking CVs on these platforms showed that most of the employees registered on them work through these platforms for a long time and on a permanent basis.At the same time, no functions have been identified that make it possible to bring non-traditional employment closer to the standards of legal regulation of labor relations.Digital platforms do not implement functions that allow health and social insurance for employees, as well as control of working conditions.The formed methodical approach to assessing the impact of the functional content of digital platforms on the number of users makes it possible to identify the significance of the functions implemented by the digital platform.The results of the study also show that the implementation of the functions of monitoring the timing and quality of work is of the greatest importance for attracting both employers and employees.The application of the developed methodology can become the basis for the assessment and subsequent design of the functional content of the digital platform in the field of employment.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Stages of evaluating the functioning of digital platforms in the field of employment of the population of the Russian Federation

2 .
Characteristics of the composition of the population involved in labor through the digital platform 3. Checking sites for completeness of information 1. Classification of digital platforms providing information about vacancies and remote work: 1) vacancies of permanent work in companies; 2) a single or repeated search for temporary work in the form of seasonal or other temporary part-time work on various job posting sites; 3) receiving permanent orders (work) with the help of Internet platforms and work through the Internet platform.4. Description of the scope of functions implemented by digital platforms in the field of employment Stage 4. Description of the scope of functions implemented by digital platforms in the field of employment of the population of the Russian FederationThis description characterizes the following enlarged groups of functions: recruiting an employee, qualification control, payment and stimulation of labor, control of the timing and quality of work.Stage 5 Testing the impact of the implementation of functions by digital platforms on the number of users.During the study, the hypotheses presented in Figure2are tested.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Hypotheses tested by the authors in order to assess the impact of functions on the activity of users of digital platforms in the field of employment

Fix
and post vacancies and offers on their platform as the primary aggregator 1 Carry out the initial contact between the customer and the contractor 2 Operation in dispatch service mode 3 Concluding an agreement through the platform 3 Function not implemented 0 Н1: Performance indicators of digital platforms are related to the implementation of the functions of recruiting an employee by the platform H3: Performance indicators of digital platforms are related to the implementation of the functions of payment and incentives by the platform Number of employer users Number of employee users H2: Performance indicators of digital platforms are related to the implementation of the functions of monitoring the qualifications of an employee by the platform Intensity Indicators of the digital platforms functioning H4: Performance indicators of digital platforms are related to the implementation of the functions of monitoring the timing and quality of work by the platform E3S Web of Conferences 431, 05002 (2023) ITSE-2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343105002Functions grouping Functions implemented by digital platforms in the field of employment Points Performance indicators of digital platforms are related to the implementation of the functions of monitoring the qualifications of an employee by the platform CVs content control 1 Verification of documents on education and / or the right to conduct professional activities work performance based on feedback from the employer 1

E3SFig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Number of users of digital platforms in the field of employment, 2022, people

Table 1 .
The scale for evaluating the functions implemented by digital platforms in the field of employment

Table 2 .
Functions implemented by digital platforms in the field of employment

Table 3 .
Correlation coefficients reflecting the impact of the implementation of digital platform functions on the number of users