Organizational and technological aspects of information modeling in the system of operation of capital construction projects

. Currently, information modeling technologies are widely used in the construction industry, which plays an important role at all stages of the life cycle of buildings and structures, especially at the design and construction stage. At the same time, such technologies are used much less frequently at the stage of operation of buildings and structures. The article discusses the organizational and technological aspects and prospects for the use of information modeling technologies in the operation of capital construction facilities, as well as ways to improve the efficiency of their application, including in terms of reducing costs and optimizing the building maintenance system.


Introduction
Mentioning information modeling technologies (hereinafter referred to as IMT), often implies the stage of designing an object or its construction, but almost never the stage of operation [1].Therewith, IMT is not standing still and is constantly evolving.Already, it makes a huge contribution to the operation stage of capital construction projects and provides significant opportunities when using BIM models (Fig. 1) [2,3].The digital information model of a facility is a parametric 3D model of the building, made in digital form, taking into account the technical, functional and other characteristics of the facility created as a complex of information-rich elements [4].
Initially, the result of working with IMT was a finished model of the building system [5].However, today IMT constitutes all available information about an object used at all stages of the life cycle of a building, whether it is the design stage, construction, operation, reconstruction and even demolition [6].

Research materials and methods
The construction industry is undergoing changes in the processes of design, construction and operation of buildings and structures.IMT is becoming a powerful tool for collecting, managing and performing data analysis throughout the entire life cycle of real estate [7].Therewith, the prospects for using information modeling technologies at the stage of operation of buildings and structures are considered to a lesser extent today than the effectiveness of their use in design or construction.Nevertheless, information modeling at the stage of operation of buildings and structures can improve their efficiency in many aspects.
Information models provide complete and accurate information about buildings, their systems, and infrastructure to help improve the planning and organization of operational processes such as maintenance management, facility health monitoring, and resource consumption monitoring [8].Timely and accurate notification about potential problems or malfunctions allows for quick response and prevention of malfunctions and emergencies [9].
Information modeling at the operational stage also contributes to lower operating costs.Accurate understanding of the condition of buildings and engineering systems can help optimize the use of resources such as energy, water and building materials.Analysis of the data obtained from information models allows to identify areas where costs can be reduced and processes can be streamlined [10].For example, optimization of heating and air conditioning systems can result in significant economic benefits in terms of reduced energy and maintenance costs [11].
Application of IMT allows for optimization of the building and structures maintenance system.The integration of information models and service management systems allows for optimizations of plans for inspections, technical checks, maintenance and repair work.Information models also provide detailed information about building structures, engineering equipment and their service life, which helps to plan replacements and repairs in advance, preventing unforeseen downtime and disruptions in operation.
IMT provides such opportunities as the creation of a digital twin of a building [12].The digital twin of a building is a virtual model of an already existing building with its exact forms, structural elements and ongoing processes.The digital twin is one of the tools for organizing the maintenance of buildings, taking into account their actual technical condition.A digital twin allows to simulate various options for environmental impact, the degree of wear of structures, obtain data on the conditions of complete or partial failures of building systems, and much more.Therewith, the most important condition is the creation of conditions for the constant correspondence of the model and the real object.
Analysis of data collected in the information model makes it possible to identify changes and optimize the processes of functioning of capital construction projects [13].For example, analysis of data on the consumption of energy and other resources can help identify defects in utility networks, which will allow timely action to be taken to replace or repair them.Also, information models of buildings allow simulation and testing of various scenarios for the operation of facilities, including cases of emergency, in order to find the most effective and safe solutions to minimize human and financial losses.Simulation modeling of the process of evacuating people from a building allows to develop an effective evacuation plan, determine the optimal number of emergency exits and reduce the likelihood of congestion in corridors and stairwells [14].The result of the calculation of such a model is: • analysis and identification of the most effective route for evacuation; • identification of places most prone to congestion; • determination of the evacuation time taking into account the human factor (panic, stress).
Thus, the use of information modeling technologies at the stage of operation of buildings and structures provides a number of advantages, including increased management efficiency, reduced costs, improved maintenance plans and optimization of capital construction projects [15].With the help of accurate information and subsequent analytics based on the use of information models, one can make informed decisions and prevent potential problems, which will ultimately lead to the most efficient and cost-effective operation of facilities.

Results and Discussion
While there are significant benefits from using IMT, one of the main problems of its implementation at the operational stage is the difficulty of integrating various data and ensuring their interaction.Buildings and structures include many systems and subsystems, and each can use its own data formats [16].Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective methods and means of data integration in order to ensure compatibility and communication between different information models.It is also important to resolve the issue of data exchange between operational services to ensure their interaction.Thus, an appropriate technical infrastructure including appropriate software, equipment, as well as network resources and infrastructure is required for the successful application of information modeling technologies at the stage of operation of buildings and structures.The use of information models requires sufficient computing power to process and analyze large amounts of data.In addition, it is necessary to provide access to information models on various devices and platforms for ease of use and information exchange.
The introduction of new technologies requires changes in work processes, roles and responsibilities of project participants [17].Overcoming organizational barriers and raising awareness among project participants determine the effectiveness of the implementation of information modeling technologies in the construction industry.Employee training, changing the internal culture of the organization or creating of an appropriate organizational structure, as well as the development of clear procedures for working with information models can overcome organizational and cultural barriers and ensure more efficient use of information resources.Therewith, an important direction is to ensure security and confidentiality when employees of construction and operating companies work with information models [18].
The use of IMT at the operational stage implies the resolution of data privacy and security issues.Since information models contain a variety of information about buildings, their systems, infrastructure and operational processes, it is necessary to ensure that such data is protected from unauthorized access, tampering or leakage.It is important to develop appropriate mechanisms to ensure the security and confidentiality of information, as well as provide appropriate training for employees working with information models.
Understanding and solving the above issues is an important step for the successful implementation of information modeling technologies at the stage of operation of buildings and structures [19].Development of standards and protocols for the exchange of information, as well as the use of specialized tools and platforms that support the compatibility of various data formats, which may include, among other things, the use of open standards is necessary for the integration of data and ensuring their interaction.In addition, it is necessary to provide access to computing resources, as well as the ability to store and process large amounts of data.The power of cloud computing can be useful when working with information models, as it allows for the scalability and flexibility of computing resources.
Organizational and cultural barriers can be overcome by informing and educating the participants of the investment and construction projects about the benefits and possibilities of information modeling.It is important to create a positive atmosphere of cooperation and support for changes in the organization.Thus, overcoming barriers to the implementation of IMT in the operation of buildings implies the use of an integrated approach, including the development of new standards, technical infrastructure and changing the organizational culture of construction enterprises, which will maximize the benefits of information modeling, ensuring efficiency, optimization of work and improved maintenance of buildings and structures.
The use of information modeling at the stage of building operation allows to effectively manage facilities, implementing such areas of work as monitoring the state of engineering systems, planning repair and restoration work, as well as the costs of maintaining buildings and structures.IMT can be used to track and manage assets such as equipment, which allows to accurately determine the location and condition of each item, plan its maintenance and quickly respond to emerging faults and defects.
Improving the energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings can also be achieved with the use of IMT [20].The integration of data on energy consumption, environmental parameters and the state of energy systems allows one to take measures to optimize the energy efficiency of real estate objects, manage capacities and loads, and predict possible changes and risks.
Information modeling makes it possible to monitor the technical condition of buildings and structures in real time.Continuous monitoring of a wide variety of parameters (temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.) becomes possible with the help of sensors and data collection systems.Analysis of the collected data using information models allows one to identify potential problems, predict equipment failures and take measures to prevent emergency situations.Promising fields for the use of information modeling technologies at the stage of operation of buildings and structures are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.Promising fields for the development of IMT.

Name Description
Using the Internet of Things (IoT) Automation of management and maintenance processes and the ability to collect more extensive data on the condition of buildings and structures by connecting a large number of devices and sensors using IoT technologies.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Extensive data analysis, prediction of potential problems and the ability to optimize the operation of buildings and structures.Machine learning algorithms allow for uncovering hidden patterns and making better decisions based on the data collected.

Digital twins for building operations
Digital twins based on information models can be used for simulations, optimization of operation processes, testing of various scenarios of the operation of buildings and subsequent decision making.

Augmented reality for maintenance and training
Optimization of employee training and maintenance processes using augmented reality technologies.AR technologies allow the visualization of instructions, diagrams and other information about building elements, which reduces the time to complete operations and improves the accuracy of maintenance tasks.Development and implementation of standards for the use of IMT is extremely important in improving the efficiency of real estate management.The establishment of common norms and principles of work contributes to a better exchange of information between participants in investment and construction projects.Successful implementation of information modeling technologies at the stage of operation of buildings also requires cooperation between developers, building owners, designers, contractors and other related parties.Partnership and data exchange make possible the creation of a single information space and ensuring the effective use of information models.Thus, the training of employees of maintenance, repair, and construction organizations working with information models in the operation of buildings is an important aspect of the successful implementation of these technologies and their effective use for facility maintenance management.

Conclusion
Implementation of IMT at the stage of building operation has a large potential for improving the efficiency of the functioning of real estate objects and managing their technical condition, reducing costs and optimizing plans for repair and restoration work.Despite certain limitations, there are already successful examples of the application of IMT in the operation of buildings and significant achievements in the field of design and construction work.In view of the continuous development of technology, it becomes especially important that all participants of construction projects accept these innovations and develop the necessary infrastructure to most effectively use the benefits of information modeling, including at the building management stage.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.BIM model as a source of information.